基于遗传算法的自治水下机器人水动力参数辨识方法

针对传统确定自治水下机器人(Autonomous underwater vehicle,AUV)水动力参数试验和理论计算的困难性及以往辨识方法优化结果趋于局部最优解的缺点,提出一种基于遗传算法的AUV水动力参数辨识方法,该方法不受参数初值选取的影响,具有较好的鲁棒性和全局寻优特性,可为AUV运动控制、状态预报及控制系统开发等提供动力学模型。针对开架式AUV原型样机CRanger-01,在对其进行动力学建模分析的基础上,利用该方法对其水平面运动水动力参数进行辨识,得出了CRanger-01的19个水平面水动力参数,与实际值进行比较后,辨识误差在允许范围之内。通过运动仿真对模型进行验证,结果表明该算法能有效辨识AUV水动力参数,可为工程实践提供参考依据。     

基于Adams与Matlab/Simulink的水下自航行器协同仿真

针对传统水下自航行器(Autonomous underwater vehicle, AUV)仿真中图形界面、实时性和动力学性能难以兼顾的问题,提出利用虚拟样机分析软件Adams和控制仿真软件Matlab/Simulink联合建立AUV虚拟样机系统的方法。在分析虚拟样机系统运动学、动力学和水动力数学模型的基础上,给出虚拟样机物理模型及控制模型的建立过程,并利用该虚拟样机系统对设计的AUV空间动态定位控制算法进行基于动力学基础的仿真分析。仿真试验的过程及结果表明,该虚拟样机系统具备智能控制与动态控制交互仿真演示和功能验证的能力,可为AUV图形仿真研究提供一种新的解决思路,对研究水下自航行器的操纵与控制有重要的现实意义。     

水下机器人动力学分析与控制系统研究

对6自由度水下机器人进行动力学分析和运动控制系统研究。首先,建立了水下机器人坐标系,考虑重力、浮力、水动力及推力等因素对水下机器人影响,建立了6自由度水下机器人的动力学模型,进而描述了水下机器人的复杂运动。在此基础上,设计了一种模糊逻辑控制器,对水下机器人进行运动控制。通过计算机仿真分析,验证了控制方法的有效性,对后续水下机器人控制系统的进一步研究,提供了依据和参考。     

快速终端滑模控制在并联机器人中的应用

针对二自由度冗余驱动并联机器人,提出了并联机器人的快速终端滑模控制(FTSMC)以实现其鲁棒控制,并利用Lyapunov函数证明了该控制系统的稳定性。仿真结果表明,该控制系统跟踪效果好,系统误差小,可以满足并联机器人控制的要求。与采用普通滑模控制相比,该控制系统具有状态响应速度快,系统状态在有限时间内收敛到零的特点。仿真实验证实了该控制策略的正确性和有效性。     

基于领航跟随法的多AUV编队控制算法研究

针对已知路径下基于领航者的多自主水下机器人(AUV)编队队形控制问题,提出了一种AUV路径控制和编队协调控制相结合的新型编队控制器。其中,AUV的路径跟踪控制采用反步滑模控制器,将AUV位置、姿态和时变速度跟踪转化虚拟速度控制,使AUV能达到期望的位置、速度等,避免了反步控制中的奇异值问题,并能够很好实现不确定的模型的控制,同时又提高了跟随者协同定位精度;在路径跟踪控制基础上,编队协调控制器将领航者与跟随者的位置误差控制转化为跟随者的速度误差控制,使跟随者能快速达到期望位置,从而使所有AUV实现期望的队形并保持。仿真实验对该控制策略进行了可行性验证,结果表明,该算法提高了编队的响应速度、控制精度和稳定性;再应用3台AUV进行了湖上试验验证,证明了该控制策略的有效性,能有效应用到实际中。     

基于模糊PID的欠驱动水下机器人路径跟踪方法研究

针对不同环境和任务下欠驱动水下机器人的路径跟踪问题进行相关研究,在分析水下机器人控制模型的基础上,基于视线法提出了一种欠驱动水下机器人路径跟踪控制方法。基于模糊控制算法,设计了一种模糊PID控制器,并将其应用于欠驱动水下机器人的艏向跟踪控制。采用PC104设计了水下机器人的控制系统,并给出了硬件结构框图。最后,对水下机器人路径追踪效果进行了仿真和试验,结果表明基于模糊PID控制器的欠驱动水下机器人路径跟踪控制方法可保证机器人沿规划路径航行,而且该控制系统具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于鱼类侧线感知机理的流场辨识方法及仿真研究

在研究鱼类侧线感知机理的基础上,综合运用了流体动力学,边界层理论,耦合仿生学等理论,建立类似于鱼神经丘模型的神经网络模型,从数值计算和仿真分析两方面对鱼体侧线系统进行模拟,并将研究结论应用于自治水下机器人(Autonomous underwater vehicle,AUV)的导航及目标定位,为AUV导航和环境辨识提供新思路。计算机仿真结果表明,基于鱼类侧线感知机理构建的感知模型可以有区分度地对一个新的水流工况进行识别,可为AUV的导航及目标定位提供支持。     

多AUV编队控制

使用一致性算法l-φ和虚拟领航跟随结构法研究自主水下机器人的集群编队控制.基于一致性算法l-φ对各AUV所持有的参考信息进行一致性协商而达到状态一致.基于虚拟结构思想,将编队控制问题转化为跟随AUV对虚拟领航AUV的轨迹跟踪控制,使得各AUV相对于虚拟领航者的位置且在有限的时间内确保到达各自的期望位置.通过Java的GUI编程进行仿真实验来验证控制策略的有效性.     

球形机器人系统建模与仿真

针对目前球形机器人的完整动力学模型不能应用现有的非线性控制方法的问题,通过合理的抽象和简化,采用拉格朗日法选取适当的广义坐标,推导出一种完整的三维动力学模型,并将其转化为二阶非线性微分方程,相较其他的动力学模型降低了复杂度,为基于动力学模型的控制策略研究提供基础。同时针对该模型采用一种并联PID控制方法,在Simulink仿真实验中证明在此动力学模型基础上该控制策略能实现机器人的平衡控制与运动控制,并具有较好的响应特性和稳定性。     

基于STF-Singer模型的AUV传感器故障诊断

为了实现水下机器人传感器系统的故障诊断和信号恢复,将基于信号处理的方法和强跟踪滤波器方法相结合,提出了一种基于一阶时间相关函数的辛格模型和强跟踪滤波器理论的STF-Singer模型的故障诊断方法,该方法不依赖AUV精确的数学模型,对于AUV传感器故障有着很好的辨识能力。某型水下机器人的计算机仿真和海上试验的数据结果,验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

可重构磁耦合水下推进器的磁场分析及性能评估

在保证微小型水下机器人运动灵活的同时,降低矢量推进器机械复杂性,改善其防水密封问题,设计了一款可重构磁耦 合的水下矢量推进器。 基于磁耦合非接触式动力传输,解决了驱动电机与螺旋桨之间的防水问题;与此同时,采用重构机构在 两自由度内改变螺旋桨位姿,实现了可重构矢量推进水下机器人的目的。 在建立磁耦合磁场模型的基础上,通过 ANSYS Maxwell 磁场仿真与搭建的磁转矩测量装置,验证了磁场建模的正确性并分析了重构机构对磁耦合动力传输磁转矩的影响。 在 此基础上,进一步搭建了螺旋桨水下测力装置,评估了转速与推力以及不同重构角下最大矢量推力的变化情况。 结果表明,推 进器能够在[-15°,15°]两自由度可重构角范围内稳定地输出矢量推力。     

水下机器人-机械手系统的动力学分析

随着我国海洋开发事业的发展，水下机器人操作手在水下勘探、水下采矿、海洋石油工程等领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文提出了一种运用指数积公式和凯恩方程对水下机器人机械手系统进行了动力学建模的新方法。采用该方法可以在同一个坐标体系中描叙系统的运动学，而且在建立动力学模型中可以避免大量的求导运算，并可以得到最少数目的微分方程。模型中考虑了海水的拖曳阻力、机器人与机械手之间的相互作用、推进器推力等因素。研究表明指数积-凯恩方法是一种建立水下机器人-机械手的一种有效方法。     

自主式水下机器人自适应区域跟踪控制

研究自主式水下机器人的区域跟踪控制问题,提出一种基于PD神经滑模的自适应区域跟踪控制方法。针对自主式水下机器人自适应控制器中仅在线调整网络权值的径向基函数神经网络存在收敛性能差的问题,给出同时对径向基函数神经网络权值、径向基函数中心与方差进行自适应调整的方法,使径向基函数神经网络无须离线选取径向基函数中心与方差,即可进行在线自适应学习。考虑到控制器中滑模控制项易引起系统抖振的问题,提出一种基于指数函数的滑模切换增益调节方法,使滑模切换增益能够依据跟踪误差实时调节以降低系统抖振。基于Lyapunov理论对所提自适应区域跟踪控制方法的稳定性进行分析。通过自主式水下机器人的仿真试验与水池试验验证所提方法的有效性。     

Design and Mechanical Performance Analysis of a New Wheel Propeller

Nowadays,how to enhance the maneuverability of autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs) is an important issue in the domain of international navigation in that most AUVs just have a single function of underwater navigation or submarine movement,while the design of thrusters is the key of solving the problem.The multi-moving state autonomous underwater vehicle in this paper can achieve four functions,such as wheels,legs,thrust,and course control depend on the characteristics of spatial deflexion and continual circumgyratetion of the flexible transmission shaft.A new wheel propeller for the multi-moving state autonomous underwater vehicle is presented through analyzing the mechanical characteristics of the ducted propeller and the contracted and loaded tip(CLT) propeller.Then the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method is used to simulate numerically different propellers open-water performance by using the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations and Reynolds stress model(RSM) based on sub-domains hybrid meshes.The predicted thrust coefficients,torque coefficients and pressure of the propellers agree well with the experimental data of their open-water performance.The good consistency shows that the numerical method has good accuracy in the prediction of propeller open-water performance,which guides to design the wheel propeller.Moreover,for the sake of ensuring the security and stability of the AUV when it is moving on the ground,finite element method is used to simulate numerically the intensity and vibration characteristics.The proposed final wheel propeller D4-70(WPD4-70) has preferable open-water performance and intensity characteristics,which can realize the agile maneuverability of the multi-moving state autonomous underwater vehicle.     

Thrust stand for vertically oriented electric propulsion performance evaluation

A variation of a hanging pendulum thrust stand capable of measuring the performance of an electric thruster operating in the vertical orientation is presented. The vertical orientation of the thruster dictates that the thruster must be horizontally offset from the pendulum pivot arm, necessitating the use of a counterweight system to provide a neutrally stable system. Motion of the pendulum arm is transferred through a balance mechanism to a secondary arm on which deflection is measured. A noncontact light-based transducer is used to measure displacement of the secondary beam. The members experience very little friction, rotating on twisting torsional pivots with oscillatory motion attenuated by a passive, eddy-current damper. Displacement is calibrated using an in situ thrust calibration system. Thermal management and self-leveling systems are incorporated to mitigate thermal and mechanical drifts. Gravitational force and torsional spring constants associated with flexure pivots provide restoring moments. An analysis of the design indicates that the thrust measurement range spans roughly four decades, with the stand capable of measuring thrust up to 12 N for a 200 kg thruster and up to approximately 800 mN for a 10 kg thruster. Data obtained from calibration tests performed using a 26.8 lbm simulated thruster indicated a resolution of 1 mN on 100 mN level thrusts, while those tests conducted on a 200 lbm thruster yielded a resolution of roughly 2.5 mN at thrust levels of 0.5 N and greater.     

Numerical study on the hydrodynamic control derivatives of a high-speed underwater vehicle with X-stern configuration

A numerical study using a computational fluid dynamics approach is conducted on the control effectiveness of a high-speed underwater vehicle with an X-stern configuration. The calculation method is verified by comparing its results with the calculation results and measurements of control derivatives of an underwater vehicle with a cruciform stern configuration. The results of the study show that the control effectiveness of a high-speed underwater vehicle is improved by about 40% in terms of control derivatives, when the cruciform stern configuration is replaced with an X-stern configuration.     

Torsional thrust balance measurement system development for testing reaction control thrusters

The paper describes the design, development, and testing of a torsional-type thrust stand to evaluate the performance of <40 N class cryogenic propellant reaction control thrusters. New thrust measurement techniques for cryogenic propellant fed reaction control systems at this thrust class are needed as current methods are deficient in providing reliable test data. The torsional thrust stand primarily consists of a balanced moment arm rotating around a set of frictionless pivots. The displacement of the moment arm due to applied thrust was tracked using a laser displacement sensor. A post-processing technique was developed to determine thrust values from displacement data. The measurement capability of the thrust measurement system is exemplified herein through the test firing a LOX/Methane thruster at steady-state and pulsing conditions. Effects of thruster mass and feed system stiffness on thrust-stand measurement characteristics were also assessed. The measurement system provided repeatable thrust data at steady-state and pulsing operating conditions.     

Development of a two-dimensional dual pendulum thrust stand for Hall thrusters

A two-dimensional dual pendulum thrust stand was developed to measure thrust vectors [axial and horizontal (transverse) direction thrusts] of a Hall thruster. A thruster with a steering mechanism is mounted on the inner pendulum, and thrust is measured from the displacement between inner and outer pendulums, by which a thermal drift effect is canceled out. Two crossover knife-edges support each pendulum arm: one is set on the other at a right angle. They enable the pendulums to swing in two directions. Thrust calibration using a pulley and weight system showed that the measurement errors were less than 0.25 mN (1.4%) in the main thrust direction and 0.09 mN (1.4%) in its transverse direction. The thrust angle of the thrust vector was measured with the stand using the thruster. Consequently, a vector deviation from the main thrust direction of +/-2.3 degrees was measured with the error of +/-0.2 degrees under the typical operating conditions for the thruster.     

Impact of plasma noise on a direct thrust measurement system

In order to evaluate the accuracy and sensitivity of a pendulum-type thrust measurement system, a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) and a laser optical displacement sensor have been used simultaneously to determine the displacement resulting from an applied thrust. The LVDT sensor uses an analog interface, whereas the laser sensor uses a digital interface to communicate the displacement readings to the data acquisition equipment. The data collected by both sensors show good agreement for static mass calibrations and validation with a cold gas thruster. However, the data obtained using the LVDT deviate significantly from that of the laser sensor when operating two varieties of plasma thrusters: a radio frequency (RF) driven plasma thruster, and a DC powered plasma thruster. Results establish that even with appropriate shielding and signal filtering the LVDT sensor is subject to plasma noise and radio frequency interactions which result in anomalous thrust readings. Experimental data show that the thrust determined using the LVDT system in a direct current plasma environment and a RF discharge is approximately a factor of three higher than the thrust values obtained using a laser sensor system for the operating conditions investigated. These findings are of significance to the electric propulsion community as LVDT sensors are often utilized in thrust measurement systems and accurate thrust measurement and the reproducibility of thrust data is key to analyzing thruster performance. Methods are proposed to evaluate system susceptibility to plasma noise and an effective filtering scheme presented for DC discharges.     

基于小波的无人潜航器航位推算算法研究

针对无人潜航器(unmanned underwater vehicle,UUV)在多普勒计程仪(Doppler velocity log,DVL)的量测噪声以及安装角偏离误差影响下,自主航行时不能满足长时间导航定位的问题,一方面基于Mallat算法的小波分解和单层重构方法对DVL量测速度进行滤波;另一方面,利用UUV湖试数据对传感器的安装偏离误差进行了校正。针对UUV在高纬度、长时间航行特点,采用地球参考椭球体作为地球几何形状的数学描述。最后对提出的导航算法进行了算法验证及自主导航控制试验,结果表明UUV的自主导航定位精度均小于0.5%,满足设计要求,并优于改进前的航位推算算法。