功能梯度压电压磁球对称问题的静力响应

研究径向载荷作用下功能梯度压电压磁空心球壳的空间球对称电磁弹耦合静力学问题。假设压电压磁空心球壳的材料参数沿球厚度方向呈幂函数分布, 在球坐标系下, 由材料的参数方程、本构方程、几何方程和平衡方程导出在外激励作用下空心球壳体的应力、电势、磁势等物理量的解析解。结构内表面材料设为常用BaTiO₃-CoFeO₄复合材料, 分别对球壳内表面受力以及内外表面存在电势差或磁势差的情况进行数值讨论, 分别给出不同梯度参数下结构内部径向应力、环向应力、电势和磁势的分布。结果表明梯度参数的选取对功能梯度压电压磁球壳的性能有很大的影响。     

界面过渡层对磁-电-弹性层合板多场耦合特征的影响

针对两种不同形式(压电-铁磁-压电,铁磁-压电-铁磁)的磁电层状复合材料,研究了热场环境下磁电层状复合材料的力、热、电以及磁的多场耦合特征,给出了磁电层状复合结构的位移、应力、电势以及磁势的变化规律,探讨了界面过渡层厚度变化及其不同界面过渡方式对磁电复合材料的位移、应力、电势和磁势的影响。研究结果表明,界面过渡层对应力特征、电势和磁势的分布具有非常重要的影响,尤其对磁势的分布特征影响尤为明显,这些结果可为磁电层合材料的结构设计和可靠性分析提供参考和依据。     

压电压磁双层材料界面二维裂纹分析

该文利用积分变换和奇异积分方程技术研究压电压磁双材料界面裂纹二维断裂问题.假设界面上压电材料电势和压磁材料磁势为零:压电层表面受机械载荷和电位移作用,压磁层表面受机械载荷和磁导作用.导出了相应问题的应力强度因子和机械能量释放率的表达式,给出了机械能量释放率的数值结果.结果表明:在同样机械载荷作用下,压电压磁双材料界面裂...     

磁电弹功能梯度材料板中的波动特性

假设材料常数和电、 磁常数沿板厚方向呈梯度变化, 将电磁功能梯度材料板沿厚度方向划分为层单元, 建立单元的控制方程, 然后根据单元之间的连续条件将单元控制方程装配成系统的控制方程, 求解控制方程, 得到不同模态波的弥散曲线, 分析了电磁参数对波的弥散特性的影响, 同时研究了材料梯度对弹性位移、 静电势和静磁势分布的影响, 并对磁电功能梯度材料中波的六个特征波面进行了分析。计算结果表明材料梯度引起弹性位移、 静电势、 静磁势的分布集中于材料参数梯度减少的方向, 材料为正交各向异性弹性材料。      

非理想界面功能梯度压电/压磁双材料中的SH界面波

研究了非理想界面功能梯度压电/压磁双材料中SH界面波的传播特性,这里假定上、下半空间材料性能在垂直于界面的方向是按指数函数变化的。界面的机械条件由"弹簧"模型表征,即应力是连续的而位移是间断的;界面电磁学条件考虑电位移、电势、磁感、磁势连续和电学短路、磁学开路两种情况。推导了界面波显函形式的频散方程,通过数值计算表明了材料组合形式、界面非理想程度以及材料梯度变化对界面波相速度的影响。     

Y-TZP/LZAS微晶玻璃功能梯度涂层残余应力的有限元分析

设计了Y-TZP/LZAS微晶玻璃功能梯度涂层,使用有限元软件分析了成分分布指数、梯度层数目和梯度层厚度等参数对涂层/基体界面残余热应力的影响。结果表明:功能梯度材料的最佳成分梯度指数为m=1;涂层最佳层数为3-5层;涂层最佳厚度为1-1.5 mm;涂层表层主要分布为径向压应力;在涂层/基体界面的边缘区域应力集中较为严重;涂层/基体界面处的径向应力、轴向应力和剪切应力与成分分布指数、梯度层数目和梯度层厚度有密切的关系。用涂搪法制备了梯度涂层,用X射线衍射法(XRD)测试了涂层表面残余应力,验证了有限元结果的准确性。     

热循环条件下圆柱结构热障涂层系统应力场有限元分析

采用有限元模拟方法,在热循环务件下模拟计算了圆柱结构热障涂层系统应力场的演变情况,分析和讨论了热循环工作温度、陶瓷层厚度对应力场分布的影响.研究发现,在仅考虑热弹性变形的条件下,热循环工作温度和陶瓷层厚度主要影响涂层系统在保温阶段的应力场大小;在每次热循环冷却之后,系统中同一位置的残余应力值相等.对于圆柱体结构的热障涂层系统,由于材料参数不匹配而导致材料的环向应力远大于径向应力数值,因此在后续分析测试中建议重点关注其环向应力的演变.     

非理想界面功能梯度压电/压磁层状半空间结构中的SH波

研究非理想界面下功能梯度压电/压磁层状半空间结构中SH波的传播特性。界面性能由“弹簧”模型表征, 假设功能梯度压电层材料性能沿层厚度方向指数变化, 其表面为电学开路。推导了频散方程, 并结合数值算例分析了界面性能、功能梯度压电层的梯度变化和厚度对相速度的影响。研究结果对功能梯度压电/压磁复合材料在声波器件中的应用提供了理论依据。     

梯度陶瓷喷嘴残余应力的有限元分析

为了提高喷嘴的抗冲蚀磨损能力,将梯度功能材料理论运用于喷嘴材料的设计中,改传统的均质喷嘴材料为非均质喷嘴材料,提出在梯度陶瓷喷嘴制备中将残余压应力引入喷嘴入口的设计目标.在组成分布指数一定的条件下,针对主要设计参数对梯度陶瓷喷嘴残余应力的影响进行有限元分析,探讨了梯度层厚度、临界梯度层材料组分差对SiC/(W,Ti)C单梯度陶瓷喷嘴残余热应力的影响规律,在组成分布指数取0.5时,优化SiC/(W,Ti)C梯度陶瓷喷嘴梯度层厚和临界梯度层材料组分差.结果表明,残余应力随梯度层厚h及临界梯度层SiC体积组分差的不同产生很大差异,合理设计梯度层厚h及临界梯度层SiC体积组分差可在喷嘴入口形成有效残余压应力,最佳梯度层厚为5mm,临界梯度层SiC组分差小于5%(体积分数).     

夹芯圆柱壳稳定性优化

研究了在轴压载荷作用下圆柱壳结构的失稳模态和结构承载效率,分析了空心圆柱壳厚度对失稳模态和承载效率的影响,以及圆柱壳填充轻质芯体对提高承载效率的作用;研究了圆柱壳结构的基于参数化建模、稳定性分析以及承载效率优化设计的一体化方法,并基于商用软件PATRAN的PCL语言予以实现。针对特定夹芯圆柱壳结构的稳定性分析和优化表明,空心薄壁圆柱壳结构在轴压载荷作用下容易失稳,结构承载效率低。适当增加壳体厚度,不但提高抗屈曲能力,而且也提高了结构承载效率。但厚度增加到一定限度后,进一步增加壳体厚度会提高结构的失稳荷载,但承载效率下降。利用泡沫状材料填充薄壁圆柱壳结构可以提高圆柱壳的结构抗屈曲承载能力和承载效率。通过优化壳体壁厚和芯体材料的相对密度,可有效地提高结构的承载能力和承载效率。     

Analysis of active damping in composite laminate cylindrical shells of revolution with skewed PVDF sensors/actuators

Active damping in a FRP composite cylindrical shell with collocated piezoelectric sensors/actuators is studied. The electrode on the sensors/actuators are spatially shaped to reduce spillover between circumferential modes. A three noded, isoparametric, semianalytical finite element is developed and used to model the cylindrical shell. The element is based on a mixed piezoelectric shell theory which makes a single layer assumption for the displacements and a layerwise assumption for the electric potential. The effects of location of patch of collocated piezoelectric sensors/actuators, percentage length of the shell covered with these patches, fiber angle of the laminae in the composite laminate, stacking sequence of laminae in a laminate and skew angle of the sensor/actuator piezoelectric material, on the system damping for various modes is studied.     

Material tailoring for functionally graded hollow cylinders and spheres

We present a technique to tailor materials for functionally graded (FG) linear elastic hollow cylinders and spheres to attain through-the-thickness either a constant hoop (or circumferential) stress or a constant in-plane shear stress. The volume fractions of two phases of a FG material (FGM) are assumed to vary only with the radius and the effective material properties are estimated by using either the rule of mixtures or the Mori-Tanaka scheme; the analysis is applicable to other homogenization methods. For a FG cylinder we find the required radial variation of the volume fractions of constituents to make a linear combination of the radial and the hoop stresses uniform throughout the thickness. The through-the-thickness uniformity of the hoop stress automatically eliminates the stress concentration near the inner surface of a very thick cylinder. The through-the-thickness variations of Young’s moduli obtained with and without considering the variation of Poisson’s ratio are very close to each other for a moderately thick hollow cylinder but are quite different in a very thick hollow cylinder. For an FG sphere the required radial variation of the volume fractions of the two phases to get a constant circumferential stress is similar to that in an FG cylinder. The material tailoring results presented here should help structural engineers and material scientists optimally design hollow cylinders and spheres comprised of inhomogeneous materials.     

Optimum heating of cylindrical pressure vessels

A method for determining time-optimum fluid temperature changes during heating of the thick walled cylinder was presented. Optimum fluid temperature changes were determined both for the cylindrical pressure vessels without holes. Heating of the hollow cylinder will be carried out in such a way that the circumferential thermal stress at the inner surface is equal to the allowable stress value. Optimum fluid temperature changes were assumed in the form of simple time functions containing unknown parameters. The unknown parameters were determined from the condition that the circumferential thermal stress at the inner surface of the hollow cylinder without holes is equal to the allowable stress at given time points. An over-determined system of nonlinear algebraic equations was solved for unknown parameters using the least squares method. At first, the thermal stress was calculated using the discrete form of the Duhamel integral. The Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to determine the circumferential thermal stress in the second method. For practical reasons the optimum temperature in the ramp form is preferred. It is possible to increase the fluid temperature stepwise at the beginning of the heating process and then increase the fluid temperature with the constant rate. Because of the possibility of practical implementation a more appropriate is the ramp function for approximating optimum fluid temperature changes.     

Stress analysis of multi-layered hollow anisotropic composite cylindrical structures using the homogenization method

This paper presents a general and efficient stress analysis strategy for hollow composite cylindrical structures consisting of multiple layers of different anisotropic materials subjected to different loads. Cylindrical material anisotropy and various loading conditions are considered in the stress analysis. The general stress solutions for homogenized hollow anisotropic cylinders subjected to pressure, axial force, torsion, shear and bending are presented with explicit formulations under typical force and displacement boundary conditions. The stresses and strains in a layer of the composite cylindrical structures are obtained from the solutions of homogenized hollow cylinders with effective material properties and discontinuous layer material properties. Effective axial, torsional, bending and coupling stiffness coefficients taking into account material anisotropy are also determined from the strain solutions for the hollow composite cylindrical structures. Examples show that the material anisotropy may have significant effects on the effective stiffness coefficients in some cases. The stress analysis method is demonstrated with an example of stress analysis of a 22-layer composite riser, and the results are compared with numerical solutions. This method is efficient for stress analysis of thin-walled or moderately thick-walled hollow composite cylindrical structures with various multiple layers of different materials or arbitrary fiber angles because no explicit interfacial continuity parameters are required. It provides an efficient and easy-to-use analysis tool for assessing hollow composite cylindrical structures in engineering applications.     

基于裂纹尖端应力比值的含裂纹功能梯度材料圆筒应力强度因子计算方法

由于功能梯度材料（FGM）性质的特殊性,现有含裂纹FGM结构应力强度因子计算方法难以避免复杂的矩阵运算以及数值积分。该文针对含外表面环向裂纹FGM圆筒,利用FGM圆筒与均匀材料圆筒裂纹尖端应力之间的比例关系,将复杂的FGM圆筒应力强度因子求解问题转化为简单的应力值提取问题以及经验公式计算问题,仅由均匀材料圆筒应力强度因子经验公式、均匀材料圆筒和FGM圆筒裂纹尖端应力比值即可得到任意含裂纹FGM圆筒应力强度因子。该方法仅需建立2D轴对称模型即可满足计算要求,在保证精度的基础上成功回避了传统方法中的复杂矩阵运算以及数值积分,且适用于不同FGM、筒体尺寸、裂纹深度等情况下的应力强度因子计算。通过多组算例对比分析,证明该方法计算精度高、计算过程简便,便于工程应用。     

Magnetic field distribution in a ferromagnetic conductor

The magnetic field distribution in a cylindrical ferromagnetic conductor is determined for the case of a direct current flowing along the axis of the cylinder and a constant external magnetic field applied in a direction transverse to the current flow. The Gauss-Seidel iteration method is employed to obtain the vector potentials for different values of current and external field with the aid of a digital computer. The magnetic fields are then calculated from the resultant vector potentials. Calculations are carried out for currentI = 1.5A, radius of the cylindera = 2mm, and external magnetic fieldB_{0} = 0to 0.6 Wb/m².     

Compound piezoelectric cylindrical resonators as sensors of the rheological parameters of viscoelastic media

The electro-elastic behavior of a viscoelastically loaded layered cylindrical resonator (sensor) comprising two coupled hollow cylinders is presented. The inner cylinder is a piezoelectric ceramic tube. The outer cylinder is a non-piezoelectric (passive) metallic cylinder. An analytical formula for the electrical admittance of a compound layered cylindrical resonator loaded with a viscoelastic liquid is established. Admittance (conductance) diagrams were obtained using a continuum electromechanical model. The established analytical formulas enable the determination of the influence of the liquid viscosity, material, and geometrical parameters of a compound cylindrical resonator on the response characteristics of the compound sensor. In the paper, the sensor implications resulting from the performed analysis are described. Moreover, the algorithm of the method developed by the authors to evaluate the rheological parameters of a viscoelastic liquid is presented. Good agreement between the theoretical results and experimental data is shown. The analysis presented in this paper can be utilized for the design and construction of cylindrical piezoelectric viscosity sensors, annular accelerometers, filters, transducers, and multilayer resonators.     

Bending analysis of piezoelectric exponentially graded fiber-reinforced composite cylinders in hygrothermal environments

The closed-form solutions of a piezoelectric exponentially graded fiber-reinforced hollow cylinder in hygrothermal environment conditions are investigated. The interaction of electric displacement and electric potentials as well as the elastic deformations is discussed. The present piezoelectric fiber-reinforced circular cylinder is subjected to a mechanical load as well as an electric potential at its lateral surfaces. The resultant constitutive equations of the piezoelectric fiber-reinforced composite cylinder are analytically investigated. The thermal conductivity and the moisture diffusivity coefficient are supposed to change continuously in the radial direction by a simple exponential law. The hygrothermoelastic responses of piezoelectric exponentially graded fiber-reinforced hollow circular cylinders are presented. The significant of influence of the graduation of material, temperature, moisture, pressures and electric parameters is investigated. Concluding remarks and appropriate discussions are presented.     

Static stress analysis of carbon nano-tube reinforced composite (CNTRC) cylinder under non-axisymmetric thermo-mechanical loads and uniform electro-magnetic fields

Static stresses analysis of carbon nano-tube reinforced composite (CNTRC) cylinder made of poly-vinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is investigated in this study. Non-axisymmetric thermo-mechanical loads are applied on cylinder in presence of uniform longitudinal magnetic field and radial electric field. The surrounded elastic medium is modeled by Pasternak foundation because of its advantages to the Winkler type. Distribution of radial, circumferential and effective stresses, temperature field and electric displacements in CNTRC cylinder are determined based on Mori–Tanaka theory. The detailed parametric study is conducted, focusing on the remarkable effects of magnetic field intensity, elastic medium, angle orientation and volume fraction of carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) on distribution of effective stress. Results demonstrated that fatigue life of CNTRC cylinder will be significantly dependent on magnetic intensity, angle orientation and volume fraction of CNTs. Results of this research can be used for optimum design of thick-walled cylinders under multi-physical fields.