催化裂化烟气排放控制技术现状及面临问题的分析

国内催化裂化装置再生烟气SOx、NOx排放限值相关的国家政策以及国家标准、地方标准日益严格,催化裂化烟气脱NOx即将纳入强制执行规范.介绍了国内催化裂化烟气的特点、相关排放标准以及主要的污染物排放控制技术的特点和发展现状.当催化原料油硫含量在0.12％～0.50％时,宜采用脱SOx助剂技术;在0.25％～1.50％时,宜采用洗涤脱SOx技术;在0.75％～3.00％时,宜采用回收法脱SOx技术.SCR工艺被证明是应用最多且NOx脱除效率最高、最为成熟的脱NOx技术.分析了主流脱SOx、脱NOx技术的工程方面问题:钠碱洗涤法脱SOx技术面临消耗碱和含盐污水排放的问题;钠钙双碱法脱SOx技术则面临脱硫石膏质量和CO2排放的问题;臭氧氧化法(LoTOxTM)脱NOx技术面临电耗量大和臭氧成本高的问题;海水洗涤法受地域制约且不能处理高含硫烟气;使用脱SOx、脱NOx助剂也有一定局限性.展望了资源化烟气脱SOx、选择性催化还原脱NOx、一体化催化烟气脱除有害污染物的应用前景.     

生物质(气)耦合燃煤锅炉运行性能及污染物分析

为了对比分析生物质与燃煤直接燃烧和生物质气耦合燃煤对锅炉运行性能及污染物排放的影响,基于660 MW燃煤锅炉和30t/h生物质气化炉,搭建生物质气化耦合燃煤锅炉系统模型.在额定工况下,选取松木、木屑、污泥3种生物质,进行气化,对比分析生物质和生物质气与燃煤耦合燃烧2种情况下的锅炉运行性能及燃烧产物的变化规律.结果 表明:生物质直接掺烧提高了炉膛燃烧温度和排烟温度,锅炉热效率均低于纯煤燃烧的锅炉热效率.生物质气掺烧降低了炉膛燃烧温度,提高了锅炉热效率.松木气的炉膛燃烧温度降低了45.26℃,木屑气的排烟温度降低了为41.32℃.生物质气掺烧对NOx减排效果更为显著,木屑气掺烧生成的NOx质量浓度最低;生物质直接燃烧对SOx的减排效果更好,松木掺烧生成的SOx质量浓度最低.     

生物质(气)耦合燃煤锅炉运行性能及污染物分析

为了对比分析生物质与燃煤直接燃烧和生物质气耦合燃煤对锅炉运行性能及污染物排放的影响,基于660 MW燃煤锅炉和30t/h生物质气化炉,搭建生物质气化耦合燃煤锅炉系统模型.在额定工况下,选取松木、木屑、污泥3种生物质,进行气化,对比分析生物质和生物质气与燃煤耦合燃烧2种情况下的锅炉运行性能及燃烧产物的变化规律.结果 表明:生物质直接掺烧提高了炉膛燃烧温度和排烟温度,锅炉热效率均低于纯煤燃烧的锅炉热效率.生物质气掺烧降低了炉膛燃烧温度,提高了锅炉热效率.松木气的炉膛燃烧温度降低了45.26℃,木屑气的排烟温度降低了为41.32℃.生物质气掺烧对NOx减排效果更为显著,木屑气掺烧生成的NOx质量浓度最低;生物质直接燃烧对SOx的减排效果更好,松木掺烧生成的SOx质量浓度最低.     

空气分级燃烧低NO_x排放数值模拟研究

由煤燃烧产生的NOx引起的污染受到世界各国的重视.因此研究降低污染物排放成为燃烧研究的重要课题.对某电站锅炉的实际情况,进行了空气分级燃烧降低NOx的数值模拟研究,并和改造后的运行结果进行了比较.结果表明,分级燃烧可有效降低NOx排放,为电站锅炉清洁燃烧提供了依据.     

一维火焰燃烧NOx、SOx排放规律试验研究

主要针对煤粉燃烧过程中硫、氮的析出特性进行了试验分析和理论探讨,对影响硫、氮析出的因素煤质特性、结构参数和运行参数进行了试验研究.在试验基础上,对NOx、SOx排放规律进行了理论探讨,对污染物减排及优化燃烧提供理论指导.     

空气分级燃烧降低NOX排放技术的研究

利用Fluent数值模拟软件分析了空气分级对高温低氧空气燃烧污染物排放的影响.应用空气分级燃烧技术的燃烧器不仅使燃烧室内具有较高的温度水平,温度场均匀,燃烧效率高,而且NOx的生成量也较低,可以达到节约燃料和降低污染物的综合效果.计算结果分析表明:分级燃烧的二次空气配比对燃烧室内的NOx排放有较大影响.当一次空气占40%左右时,NOx排放最少.     

混煤燃烧中煤质对NOx析出影响研究

为尽可能充分利用劣质煤,进行炉膛混煤燃烧,并降低掺混燃烧过程中烟气污染物排放,进行了混煤燃烧中NOx的析出规律研究.基于300 MW燃煤电厂锅炉机组,通过对现场大量运行数据及相应煤质分析,研究混煤中的水分、挥发分及灰分对炉膛出口NOx排放影响.研究发现,混煤在燃烧时水分和挥发分与NOx排放量均呈现一定的负相关性,灰分与NOx排放量呈现一定的正相关性,氧量变化将加剧其对NOx排放的影响.     

氢内燃机NOx排放特性的试验研究

以一台2.0L氢内燃机为测试对象,对其排放及燃烧特性进行了试验研究,探讨了NOx随当量比Φ点火提前角的变化关系.试验结果表明:在Φ=0.88时,NOx生成量达到最大;在Φ<0.88时,NOx的生成量随Φ的增加而增加;在0.88<Φ<1.2时,NOx生成量随Φ的增加急剧减少;当混合气比较稀薄时,点火提前角对NOx的贡献率相对较小.研究结果可用于氢内燃机稀薄燃烧技术的开发,可有效降低氢内燃机NOx排放.     

流化床垃圾焚烧炉中NOx的排放特性试验研究

在哈尔滨垃圾发电厂流化床垃圾焚烧炉上进行NOx的排放特性试验研究,得到了垃圾特性、燃烧温度、烟气中氧浓度、尿素喷射量等因素对排烟中NOx排放浓度的影响规律.试验结果表明,随着垃圾中有机物含量及燃烧温度的增加,NOx排放浓度增加;随着烟气中氧浓度(＜7%～8%)的增加,NOx排放浓度也相应增加,进一步增加空气量,NOx排放浓度开始缓慢下降.在850～900℃下喷尿素水溶液进行脱氮试验研究,发现NOx排放浓度不但没有降低反而比不喷尿素时增高,说明尿素中的有机氮被氧化为NOx,造成总NOx排放浓度增加.在正常燃烧工况下,排气中NOx浓度一般小于150mg/m3.此研究结果对流化床垃圾焚烧炉运行具有指导作用.     

NOx控制技术

燃烧化石燃料会导致严重的空气污染,SOx和NOx是公认的导致酸雨的污染物。臭氧是由一系列的化学反应包括不稳定有机化合物与NOx反应形成的。控制臭氧厚度可通过减少NOx的排放来实现,这可在燃烧过程中和燃烧后完成。要减少NOx的排放就必须控制燃烧温度,燃烧类型,燃烧器设计和运行参数。在实际应用中还面临许多困难,最主要的是怎样达到排放要求的同时使电厂能和其它非管制工业竞争。因此,使制定NOx排放规则的工作复杂化,其规则难以制定。本文讲述当前美国NOx排放规则和电力工业中可采用的控制NOx的技术。     

A complete review based on various aspects of pulverized coal combustion

Coal is the most abundant energy source, and around 40% of the world's electricity is produced by coal combustion. The emission generated through it put a constraint on power production by coal combustion. There is a need to reduce the emissions generated through it to utilize the enormous energy of coal for power production. Detailed understanding of various aspects of coal combustion is required to reduce the emissions from coal‐fired furnaces. The aim of present paper is to review various aspects of pulverized coal combustion such as oxy‐fuel combustion, co‐combustion of coal and biomass, emissions from pulverized coal furnaces, ash formation and deposition, and carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies to outline the progress made in these aspects. Both experimental and numerical aspects are included in this review. This review also discusses the thermodynamic aspects of the combustion process. Furthermore, the effect of various submodels such as devolatilization models, char combustion models, radiation models, and turbulent models on the process of pulverized coal combustion has been investigated in this paper.     

W型火焰锅炉燃烧特性研究

我国燃烧无烟煤的电站约占总数的1／4,W火焰锅炉已被许多国家广泛采用来燃烧无烟煤等劣质煤种,为解决降低NOx与提高燃尽度之间的矛盾,论文提出借助提高煤粉细度并进行燃烧调整来抵消降低NOx带来燃尽度降低的负面影响。     

煤粉稳燃技术的发展历程和展望

上世纪80年代以来在国内应用的煤粉稳燃技术可分为2种主要类型:早期以强化回流为主要技术特征的第一代稳燃技术,和后来以浓淡分离为主要技术特征的第二代稳燃技术.系统地介绍了这2类技术的发展历程.分析了煤粉稳燃技术在解决燃烧经济性、低污染排放、煤种和负荷适应性、防结渣腐蚀等各方面问题中的基础性地位,强调了目前仍需大力研发新型煤粉稳燃技术.提出了煤粉稳燃技术的发展目标:既具有优良的稳燃、燃尽、低污染物排放、防结渣和腐蚀性能,又能够自动适应煤种、负荷大范围的变化,保持锅炉运行良好的性能.     

混煤燃烧过程中NOx排放特性试验研究

针对山东动力用煤,研究了混煤燃烧NOx的生成及煤质、温度、掺混比、掺混煤种对NOx生成的影响.研究结果表明,混煤NOx的生成量,主要取决于混煤中的氮含量;在试验条件下温度越高生成的NOx反而减少;HT贫煤随掺混FF无烟煤的增大,NOx浓度升高;掺混煤种对NOx释放有较大的影响.混煤燃烧过程中NOx释放往往出现"双峰",同时燃烧工况、掺混比例及煤种影响"双峰"的形成.     

Combustion technology developments in power generation in response to environmental challenges

Combustion system development in power generation is discussed ranging from the pre-environmental era in which the objectives were complete combustion with a minimum of excess air and the capability of scale up to increased boiler unit performances, through the environmental era (1970–), in which reduction of combustion generated pollution was gaining increasing importance, to the present and near future in which a combination of clean combustion and high thermodynamic efficiency is considered to be necessary to satisfy demands for CO₂ emissions mitigation.

From the 1970s on, attention has increasingly turned towards emission control technologies for the reduction of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, the so-called acid rain precursors. By a better understanding of the NO_x formation and destruction mechanisms in flames, it has become possible to reduce significantly their emissions via combustion process modifications, e.g. by maintaining sequentially fuel-rich and fuel-lean combustion zones in a burner flame or in the combustion chamber, or by injecting a hydrocarbon rich fuel into the NO_x bearing combustion products of a primary fuel such as coal.

Sulfur capture in the combustion process proved to be more difficult because calcium sulfate, the reaction product of SO₂ and additive lime, is unstable at the high temperature of pulverized coal combustion. It is possible to retain sulfur by the application of fluidized combustion in which coal burns at much reduced combustion temperatures. Fluidized bed combustion is, however, primarily intended for the utilization of low grade, low volatile coals in smaller capacity units, which leaves the task of sulfur capture for the majority of coal fired boilers to flue gas desulfurization.

During the last decade, several new factors emerged which influenced the development of combustion for power generation. CO₂ emission control is gaining increasing acceptance as a result of the international greenhouse gas debate. This is adding the task of raising the thermodynamic efficiency of the power generating cycle to the existing demands for reduced pollutant emission. Reassessments of the long-term availability of natural gas, and the development of low NO_x and highly efficient gas turbine–steam combined cycles made this mode of power generation greatly attractive also for base load operation.

However, the real prize and challenge of power generation R&D remains to be the development of highly efficient and clean coal-fired systems. The most promising of these include pulverized coal combustion in a supercritical steam boiler, pressurized fluid bed combustion without or with topping combustion, air heater gas turbine-steam combined cycle, and integrated gasification combined cycle. In the longer term, catalytic combustion in gas turbines and coal gasification-fuel cell systems hold out promise for even lower emissions and higher thermodynamic cycle efficiency. The present state of these advanced power-generating cycles together with their potential for application in the near future is discussed, and the key role of combustion science and technology as a guide in their continuing development highlighted.     

The effects and characteristics of hydrogen in SNG on gas turbine combustion using a diffusion type combustor

Converting coal to natural gas may be one of the alternative solutions for satisfying the demand for natural gas. However, synthetic natural gas (SNG) has not been proven effective in natural gas-fired power plants. In this research, several combustion tests using a diffusion type combustor were conducted to determine the effect of hydrogen content in SNG on gas turbine combustion. Three kinds of SNG with different H₂ content up to 3%vol were used for the combustion tests. Even a small amount of hydrogen in SNG affects the flame structure: it shortened the flame length and enlarged the flame angle slightly. However, hydrogen content up to 3% in SNG did not affect the gas turbine combustion characteristics, which are emission performance and combustion efficiency. Due to a similarity with real gas turbine combustor conditions for power generation, a high pressure combustion test helped us verify the ambient pressure combustion tests conducted to determine the effect of hydrogen in SNG. In the high pressure combustion test, the pattern factors were identical even though the hydrogen content was varied from 0% to 3%.     

恒温下准东煤及其混煤燃烧过程中NO释放特性研究

基于恒温热重-燃烧污染物在线监测系统,通过对NO瞬时释放曲线的分析,并结合燃烧反应动力学计算,研究了恒温条件下燃烧环境温度对准东煤燃烧过程中NO释放特性的影响。结果表明：随温度升高,单煤和混煤燃烧过程中NO的释放时间会显著降低,释放速度显著提高;煤种成分的差异会导致NO释放特性的差异,固定碳挥发分的质量分数对NO释放有影响,而灰分的质量分数对NO释放无影响,当高固定碳、高挥发分的煤与低固定碳、低挥发分的煤进行掺混燃烧时,混煤的NO释放量和释放速率会降低。当燃烧过程中掺混北山煤时,混煤NO释放量低,释放速率慢,可以看作是一个较为优良的混煤掺烧方案。     

超细化煤粉的投入量对再燃效果影响的实验研究

目前我国燃煤电厂NOx排放的控制任务相当艰巨和繁重,急需开发适合我国国情的降低NOx排放的技术。超细化煤粉再燃是一种降低燃煤锅炉NOx排放的技术,本文通过在热态燃烧试验装置上进行的试验研究,论述了超细化煤粉的投入量对锅炉N0x排放、结渣状况及机械不完全燃烧损失的影响。通过试验得知,加入再燃煤粉后,炉膛火焰中心的位置变化不大;NOx的脱除率能够达到50％以上;结渣状况有所减轻;机械不完全燃烧损失增加。     

旋流器流量分配对燃气轮机燃烧性能的影响研究

目前锅炉燃烧控制主要依靠人工手动调整,为解决运行经验差异导致锅炉燃烧性能差异的问题,提出了一种基于动态标杆值的电站锅炉燃烧控制优化方法。在建立燃烧模型的基础上,以归一化经济与环保指标得到综合效益因子作为寻优判据,对历史工况进行数据挖掘,实现全工况下基于动态标杆值的运行参数自主寻优和更新,使锅炉燃烧、污染物排放相互协调。该方法已于某燃煤电站成功实践,结果表明：在应用案例中,寻优推送后综合效益因子提高了4.34%,使得锅炉热效率和NOx排放质量浓度相互协调更优。