β成核剂对抗冲聚丙烯共聚物的结晶和力学性能研究

分别用α晶型成核剂和β晶型成核剂对抗冲聚丙烯共聚物（iPP）的结晶和力学性能进行研究,并用偏光显微镜（POM）、广角X射线衍射仪（WAXD）和差示扫描量热仪（DSC）对其进行了详细的表征。结果表明,α和β成核剂使iPP的起始结晶温度（ton）提高15.3℃和12.7℃,结晶峰温度（tp）提高17℃和13.7℃,结晶速率加快。两种成核剂都能使球晶细化,使结晶更加均匀化、规整化,从而使结晶度增加。α成核剂（TMA-3）使iPP的拉伸强度、冲击强度和断裂伸长率分别提高到23.43MPa、22.27kJ/m2和788%;β成核剂因主要是改变球晶的形态,形成与α球晶完全不同的β晶型,使iPP的拉伸强度、冲击强度和断裂伸长率的提高比α成核剂显著,分别达到24MPa、32.81kJ/m2和861%。     

一种新型聚丙烯成核剂的合成及表征

以邻苯二甲酸和异丙醇铝为原料,合成了新型的邻苯二甲酸羟基铝盐类聚丙烯成核剂(OXA)。利用热重分析、X射线衍射仪、差示扫描量热仪和偏光显微镜分别考察了成核剂的热稳定性及其对等规聚丙烯（iPP）的晶型、结晶行为和结晶形态的影响,同时,还考查了成核剂对iPP力学性能的影响。结果表明,OXA是一种有效的聚丙烯α晶型成核剂,当添加量为0.3 %（质量分数,下同）时,iPP的结晶温度可提高13.26 ℃,结晶度由纯iPP的52.49 %提高到58.37 %,同时可显著细化iPP球晶;也明显提高了iPP的拉伸和弯曲强度,拉伸强度由36.18 MPa提高为43.41 MPa,弯曲强度由46.19 MPa提高至50.89 MPa。     

新型α-成核剂的制备及其对聚丙烯性能的影响

利用蒽、马来酸酐和水合肼为原料,制备了一种新型聚丙烯（PP）α-晶型成核剂（AMHD）。利用热重分析考察了该成核剂的热稳定性,采用X射线衍射分析、偏光显微镜和差示扫描量热法对该成核剂对等规聚丙烯（iPP）的结晶形态和结晶行为的影响进行了研究,并测试了其力学性能和维卡软化点。结果表明,成核剂AMHD有效提高了iPP的结晶温度（Tc）和结晶度（Xc）,其中Xc提高至50 ％;同时改善了iPP的力学性能和耐热性能,与纯iPP试样相比,iPP/AMHD的简支梁缺口冲击强度、拉伸强度和弯曲强度分别提高了1.27倍、18.02 ％和10.76％。     

蒽系列成核剂对聚丙烯性能的影响

利用蒽为基础原料,自制了蒽系列的三种聚丙烯成核剂:9,10-二氢蒽-9,10-桥-α,β-马来酸酐（AMH）、9,10-二氢蒽-9,10-桥-α,β-马来酰肼（AMHD）、9,10-二氢蒽-9,10-桥-α,β-N-甘氨酸基马来酰胺（AGMA）。利用热重分析（TGA）分别考察了三者的热稳定性,采用X 射线衍射分析( XRD) 和偏光显微镜( PLM) 对其所改性等规聚丙烯（iPP）的结晶形态进行了表征,用差示扫描量热法( DSC) 研究了其结晶行为,并测试了力学性能。结果表明,AMHD和AGMA均可增强聚丙烯α晶型成核,而AMH则可诱导β-iPP的生成;该三种成核剂都有效提高了聚丙烯的结晶温度（Tc）和结晶度,其中iPP/AMHD的结晶度（Xc）提高了3.75%;同时改善了iPP的力学性能,与纯iPP试样相比,iPP/AMH抗冲击强度提高了5.60 kJ/m2,iPP/AMHD拉伸强度提高了18.02%,iPP/AGMA的弯曲强度达到53.22 MPa。     

二环[2.2.1]庚烷二羧酸盐成核剂对聚丙烯结晶行为和力学性能的影响

研究了二环[2.2.1]庚烷二羧酸盐成核剂(商品名:HPN-68)对聚丙烯(PP)结晶行为和力学性能的影响。结果表明:HPN-68是一种典型的聚丙烯α晶型成核剂,在PP中具有很高的成核效率。在较低的添加浓度下可明显提高PP的结晶峰温度和力学性能。然而,其添加量存在一个饱和值。当成核剂含量达到该饱和值以后,PP的结晶峰温度和力学性能就趋于稳定。当成核剂HPN-68的添加量为0.2 phr时,PP的结晶峰温度可升高15℃左右,拉伸强度和弯曲模量分别可提高12.7%和18.2%。     

基于六氢邻苯二甲酸盐的α/β复合成核剂对聚丙烯性能的影响

将α成核剂六氢邻苯二甲酸钙和β成核剂六氢邻苯二甲酸锌复合得到α/β复合成核剂体系,研究了其对等规聚丙烯（iPP）力学性能和结晶性能的影响,并用Avrami理论研究了成核iPP的等温结晶动力学。结果表明,α/β复合成核剂以特定比例复合可以同时提高iPP的刚性和韧性,其中在复合比例为7∶3时,拉伸强度提升了6.7 %,弯曲模量提升了21.8 %,冲击强度提升了108.2 %。进一步研究了复合成核剂在iPP中的浓度效应,随着总添加量的增加,iPP的结晶温度逐渐增加,力学性能趋于稳定,在添加量达到0.4 %（质量分数,下同）时基本不变,此时冲击强度提升了175.3 %,弯曲模量提升了15.0 %,拉伸强度提升了6.5 %。等温结晶动力学的结果表明,复合成核剂体系的加入可以明显缩短iPP的结晶时间并且降低结晶所需的表面能。     

α、β成核剂复配对聚丙烯性能的影响

对5种α成核剂以及稀土β成核剂的成核能力进行了评价，考察了单独添加α、β成核剂聚丙烯（PP）性能的差异，详细讨论了α、β成核剂复配对PP微观结构、力学性能及熔融行为的影响。结果表明，添加α、β复配成核剂PP的性能与复配成核剂中α成核剂诱导α晶型的成核能力密切相关，随着α成核剂成核能力的减弱，复配成核PP冲击强度和断裂伸长率提高，弯曲强度、弯曲模量和拉伸强度减小。差示扫描量热（DSC）分析显示，随着α成核剂诱导α晶型成核能力的减弱，β晶熔融峰强度增加。在不提高总结晶度的情况下，添加α成核剂改善PP刚性以及添加β成核剂改善PP韧性的协同效应没有出现。     

α/β复合成核剂对等规聚丙烯结晶形态的影响及非等温结晶动力学

采用偏光显微镜(POM)及示差扫描量热(DSC)法考察了3种α/β复合成核剂NA40/NABW、NA40/HHPA-Ba、NA40/PA-03对成核等规聚丙烯(iPP)的结晶形态及非等温结晶动力学的影响。对成核iPP结晶形态的研究结果表明：α/β复合成核剂的加入能够减小iPP的球晶尺寸。影响α/β复合成核剂成核iPP结晶形态的主要因素是ΔT_Cp（ΔT_Cp为成核iPP结晶峰值温度与iPP结晶峰值温度的差值）,即复合体系中ΔT_Cp较大的成核剂在iPP结晶过程中起主导作用,最终的结晶形态与单独添加这一成核剂时iPP的结晶形态相类似;当两种成核剂的ΔT_Cp接近相同时,两者竞争成核,成核iPP的结晶形态表现为两种成核剂共同作用的结果。因此,通过改变α/β复合成核剂的复合比例即改变两种成核剂的添加浓度,进而改变其ΔT_Cp,可以得到结晶形态完全不同的iPP。采用Caze法对非等温动力学进行了研究,结果表明：添加α/β复合成核剂能够提高iPP的结晶温度,缩短半结晶时间。复合成核剂成核iPP的结晶行为也同样受成核剂ΔT_Cp的影响,复合成核iPP的Avrami指数接近于复合体系中ΔT_Cp较大的成核剂单独添加时iPP的Avrami指数。     

乙烯基硅烷/苯乙烯接枝聚丙烯的结晶和力学性能

研究了乙烯基硅烷（VS）和苯乙烯（St）双单体接枝聚丙烯（PP-g-VS/St）的结晶性能和力学性能。结果表明,长支链的引入使PP-g-VS/St的结晶峰值温度和熔融峰值温度相对于线形等规聚丙烯（iPP）分别提高了10、2 ℃,且球晶得到了细化; PP-g-VS/St在10 ℃/min的降温速率下结晶产生的晶型为α晶型与少量γ晶型的混合物;在注塑条件下结晶产生的晶型为α晶型与β晶型的混合物; 利用莫志深法研究PP-g-VS/St的非等温结晶动力学过程发现,在结晶的早期和后期,长支链对PP-g-VS/St的结晶分别起到了加速成核和阻碍生长两种相反的作用;相对于iPP,PP-g-VS/St的拉伸强度、弯曲模量和冲击强度分别提高了29 %、40 %和453 %。     

辛二酸钙成核改性等规聚丙烯研究

研究了1种高效β晶型成核剂辛二酸钙(CaSu)的用量对等规聚丙烯(iPP)熔融、结晶行为和力学性能的影响。结果表明,CaSu为良好的β晶型成核剂,添加0.20%(质量分数)CaSu,β晶型含量可以达到84.02%;添加CaSu可以使iPP的成核能力增强,使其结晶温度增加;CaSu诱导iPP产生大量β晶型,同时降低了球晶的尺寸;添加CaSu可使iPP的缺口冲击强度、拉伸强度以及断裂伸长率提高,但弯曲模量降低。     

The effect of bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐ene‐2,3‐dicarboxylate on the mechanical properties and crystallization behaviors of isotactic polypropylene

The mechanical and optical properties of iPP nucleated with bicyclo[2.2.1]heptenedicarboxylate salts (BCHED) have been investigated. The results showed that aluminum bicyclo[2.2.1]heptenedicarboxylate (BCHE13) is the most effective nucleating agent to improve the mechanical and optical properties. Then the effects of the BCHE13 concentration on mechanical and optical properties and crystallization behaviors were studied. The results indicated that the saturated concentration of BCHE13 is about 0.2 wt %, at which nucleated iPP showed the better comprehensive mechanical and optical properties and high crystallization peak temperature. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of iPP nucleated with different BCHE13 contents have been investigated by Caze method. The results indicated Avrami exponents of nucleated iPP gradually increased with the increasing of BCHE13 concentration. The results can be explained that crystallization and growth model of nucleated iPP is heterogeneous nuclei followed by more than three‐dimension spherical growth during nonisothermal crystallization, which can be proved by agglomeration of BCHE13 in melt iPP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

新型高效聚丙烯β晶型成核剂

采用差示扫描量热仪和广角X射线衍射仪考察了降冰片烯十二酰胺酸的不同金属盐对聚丙烯晶型结构的影响。结果表明,0.2 ％（质量分数,下同）的降冰片烯十二酰胺酸锌盐（NBDA30）能够诱导聚丙烯产生高含量的β晶型（k值为81.7 ％）。在此基础上进一步研究了N BDA30的添加含量对聚丙烯力学性能和结晶性能的影响。结果表明,当成核剂添加量超过0.4 ％时,聚丙烯的冲击强度和结晶温度开始提高,球晶尺寸开始减小;冲击强度最大值在0.8 ％时取得,冲击强度从纯聚丙烯的31.8 J/m提高到91.0 J/m,提高幅度约为3倍;同时NBDA30成核聚丙烯的拉伸强度和弯曲模量没有明显降低。     

Crystallization morphologies and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene modified by α/β compounded nucleating agents

采用偏光显微镜(POM)及示差扫描量热(DSC)法考察了3种α/β复合成核剂NA40/NABW、NA40/HHPA-Ba、NA40/PA-03对成核等规聚丙烯(iPP)的结晶形态及非等温结晶动力学的影响。对成核iPP结晶形态的研究结果表明：α/β复合成核剂的加入能够减小iPP的球晶尺寸。影响α/β复合成核剂成核iPP结晶形态的主要因素是ΔT_Cp（ΔT_Cp为成核iPP结晶峰值温度与iPP结晶峰值温度的差值）,即复合体系中ΔT_Cp较大的成核剂在iPP结晶过程中起主导作用,最终的结晶形态与单独添加这一成核剂时iPP的结晶形态相类似;当两种成核剂的ΔT_Cp接近相同时,两者竞争成核,成核iPP的结晶形态表现为两种成核剂共同作用的结果。因此,通过改变α/β复合成核剂的复合比例即改变两种成核剂的添加浓度,进而改变其ΔT_Cp,可以得到结晶形态完全不同的iPP。采用Caze法对非等温动力学进行了研究,结果表明：添加α/β复合成核剂能够提高iPP的结晶温度,缩短半结晶时间。复合成核剂成核iPP的结晶行为也同样受成核剂ΔT_Cp的影响,复合成核iPP的Avrami指数接近于复合体系中ΔT_Cp较大的成核剂单独添加时iPP的Avrami指数。     

β成核剂含量对等规聚丙烯性能的影响

研究了一种β成核剂(CHB-5)的含量对等规聚丙烯(iPP)结晶性能和力学性能的影响。用广角X射线衍射(WAXD)研究CHB-5诱导iPP晶型的变化,用差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析CHB-5对iPP熔融行为和结晶行为的影响,用偏光显微镜(POM)观察CHB-5诱导iPP结晶形态的变化。结果表明,CHB-5的加入使iPP的成核能力增强;CHB-5可降低iPP的熔融温度,提高其结晶温度和结晶起始温度,加快结晶速率;CHB-5能降低球晶尺寸;CHB-5的加入可使iPP缺口冲击强度提高。     

A novel highly efficient β‐nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene

A novel highly efficient β‐nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene (iPP), hexahydrophthalic barium (HHPA‐Ba), was found and its effects on the mechanical properties, the β‐phase content, and crystallization behavior of iPP were investigated, respectively. The results show that the β‐phase content of nucleated iPP (k_β value) can reach 80.2% with 0.4 wt % HHPA‐Ba. The impact strength and crystallization peak temperature of nucleated iPP are greatly increased. Compared with pure iPP, the impact strength of nucleated iPP can increase 2.4 times. Meanwhile, the spherulite size of nucleated iPP is dramatically decreased than that of pure iPP. The Caze method was used to investigate the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of nucleated iPP and the crystallization active energy was achieved by Kissinger method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Effects of melt structure on crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with α/β compounded nucleating agents

In this study, the melt structure of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) nucleated with α/β compounded nucleating agents (α/β‐CNA, composed of the α‐NA of 0.15 wt % Millad 3988 and the β‐NA of 0.05 wt % WBG‐II) was tuned by changing the fusion temperature T_f. In this way, the role of melt structure on the crystallization behavior and polymorphic composition of iPP were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that when T_f = 200°C (iPP was fully molten), the α/β‐CNA cannot encourage β‐phase crystallization since the nucleation efficiency (NE) of the α‐NA 3988 was obviously higher than that of the β‐NA WBG‐II. Surprisingly, when T_f was in 179–167°C, an amount of ordered structures survived in the melt, resulting in significant increase of the proportion of β‐phase (achieving 74.9% at maximum), indicating that the ordered structures of iPP played determining role in β‐phase crystallization of iPP nucleated with the α/β‐CNA. Further investigation on iPP respectively nucleated with individual 3988 and WBG‐II showed that as T_f decreased from 200°C to 167°C, the crystallization peak temperature T_c of iPP/3988 stayed almost constant, while T_c of iPP/WBG‐II increased gradually when T_f < 189°C and became higher than that of iPP/3988 when T_f decreased to 179°C and lower, which can be used to explain the influence of ordered structure and α/β‐CNA on iPP crystallization. Using this method, the selection of α‐NA for α/β‐CNA can be greatly expanded even if the inherent NE of β‐NA is lower than that of the α‐NA. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41355.     

A highly active novel β-nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene

A highly active novel β-nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene (iPP), cadmium bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylate (BCHE30), was found and its effects on the mechanical properties, the content of β-crystal, and crystallization behavior of iPP were investigated, respectively. The results show that the impact strength and crystallization peak temperature of nucleated iPP are greatly increased, while the spherulite size of nucleated iPP is dramatically decreased than that of pure iPP. The content of β-form of nucleated iPP (k_β value) can reach 87% with 0.1 wt% BCHE30. The Caze method was used to study the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of nucleated iPP and the crystallization active energy was achieved by Kissinger method.     

Analysis of the isothermal crystallization of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with sorbitol derivatives

The isothermal crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and iPP nucleated with the sorbitol derivatives 1,3:2,4‐bis(4‐methyldibenzylidene)sorbitol and 1,3:2,4‐bis(3,4‐dimethylbenzylidene)sorbitol was studied, along with the subsequent melting behavior, as a function of the nucleating agent concentration. The influence of the agents on the crystallization rate, crystallization temperature, and crystallization range was examined. The isothermal crystallization temperature increased, along with the crystallization rate, with increasing nucleating agent concentration. The maximum effect of the additives occurred at concentrations of 0.3% or greater. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2261–2274, 2003