铝/铜电弧熔钎焊接头界面组织及演变研究

采用旁路耦合电弧焊方法实现了铝合金与紫铜的熔钎焊,并研究焊后退火下铝/铜界面组织的演变。采用扫描电镜观察焊后及不同退火工艺下界面微观组织的形貌,同时,通过能谱仪及X射线衍射对界面的物相进行确定,并通过蒙特卡洛结合原胞自动机方法建立界面金属间化合物的热力学-动力学模型,分析了界面组织的演变行为。结果表明,通过旁路耦合电弧方法可实现铝/铜的熔钎焊,铝/铜焊接接头经250～400℃退火3h后,界面处最终形成Cu Al、Cu_9Al4_和Cu Al_2三种金属间化合物,随着退火温度的增加,界面金属间化合物厚度呈线性增加,最大厚度为38.39μm,铜-铝界面金属间化合物的形成由原子间互扩散和界面化学反应共同决定。     

脉冲旁路耦合电弧MIG焊的动态数学建模及过程控制

脉冲旁路耦合电弧熔化极惰性气体保护(Metal inert-gas, MIG)焊是一种新型的低热输入焊接方法,它通过特定的接法引入旁路电弧与主路电弧实现热、力的耦合,利用旁路电弧的分流作用,实现熔化母材热量与熔化焊丝热量的独立控制,从而在精确控制母材热输入的同时保证熔滴的自由过渡形式,可以实现铝-钢等异种金属的连接。为了理论分析不同焊接参数对焊接过程的影响,通过等效、线性化处理与迭代数值求解算法,建立可以正确描述焊接物理过程的动态数学解析模型;针对焊接过程中耦合电弧稳定性较差且直接影响焊接质量的问题,提出通过检测弧压波动的反馈信号、实时调节送丝速度、进而控制耦合电弧稳定性的闭环控制方案,并基于快速原型系统进行焊接过程控制仿真与试验。仿真结果表明,当焊接过程受到干扰后,采用闭环控制方案可以显著提高耦合电弧的稳定性;焊接试验证明了控制仿真的预测与分析,进行闭环控制后,焊接过程更加稳定同时得到了成形良好的铝-钢异种金属接头。     

5056铝合金/镀锌钢预置涂粉激光熔钎焊组织及性能研究

针对铝/钢焊接的技术难点,采用预置金属粉末的方法,对5056铝合金与ST04Z镀锌钢板进行CO2激光搭接熔钎焊,分析熔钎焊接头成形、接头连接界面的显微组织及其力学性能。结果表明,选择合适的焊接参数,涂粉后能够实现铝合金与镀锌钢的优质连接;熔钎焊接头没有明显的针状Al-Fe金属间化合物向熔化区析出,且过渡层最大厚度小于10μm,在熔化区边缘和熔化区与铝合金结合处熔钎焊根部出现两个富Zn区,Si、Zn、Mn、Mg等元素与Fe和Al或直接形成化合物,或形成固溶物,抑制了Al与Fe直接接触形成脆硬的金属间化合物;接头拉伸试样断裂形式有母材热影响区断裂和焊缝处断裂两种,焊缝处断裂面在铝熔化区一侧,接头平均机械抗力达190 N/mm,约为母材的85.2%。采用此方法可减小铝/钢熔钎接界面过渡层厚度,获得力学性能良好的熔钎焊接头。     

钢/铝异种金属激光焊接头界面特性的研究

在环境污染日益严重的今天,汽车轻量化已成为当今社会亟待解决的问题,而钢/铝异种金属的焊接结构正是实现汽车轻量化的有效手段之一。激光焊具有焊接速度快、能量密度高、焊接变形小等特点,因此采用激光焊对钢/铝异种金属进行焊接。研究结果表明,当焊接速度为20 mm/s、焊接功率为0.82~0.83 k W时,采用"钢上铝下"的搭接形式可获得成形良好的焊接接头。未添加中间层的接头界面处存在连续分布的及岛状的金属间化合物区,其组织主要为Fe_3Al、FeAl、FeAl_2、Fe_2Al_5和FeAl_3,其中部分FeAl_3呈针状形貌。添加Fe-B-Si中间层的钢/铝界面金属间化合物区边界趋于平整,厚度减少,且岛状区和针状FeAl_3数量减少。通过拉剪试验证明,Fe-B-Si中间层的添加可提高接头的力学性能。     

电弧辅助铝/镀锌钢涂粉激光熔钎焊界面特性与性能

采用钨极惰性气体保护(Tungsten inert gas,TIG)焊辅助激光熔钎焊方法,实现了5A06铝合金/镀锌钢异种金属涂粉的对接熔钎焊连接,观察分析对接接头焊缝成形、界面微观结构,并测试接头的力学性能。结果表明:选择合适的焊接参数,采用电弧辅助激光熔钎焊方法能够得到良好的铝/镀锌钢对接接头,辅助电弧使得铝合金母材的熔化量显著增多,提高了液态金属在钢背面的润湿铺展,促进了铝/镀锌钢对接接头底部的界面反应。钎焊界面上反应形成不均匀分布金属间化合物层,厚度为3~12μm,其厚度随着焊接电流的增加而增大。通过能谱(Energy dispersive spectrometer,EDS)和X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)分析表明,一种为向镀锌钢基体内生长的呈锯齿状的Fe2Al5,另一种为向焊缝侧生长的呈絮状的Fe4Al13。随着焊接电流的增大,熔钎焊接头的抗拉强度先增大后减小,接头的抗拉强度最高可达163 MPa。接头的底部和焊缝/镀锌钢对接面的下部为连接的薄弱环节,容易成为断裂的源头。与单一激光熔钎焊相比,采用此方法可增加液态金属对母材的润湿铺展能力,获得力学性能良好的熔钎焊对接接头。     

钢铝异种金属的低能量焊接法

传统电弧焊法焊接钢铝异种金属时,会在过渡区生成Fe-Al金属间化合物层,其硬度高、韧性低,降低了接头性能。基于机械作用的低能量电弧焊接方法,在短路期间采用机械作用促使熔滴过渡,热输入量低,可有效抑制金属间化合物的晶体长大,该种工艺可以采用常规4047焊丝实现铝和镀锌板的焊接。对焊缝金属的金相分析表明,钢一侧为钎焊,铝一侧为熔焊。通过金相及扫描电镜观察发现,在焊缝金属和镀锌板的界面区形成的金属间化合物层,主要成分为Fe2Al5和FeAl3,金属间化合物层的厚度减小到3～4 μm。在界面区主要含有3种元素,分别为Fe、Al和Si,没有Zn元素。拉伸试验表明,焊缝接头在铝合金热影响区断裂,且强度值高于铝合金母材强度的70%,接头强度基本满足使用要求。     

热输入对铝合金/不锈钢双丝冷金属过渡熔钎焊接头组织及性能的影响

采用双丝冷金属过渡(CMT)熔钎焊工艺对5083铝合金和304不锈钢进行对接焊试验,在保证焊缝成形良好的条件下,研究了焊接热输入对接头金属间化合物(IMC)层厚度和拉伸性能的影响,并与单丝CMT熔钎焊接头进行对比。结果表明：双丝和单丝CMT熔钎焊接头焊缝获得良好成形质量的热输入范围分别为213.8～486.0,379.6～590.6 J·mm^-1;双丝CMT和单丝CMT熔钎焊接头界面处的IMC均为FeAl₃相;随着热输入的增加,单丝或双丝CMT熔钎焊接头IMC层厚度增加,抗拉强度降低;单丝CMT熔钎焊接头IMC层的最小厚度为9.59μm,此时接头的抗拉强度最大,为76 MPa,而双丝CMT熔钎焊接头IMC层的最小厚度为3.36μm,此时接头的抗拉强度最大,为109 MPa。     

基于电子束热源的钒合金/不锈钢连接技术研究

采用电子束熔化焊、电子束熔-钎焊和电子束阻隔熔化焊方法来实现钒合金与不锈钢异种金属之间的连接。研究发现钒合金与不锈钢连接界面处产生的脆性金属间化合物是影响接头性能的关键因素。采用电子束直接熔化焊时,接头界面会产生贯穿性裂纹导致焊缝直接断裂。电子束熔-钎焊中利用熔化的不锈钢润湿未熔化的钒合金母材,有效控制了液-固界面反应,实现冶金结合。在钒合金与反应区形成厚度20?m的扩散层,在接头中未发现有金属间化合物σ相的产生。电子束熔钎焊接头的抗拉强度达到200 MPa。在电子束阻隔熔化焊中采用Ag作为中间层添加元素,很好地抑制了V/Fe界面的金属间化合物的产生,显著提高了接头性能,接头抗拉强度超过400 MPa。电子束熔-钎焊和阻隔熔化焊得到的钒合金/不锈钢异种金属焊接接头焊缝正反面成形良好,X射线探伤未发现裂纹和气孔缺陷。     

铝/镀锌钢薄板异种金属CMT熔钎焊接头组织与力学性能

采用冷金属过渡方法对铝合金和镀锌钢板进行了熔钎焊连接,使用扫描电镜、能谱分析和拉伸试验分析了接头的截面形貌、组织特征、焊接缺陷及力学性能。试验结果表明,铝合金和镀锌钢能得到成形美观、性能良好的搭接接头。对焊缝金属的组织特征分析表明,焊接接头由熔化区、中心界面区、过渡界面区和富锌区组成,在焊缝金属和镀锌板的界面区形成厚度为3～4μm的金属间化合物层(主要成分为Fe3Al、FeAl2、Fe2Al5和FeAl3),富锌区由富铝的固溶体和残留的锌组成。在进行拉伸试验时,断裂发生在热影响区,接头强度为204MPa。     

中间层厚度对TiAl金属间化合物三体摩擦焊接性的影响

利用Inconel718中间层实现了TiAl金属间化合物与42CrMo钢的三体摩擦焊接，焊接接头拉伸强度达到360MPa左右。采用数值逼近方法得到了中间层厚度与拉伸强度之间的数学模型，并对接头组织性能进行了理论分析。     

Effect of shielding gas mixture on gas metal arc welding of HSLA steel using solid and flux-cored wires

In this work, gas metal arc welding of high strength-low alloy (HSLA) steel with solid- and flux-cored arc welding wires using different shielding gas compositions was performed. The composition of filler wire and shielding gas in gas metal arc welds of HSLA steel determines the inclusion characteristics, microstructure and mechanical properties. Thus, acceptable weld metal properties in HSLA steel using gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process could be achieved with the proper combination of filler wire and shielding gas composition.     

Prevention of humping bead associated with high welding speed by double-electrode gas metal arc welding

Manufacturing productivity can be improved by increasing the welding speed. However, humping bead will occur when welding speed is beyond a certain value. An experimental system of double-electrode gas metal arc welding (DE-GMAW) was developed to implement high speed welding and prevent from humping bead formation. The DE-GMAW appropriately partition the heat energy between the wire and the base metal so that higher deposition rate of filler wire and suitable shape and size of weld pool are ensured. The arc images captured during DE-GMAW process were used to optimize the geometric parameters between the gas tungsten arc welding and the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) torches. The main arc and bypass arc integrated well and satisfactory weld bead formation was obtained. Through observing the weld pool behaviors from side view during DE-GMAW process, it was found that the height of both solidified and molten region at the pool tail is almost flat so that no humping bead was formed during DE-GMAW with the welding speed up to 1.7?m/min. The side view images of weld pool in DE-GMAW were compared with those in conventional GMAW, and the reason why DE-GMAW can suppress humping bead is shortly discussed.     

Effect of pulsed current welding on mechanical properties of high strength aluminum alloy

High strength aluminum alloys (Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys) have gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of lightweight structures requiring high strength-to-weight ratio, such as transportable bridge girders, military vehicles, road tankers and railway transport systems. The preferred welding processes of high strength aluminum alloy are frequently the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process and the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process due to their comparatively easy applicability and better economy. Weld fusion zones typically exhibit coarse columnar grains because of the prevailing thermal conditions during weld metal solidification. This often results in inferior weld mechanical properties and poor resistance to hot cracking. In this investigation, an attempt has been made to refine the fusion zone grains by applying a pulsed current welding technique. Rolled plates of 6 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single pass welded joints. A single ‘V’ butt joint configuration was prepared for joining the plates. The filler metal used for joining the plates was AA 5356 (Al-5Mg (wt%)) grade aluminum alloy. Four different welding techniques were used to fabricate the joints: (1) continuous current GTAW (CCGTAW), (2) pulsed current GTAW (PCGTAW), (3) continuous current GMAW (CCGMAW) and (4) pulsed current GMAW (PCGMAW). Argon (99.99% pure) was used as the shielding gas. Tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated by conducting tensile tests using a 100 kN electro-mechanical controlled universal testing machine. Current pulsing leads to relatively finer and more equi-axed grain structure in GTA and GMA welds. In contrast, conventional continuous current welding resulted in predominantly columnar grain structures. Grain refinement is accompanied by an increase in tensile strength and tensile ductility.     

A Comparison of Gas Metal Arc Welding with Flux-Cored Wires and Solid Wires Using Shielding Gas

In the present work, gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with flux-cored wires and solid wires using shielding gas has been adopted for welding stainless steel. Five different compositions of shielding gas are used with flux-cored wire and three with solid wire. Spatter rates, chemical compositions, tensile strength and elongation tests have been performed and are reported. The spatter rates of the sample made using flux-cored wires are less than that for the sample made using solid wire. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation are not influenced by the composition of the shielding gas.     

高速旋转电弧传感器的数学模型

以气保护焊接系统的数学模型和HALMOY焊丝熔化模型为基础,对高速旋转电弧传感器进行数学建模。利用该数学模型模拟焊接电流、弧长和焊丝伸出长度随时间的变化规律。实际焊接试验显示,模拟焊接电流与实际焊接电流波形高度吻合,说明建立的数学模型是准确的。结果表明,高速旋转电弧焊接时,弧长的变化较焊丝伸出长度的变化更为显著。利用每个电弧旋转周期内左半周与右半周平均电流值的差,可以判断焊枪的偏差量及其方向,同时还可根据平均电流值的大小来检测角接终止点。所建立的模型对于高速旋转电弧传感系统的设计具有指导意义。     

Mathematical models for control of weld bead penetration in the GMAW process

This paper presents the effects of welding process parameters on weld bead penetration for the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. Welding process parameters included wire diameter, gas flow rate, welding speed, arc current and welding voltage. The experimental results have shown that weld bead penetration increased as wire diameter, arc current and welding voltage increased, whereas an increase in welding speed was found to decrease the weld bead penetration. However, the weld bead penetration is not affected significantly by gas flow rate changes. Mathematical equations for study of the relationship between welding process parameters and weld bead penetration have also been computed by employing a standard statistical package program, SAS.     

双丝旁路耦合电弧高效熔化极气体保护焊过程模拟及控制

采用等效电流路径的方法建立双丝旁路耦合电弧高效熔化极气体保护焊耦合电弧的动态数学模型,模拟表征焊接过程稳定性的电流、净干伸长信号的变化,得到与实际焊接过程相似的模拟结果。在此基础上,针对焊接过程中耦合电弧形态的剧烈变化会影响焊接过程稳定性与焊接质量的问题,提出通过调节旁路弧长控制耦合电弧稳定性的方案,并利用Matlab/Simulink软件和xPC-target快速原型控制平台,对控制方案进行模拟、分析、预测与试验。结果表明:所建立的数学动态模型能很好地反映双丝旁路耦合电弧高效GMAW焊接过程;模拟分析旁路弧长控制方案可以有效地解决焊接过程稳定性的问题;控制试验实现了焊接过程的稳定控制并获得了成形良好的焊缝形貌,验证了模拟阶段的分析与预测。     

高强钢厚板激光-GMAW复合双面同步横焊特性研究

针对30 mm厚船用高强钢10Ni5Cr Mo V对接接头横焊应用需求,开展激光-熔化极气体保护电弧(Gas metal arc welding,GMAW)复合双面同步横焊特性研究。研究结果表明,针对横焊位姿因重力、非对称坡口对熔滴、电弧的影响,利用激光对电弧的吸引和收缩作用,通过减小光-丝间距,有效地抑制了电弧侧壁燃弧,熔滴在电磁力和等离子流力的作用下,稳定过渡到熔池中,实现了熔滴过渡稳定性控制,解决了激光-GMAW复合横焊位姿电弧偏离和熔滴下落等过程控制难题与侧壁未熔合问题;厚板激光-GMAW复合双面同步横焊包括打底层和填充层焊接,其中打底层焊接是保证接头焊接质量的关键;采用激光-GMAW复合双面同步横焊新方法,4道焊接完成了30 mm厚船用高强钢10Ni5Cr Mo V横焊位姿的高强、高效连接。焊缝表面成形良好,无裂纹、未焊透和侧壁未熔合等缺陷。接头的抗拉强度高于母材,且其–50℃冲击吸收能量为57.3 J。     

Welding polarity effects on weld spatters and bead geometry of hyperbaric dry GMAW

Welding polarity has influence on welding stability to some extent, but the specific relationship between welding polarity and weld quality has not been found, especially under the hyperbaric environment. Based on a hyperbaric dry welding experiment system, gas metal arc welding(GMAW) experiments with direct current electrode positive(DCEP) and direct current electrode negative(DCEN) operations are carried out under the ambient pressures of 0.1 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.7 MPa and 1.0 MPa to find the influence rule of different welding polarities on welding spatters and weld bead geometry. The effects of welding polarities on the weld bead geometry such as the reinforcement, the weld width and the penetration are discussed. The experimental results show that the welding spatters gradually grow in quantity and size for GMAW with DCEP, while GMAW with DCEN can produce fewer spatters comparatively with the increase of the ambient pressure. Compared with DCEP, the welding current and arc voltage waveforms for DCEN is more stable and the distribution of welding current probability density for DCEN is more concentrated under the hyperbaric environment. When the ambient pressure is increased from 0.1 MPa to 1.0 MPa, the effects of welding polarities on the reinforcement, the weld width and the penetration are as follows: an increase of 0.8 mm for the weld reinforcement is produced by GMAW with DCEN and 1.3 mm by GMAW with DCEP, a decrease of 7.2 mm for the weld width is produced by DCEN and 6.1 mm by DCEP; and an increase of 3.9 mm for the penetration is produced by DCEN and 1.9 mm by DCEP. The proposed research indicates that the desirable stability in the welding procedure can be achieved by GMAW with DCEN operation under the hyperbaric environment.