双基阵数据融合及TMA分析

研究了双基阵纯方位目标运动分析的基本原则和方法,提出了方位数据关联的迭代算法,进行了仿真实验。仿真结果表明,双基阵纯方位ＴＭＡ及数据关联方法不仅克服了单基阵纯方位ＴＭＡ需要本舰机动的限制,而且提高了参数估计算法的稳定性和精度,具有较好的工程应用前景。     

聚焦矩阵在水中宽带目标被动跟踪中的应用

针对水中机动宽带目标,对于设计好的均匀线列阵,采用空间重采样方法计算基阵的恒定束宽阵元权系数,进而利用该阵元权系数产生聚焦矩阵,通过聚焦矩阵将不同频带的子带信号映射到同一参考频率上,然后将所有频率成分的信号功率谱密度矩阵作平均,并结合MUSIC(Multiple Signal Classification)算法,估计出目标的方位信息,从而实现水中宽带目标的被动跟踪。采用该方法进行仿真试验分析,结果表明在小孔径基阵上可实现宽带单目标的稳定测向被动跟踪,且对多目标具有一定的角被动分辨效果。     

多冗余被动定位系统精度分析

针对基于二元矢量传感器浮标的被动式水声定位系统高精度定位区域小的问题,采用增加浮标个数构成具有一定冗余度的测量阵,提高了系统定位精度,并且研究了冗余度对定位精度的影响。文中首先对基于纯方位测量的被动定位技术给出了多基阵解算算法的原理和解算步骤,然后仿真了多种冗余度(6~12个浮标)和不同阵型下的被动定位系统的定位精度。结果显示定位误差分布与测向误差、目标所处位置、阵元个数以及测量阵阵型有关,而且定位误差分布具有对称性。周边浮标组合在阵的中心区域定位精度较高,对角组合可以弥补四边连线附近的低精度区域。该仿真结果在参加的系统海上试验中得到了验证。     

双子阵被动跟踪系统

文章介绍一种用于水下机动目标测量的双子阵被动跟踪系统,介绍了双子阵定位原理和系统构成,提出了广义相关时延估计方法、时延值滤波方法和卡尔曼弹道滤波器,该系统能方便地进行水面或水下机动目标的跟踪测量。     

系统参数对双阵测距性能的影响分析

本文利用有一定间距的两部声纳基阵提供的目标方位和时延差的信息,实现对目标的被动测距.文中建立了测距物理模型,给出了后置距离滤波算法.通过仿真实验验证了模型的有效性,并分析了两阵间距及时延差误差对测距的影响.     

一种实现目标定位与跟踪的新方法

本文介绍了一种采用圆周阵对目标声源进行被动定位和跟踪的方法，与线阵不同，圆四可对目标进行全方位跟踪，且测距精度不受目标方位变化的影响，文中给出了圆周阵的测距，测向公式，并从理论上分析了测距性能，计算机仿真结果验证了理论分析的正确性。     

双耳低频高分辨快速精确定向算法

小型被动探测节点由于成本低、布放简单等原因在水声领域应用广泛。已有的被动声测向技术在这种条件下存在定向精度低、角度分辨力差等缺点。为了解决小孔径基阵的目标快速精确定向问题及多目标分辨问题,将人类听觉系统对低频声源的定向过程与高精度时延估计算法相结合,提出双耳低频高分辨快速精确定向算法。通过理论分析和仿真与湖试数据的处理,证明算法对小孔径阵在低采样率的情况下可以对多个目标的方位进行快速精确估计,并可获得各目标的频率信息,利用频率的不同可以分辨相同方位入射的不同声源。     

基于预方位处理的双基阵方位-线谱测距方法

通过研究运动目标与观测平台保持匀速直线运动时目标方位随时间的变化规律,得出二者近似满足二次曲线的关系,以此为基础提出了一种基于二次曲线模型的目标观测方位序列的滤波预处理方法,然后将经过滤波预处理后的目标方位序列连同目标的某一特征线谱信息用于双基阵声纳被动测距。计算机仿真计算结果表明,目标方位序列经滤波预处理后的双基阵方位-线谱测距方法较预处理前能够更加精确地估计目标的距离。     

方位时延的TMA算法及其可观测性研究

设计了一种新型的水下被动目标运动分析系统,以测得的方位序列和到达不同传感器的时间延迟为基础,建立了状态方程和观测方程。利用非线性系统的可观测性定理分析了该系统,得出了基于方位时延量测水下被动TMA系统的可观测性结论并分析了可观测度。运用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法,对被动定位性能进行了分析。通过计算机仿真实验,验证了得到的可观测性结论。仿真结果同时也表明,该水下被动TMA系统具有收敛速度快、精度高、稳定性好等优点,有着良好的应用前景。     

二维MUSIC近场被动定位方法

介绍了一种高精度的近场被动定位方法——二维MUSIC被动定位方法。它是一种在距离和方位上进行二维联合搜索的高精度被动定位方法。将MUSIC（多重信号分类）算法与近场聚焦波束形成方法相结合,能大大提高对近场目标的定位精度。先推导了基于均匀线列阵的二维MUSIC近场被动定位方法的定位原理,通过仿真比较了二维MUSIC被动定位方法与常规聚焦波束形成的定位性能,仿真表明,二维MUSIC被动定位方法的定位性能要明显高于常规的聚焦波束形成被动定位方法。并仿真了该方法在不同的阵元间距以及不同的目标距离时的定位性能,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

Ultrasound therapy transducers with space-filling non-periodic arrays

Ultrasound transducers designed for therapeutic purposes such as tissue ablation, histotripsy, or drug delivery require large apertures for adequate spatial localization while providing sufficient power and steerability without the presence of secondary grating lobes. In addition, it is highly preferred to minimize the total number of channels and to maintain simplicity in electrical matching network design. To this end, we propose array designs that are both space-filling and non-periodic in the placement of the elements. Such array designs can be generated using the mathematical concept of non-periodic or aperiodic tiling (tessellation) and can lead to reduced grating lobes while maintaining full surface area coverage to deliver maximum power. For illustration, we designed two 2-D space-filling therapeutic arrays with 128 elements arranged on a spherical shell. One was based on the two-shape Penrose rhombus tiling, and the other was based on a single rectangular shape arranged non-periodically. The steerability performance of these arrays was studied using acoustic field simulations. For comparison, we also studied two other arrays, one with circular elements distributed randomly, and the other a periodic array with square elements. Results showed that the two space-filling non-periodic arrays were able to steer to treat a volume of 16 x 16 x 20 mm while ensuring that the grating lobes were under -10 dB compared with the main lobe. The rectangular non-periodic array was able to generate two and half times higher power than the random circles array. The rectangular array was then fabricated by patterning the array using laser scribing methods and its steerability performance was validated using hydrophone measurements. This work demonstrates that the concept of space-filling aperiodic/non-periodic tiling can be used to generate therapy arrays that are able to provide higher power for the same total transducer area compared with random arrays while maintaining acceptable grating lobe levels.     

基于时延估计的海底线阵阵形估计方法研究

阵形估计是水听器阵列应用中的关键问题,基于时延估计的阵形估计方法比基于传感器测量和基于匹配场处理的方法具有更强的适应性和较高的精度。针对浅海水听器阵列中水平长线阵存在的纵向相关振荡现象引起的不能简单以某一阵元为基准求相对时延的问题,充分利用了阵元信号的高相关性,提出了基于子阵时延的阵形估计方法,针对子阵间时延估计误差向阵端累积的问题,该方法以时延估计的克拉美罗界为依据提出了合理的子阵方式,在一定程度上减小了误差传递。对已有海试数据阵形估计处理的结果表明,相对于单源固定间距方法和未分子阵的双源时延估计方法,基于子阵时延的阵形估计方法满足阵元间距的约束,有较好的空间谱特性,减小了阵形估计误差,对长水听器阵列的应用及阵形估计具有较大应用价值。     

MIMO capacity of antenna arrays evaluated using radio channel measurements, reverberation chamber and radiation patterns

We compare different methods of evaluating arrays for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems through calculation of the MIMO capacity of a compact antenna array for mobile or WLAN applications at 1766 MHz and comparing it to a reference array of four mono- poles. Three different methods were used: evaluation using radiation patterns and a channel model, measurements in a reverberation chamber and simultaneous measurement of radio channel data using the two arrays. We conclude that all methods give very similar relative results and that the main difference in the two arrays is the 1.3 dB lower radiation efficiency of the compact array. The channel measurements also show that the arrays provide between 80% and 90% of the capacity of a 4 times 4 MIMO system.     

Synthetic elevation beamforming and image acquisition capabilities using an 8 x 128 1.75D array

Ultrasound imaging can be improved with higher order arrays through elevation dynamic focusing in future, higher channel count systems. However, modifications to current system hardware could yield increased imaging depth-of-field with 1.75D arrays (arrays with individually addressable elements, several rows in elevation) through the use of synthetic elevation imaging. We describe synthetic elevation beamforming methods and its implementation with our 8 /spl times/ 128, 1.75D array (Tetrad Co., Englewood, CO). This array has been successfully interfaced with a Siemens Elegra scanner for summed RF and single channel RF data acquisition. Individual rows of the 8 /spl times/ 128 array can be controlled, allowing for different aperture configurations on transmit and receive beamforming. Advantages of using this array include finer elevation sampling, a larger array footprint for aberration measurements, and elevation focusing. We discuss system tradeoffs that occur in implementing synthetic receive and synthetic transmit/receive elevation focusing and show significant image quality improvements in simulation and phantom data results.     

三元次声阵定位火箭发射的方法

近些年来,基于广义互相关时延估计、单阵定向多阵定位的次声定位技术得到了广泛研究,针对时间差的获取提出了大量改进方法,这些定位方法主要是针对远程次声源的定位。然而,对于持续时间长达3～4 min且处于运动状态的次声事件的定位研究较少。提出了一种基于短时能量突变的方法进行时延估计,并结合实际站台的分布情况采用三站定位方法对火箭发射事件进行定位。结果表明：单个三元次声阵定向误差在2°以内,距离误差约为3.17%（实际的距离为52.74 km,定位误差为1.67 km）,定位精度较高,说明提出的时延估计定位方法是可行的。     

Effects of Broadband Laser Generated Ultrasound on Array Gain

Array gain is a common parameter used in laser phased array research. This paper will present a new parameter called the frequency modulation of laser phased array (FMLPA). The array gain model for laser phased arrays was derived using an assumption that ultrasound from each array member interferes with each other. This would be always true if laser generated ultrasound is narrow band. However, laser generation of ultrasound is broad band. Broad band ultrasound signals have short duration in the time domain. If the time delay between generated wave fronts from each array member is longer than the duration of the broad band ultrasound signal from each array member, the ultrasound signals from each array member will not interfere with each other. The time delay between generated wave fronts from each array member is 0 s at a laser phased array’s beam steering angle and increases away from the beam steering angle. Therefore, ultrasound from each array member always interfere at angles close to the beam steering angle. However, ultrasound from each array member may not interfere at angles away from the beam steering angle depending on the time delay between generated wave fronts and duration of the broad band ultrasound signal. A theoretical model of the FMLPA was developed and experimentally verified for use when ultrasound from each array member does not interfere with each other. It was experimentally verified that current array gain equations still apply when ultrasound from array members interfere with each other. The FMLPA can be used to create new techniques for measuring weld penetration depth, crack location, and dimensions of objects.     

A Genetic Algorithm Applied for Optimization of Antenna Arrays Used in Mobile Radio Channel Characterization Devices

This paper presents a proposed method for synthesizing scenario-dependent channel characterization system arrays that are adapted to the mobile radio environment where measurements take place. The criterion for synthesizing the array is the minimization of the angular CramÉr–Rao lower bound, which is the lower bound of the mean square estimation error (MSEE) for an unbiased estimator. The core of the process is a genetic algorithm (GA) that seeks for the most advantageous array topology for each scenario. Simulation results show that the method succeeds in synthesizing feasible antenna arrays that have increased direction of arrival (DoA) estimation accuracy and are superior to the arrays typically used during actual measurement campaigns.      

Ultrasonic arrays for monitoring cracks in an industrial plant at high temperatures

A piezoelectric linear array structure has been designed to operate at temperatures up to 400 degrees C for nondestructive testing of steel components of a hot industrial plant. It is intended that these arrays be fixed permanently to the test subject so that known defects can be monitored by comparing measurements taken over a period of time without needing to shut down the plant. The arrays are used in pairs: the transmitter is a phased array producing a variable angle steered beam, and a second array is used for receiving. The defect can be identified from a series of scans collected from individual elements of the second array. A simple monolithic array structure was used, based on a single crystal of lithium niobate and operating in the frequency range 3 to 5 MHz. Prototype devices have 64 elements on a 0.5 mm pitch. Simulated defects in steel blocks have been scanned at high temperatures to illustrate the arrays' capability for nondestructive testing. The results suggest an accuracy better than 1 mm in finding the location of crack tips.     

Annular-ring CMUT arrays for forward-looking IVUS: transducer characterization and imaging

In this study, a 64-element, 1.15-mm diameter annular-ring capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array was characterized and used for forward-looking intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging tests. The array was manufactured using low-temperature processes suitable for CMOS electronics integration on a single chip. The measured radiation pattern of a 43 X 140-microm2 array element depicts a 40 degrees view angle for forward-looking imaging around a 15-MHz center frequency in agreement with theoretical models. Pulse-echo measurements show a -10-dB fractional bandwidth of 104% around 17 MHz for wire targets 2.5 mm away from the array in vegetable oil. For imaging and SNR measurements, RF A-scan data sets from various targets were collected using an interconnect scheme forming a 32-element array configuration. An experimental point spread function was obtained and compared with simulated and theoretical array responses, showing good agreement. Therefore, this study demonstrates that annular-ring CMUT arrays fabricated with CMOS-compatible processes are capable of forward-looking IVUS imaging, and the developed modeling tools can be used to design improved IVUS imaging arrays.     

Propagation and backpropagation for ultrasonic wavefront design

Wave backpropagation is a concept that can be used to calculate the excitation signals for an array with programmable transmit waveforms to produce a specified field that has no significant evanescent wave components. This concept can also be used to find the field at a distance away from an aperture based on measurements made in the aperture. For a uniform medium, three methods exist for the calculation of wave propagation and backpropagation: the diffraction integral method, the angular spectrum method, and the shift-and-add method. The boundary conditions that are usually implicitly assumed by these methods are analyzed, and the relationship between these methods are explored. The application of the angular spectrum method to other kinds of boundary conditions is discussed, as is the relationship between wave backpropagation, phase conjugation, and the time-reversal mirror. Wave backpropagation is used, as an example, to calculate the excitation signals for a ring transducer to produce a specified pulsatile plane wave with a limited spatial extent.