一种具有逻辑仿真功能的MCAI软件设计与实现

文章主要介绍了自行研制的具有逻辑仿真功能的计算机组成原理实验多媒体CAI软件的设计思想,并从软件的总体设计、性能特点和设计技巧三个方面进行了阐述。     

Operators׳ adaptation to imperfect automation – Impact of miss-prone alarm systems on attention allocation and performance

Operators in complex environments are often supported by alarm systems that indicate when to shift attention to certain tasks. As alarms are not perfectly reliable, operators have to select appropriate strategies of attention allocation to compensate for unreliability and to maintain overall performance. This study explores how humans adapt to differing alarm reliabilities. Within a multi-task simulation consisting of a monitoring task and two other concurrent tasks, participants were assigned to one of five groups. In the manual control group none of the tasks was supported by an alarm system, whereas the four experimental groups were supported in the monitoring task by a miss-prone alarm system differing in reliability, i.e. 68.75%, 75%, 87.5%, 93.75%. Compared to the manual control group, all experimental groups benefited from the support by alarms, with best performance for the highest reliability condition. However, for the lowest reliability group the benefit was associated with an increased attentional effort, a more demanding attention allocation strategy, and a declined relative performance in a concurrent task. Results are discussed in the context of recent automation research.     

一种基于码书映射的高效语音转换方法

为了使机器人在人一机语音交互过程中更为自然,利用语音转换技术改变源语音个性特征（机械音）．进而变化为自然的目标人语音,是一种可行的方案。然而,当前的语音转换主流方法在实时性要求高且内核小的嵌入式机器人中并不适用。引入一种高效的改进型码书转换方法。该方法首先通过匹配线性谱频率参数的相对距离来求取加权系数,进而实现码字的预测重构;其次．对预测的码字进行带宽修正。克服频谱偏移问题。实验结果表明：该方法相比较传统方法,在转换性能相当的条件下,运行时间缩短75％左右。     

How does people's trust in automated vehicles change after automation errors occur? An empirical study on dynamic trust in automated driving

When errors of automated vehicles (AVs) occur, drivers' trust can easily be destroyed, resulting in the reduction of the use of AVs. This study aims to examine how error of AVs declines driver's trust by impacting their subjective perceptions. A driving simulator experiment is conducted, in which 104 participants (male = 58; female = 46) experienced automated driving with automation errors and rated their trust. The results indicate that automation error will affect the driver's perceived predictability, perceived reliability, and perceived safety, which will lead to the decline of trust and abandonment of automated driving. With the occurrence of automation error of AVs, perceived safety plays a more critical role in drivers' trust. In addition, when automation errors occur in specific tasks with low risk, the trust of drivers will drop faster than that in high-risk tasks. This paper has explored the internal effects of the decline of driver's trust after automation errors of AVs, and further considers the influence of different external risks on these perception factors and trust. This study can help AVs manufacturers to formulate different degrees of trust repair strategies according to different driving tasks and accident severity.     

FSM状态间逻辑条件检验的算法研究

有限状态机(FSM)是VLSI控制结构的一种映射,它的自动综合成为设计自动化的一个十分重要的环节和途径。本文讨论在FSM自动综合中输入阶段的状态间逻辑条件检验的问题,研究分析状态间逻辑条件检验的相互关系及影响,并提出了FSM状态间逻辑条件检验的优化算法,从而使时间复杂度降低,实现更加简便。最后,本文给出了优化算法的流程和一些实验结果,结果令人满意。     

敏捷设计中基于机器学习的静态时序分析方法综述

随着集成电路规模越来越大,设计变得越来越复杂.为了有效地提升设计生产率,芯片敏捷设计受到越来越广泛的重视.在芯片RTL-to-GDSII设计流程中,敏捷设计方法需要广泛借助机器学习技术,寻求“无人参与”的解决方案.时序性能作为芯片的重要性能指标,需要在RTL-to-GDSII设计的各个流程中进行静态时序分析.快速、准确、可靠的时序预测,可以将Sign-Off的时序性能前馈到早期设计流程中,指导早期设计的时序优化和时序收敛,减少芯片设计的迭代次数和迭代周期.文中给出敏捷设计中时序优化的流程框架,详细地梳理了RTL-to-GDSII设计流程中基于机器学习的时序分析研究现状;并从数据准备、问题建模、实用性以及通用性等多方面,探讨了敏捷设计中基于机器学习方法进行时序预测的挑战.     

集成电路未来发展与关键问题——第347期“双清论坛（青年）”学术综述

微架构设计是处理器开发的关键阶段,处在整个设计流程的上游,直接影响性能、功耗、成本等核心设计指标. 在过去的数十年中,新的微架构设计方案,结合半导体制造工艺的进步,使得新一代处理器能够实现更高的性能和更低的功耗、成本. 然而,随着集成电路发展至“后摩尔时代”,半导体工艺演进所带来的红利愈发有限,功耗问题已成为高能效处理器设计的主要挑战. 与此同时,现代处理器的架构愈发复杂、设计空间愈发庞大,设计人员期望进行快速精确的指标权衡以获得更理想的微架构设计. 此外,现有的层层分解的设计流程极为漫长耗时,已经难以实现全局能效最优. 因此,如何在微架构设计阶段进行精确高效的前瞻性功耗估计和探索优化成为关键问题. 为了应对这些挑战,机器学习技术被引入到微架构设计流程中,为处理器的微架构建模和优化提供了高质量方案. 首先介绍了处理器的主要设计流程、微架构设计及其面临的挑战,然后阐述了机器学习辅助集成电路设计,重点在于使用机器学习技术辅助微架构功耗建模和设计空间探索的研究进展,最后进行总结展望.

     

Operator functional state classification using least-square support vector machine based recursive feature elimination technique

This paper proposed two psychophysiological-data-driven classification frameworks for operator functional states (OFS) assessment in safety-critical human-machine systems with stable generalization ability. The recursive feature elimination (RFE) and least square support vector machine (LSSVM) are combined and used for binary and multiclass feature selection. Besides typical binary LSSVM classifiers for two-class OFS assessment, two multiclass classifiers based on multiclass LSSVM-RFE and decision directed acyclic graph (DDAG) scheme are developed, one used for recognizing the high mental workload and fatigued state while the other for differentiating overloaded and base-line states from the normal states. Feature selection results have revealed that different dimensions of OFS can be characterized by specific set of psychophysiological features. Performance comparison studies show that reasonable high and stable classification accuracy of both classification frameworks can be achieved if the RFE procedure is properly implemented and utilized.     

Autonomous detection and loading of ore piles with load–haul–dump machines in Room & Pillar mines

Automation of machines in underground mines is a topic with increasing interest, both for research and industrial applications. Autonomous load–haul–dump (LHD) machines need to load material successfully before dumping it into a crusher or an ore pass. The autonomous loading method must be robust to enable reliable operation of the LHD during long periods of time. In this work, a method to perform autonomous loading in Room & Pillar mines is presented. It is based on detecting all ore piles in real-time, and then computing attack poses in each pile. Then, a positioning process is performed to get the machine in front of the selected ore pile, and an excavation algorithm is executed for loading until the bucket is filled. The proposed method is able to detect multiple ore piles, with different slopes and sizes, and to consider different possible trajectories for attacking and loading the most feasible pile. The method was tested in the Werra Potash Mine, under real operational conditions. The results show that the method can load about 80% of the material that an experienced operator can load. Also, the success rate of the autonomous loading process is very high, being able to load enough material in all trials, and performing successfully the full procedure in 88% of the cases. Thus, the proposed autonomous loading method is a suitable alternative to be used in Room & Pillar mines.     

LQ performance bounds for adaptive output feedback controllers for functionally uncertain nonlinear systems

We consider functionally uncertain systems which can be written in an output feedback form, where the nonlinearities are functions of the output only. The uncertainty is described by a weighted L² norm about a nominal system, and an approximate adaptive design is given which ensures output practical stability. The main result requires knowledge of the weighted L² uncertainty level. An upper bound on the LQ performance of the output transient and the control input is derived, where the cost penalises the output transient and the control effort on the time interval where the output lies outside the prescribed neighbourhood of zero to which we achieve convergence.     

Intelligence based on adaptive control

This paper considers the problem of intelligence in control from the viewpoint of adaptive control theory. First, intelligence in control is treated here as the inverse problem. There are two ways to solve the inverse problem. One is an inverse calculation, subtraction to addition, division to multiplication, and so on. The other is successive estimation. This is suitable for adaptive control because online estimation is frequently used in adaptive control, and the error is significant for intelligence. The other intelligence related to adaptive control can be found in an interaction between estimation and control, so we introduce here three types of adaptive control system, certainty equivalence, caution, and dual-type adaptive system. Moreover, we consider an interaction between adaptive systems based on decentralized adaptive control systems, and we reveal that self-similarity is crucial for intelligence in control. This work was presented, in part, at the Third International Symnposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 19–21, 1998.     

Function allocation in complex systems: reframing an old problem

In this article, we offer a new, macroergonomics perspective on the long-debated issue of function allocation. We believe thinking in this domain needs to be realigned, moving away from the traditional microergonomics conceptualisation, concerned predominantly with task-based decisions, and towards a macroergonomics approach, viewing function allocation choices as central to effective systems design. We frame our arguments within a systems perspective, advocating that function allocation issues need to be on the agenda of all individuals with a wider interest in the human and organisational aspects of complex work systems, including people who commission, sponsor, design, implement and use such systems. We also argue that allocation decisions should form a transparent, explicit stage early in the systems design and development process, involve multiple stakeholders (including end-users), be evidence-based, framed within the language of risk and utilise iterative methods (e.g. scenarios planning techniques).

Practitioner Summary: This article presents a macroergonomics approach to function allocation, advocating its importance in effective systems design. Adopting a systems mindset, we argue function allocation should form an explicit stage early in the design process, involve multiple stakeholders, be evidence-based, framed within the language of risk and utilise iterative methods.     

Automotive HMI design and participatory user involvement: review and perspectives

Abstract

Automotive human–machine interface (HMI) design is facing new challenges due to the technological advances of the last decades. The design process has to be adapted in order to address human factors and road safety challenges. It is now widely accepted that user involvement in the HMI design process is valuable. However, the current form of user involvement in industry remains at the stages of concept assessment and usability tests. Moreover, the literature in other fields (e.g. information systems) promotes a broader user involvement with participatory design (i.e. the user is fully involved in the development process). This article reviews the established benefits of participatory design and reveals perspectives for automotive HMI quality improvement in a cognitive ergonomic framework.

Practitioner Summary: Automotive HMI quality determines, in part, drivers’ ability to perform primary driving tasks while using in-vehicle devices. User involvement in the design process is a key point to contribute to HMI quality. This article reports the potential benefits of a broad involvement from drivers to meet automotive HMI design challenges.     

Pilot performance and preference for short cycles of automation in adaptive function allocation

The present experiment examined pilot response to the rapid cycling of automation. The experiment was conducted using a multi-task simulation environment consisting of tracking, fuel management, and system monitoring sub-tasks. Monitoring and fuel management sub-tasks were performed manually in all conditions. The tracking sub-task cycled between manual and automated control at fixed intervals of either 15, 30 or 60 sec. These cycle times were completely crossed with three levels of tracking difficulty giving nine within-subject conditions which lasted 5 min each. Performance was measured on each of the sub-tasks, as was pilot fatigue level and subjective workload for the respective conditions. Results indicated that both difficulty and cycle duration significantly affected tracking performance which was degraded with task difficulty and longer cycle times. Fuel management and system monitoring performance were unaffected by tracking difficulty and automation duration. However, a subsequent analysis was conducted using the 15 sec period immediately following each automation episode as a ‘window’ of performance. A different pattern of results was observed. Tracking performance was similarly affected by difficulty, but was no longer affected by cycle duration. Furthermore, fuel management error indicated a trend toward better performance in low difficulty conditions. Results illustrate micro trade-offs within sub-tasks and macro trade-offs between sub-tasks. Overall, the results support the contention that excessively short cycles of automation prove disruptive to performance in multi-task conditions.     

Ships and movies

Movie directors and designers of displays for process control have one thing in common: they must display the inner state of a complex system in an understandable way to a group of spectators/operators that do not have direct access to the interior of the system. The paper redefines the three basic filmic units: cut, scene, and sequence, and presents five topics from film theory that may give inspiration to the interface designer. The examples are taken from maritime instrumentation.     

计量自动化终端课件开发应用

为满足适应计量自动化推广应用的人才队伍建设的需要,根据专业理论知识和业务技能的内容,开发遵循SCORM标准的计量自动化终端培训课件,以及配套的课件平台,不但能传输计量自动化终端课件内容,而且能够实现与学习人员的互动,学习人员可以根据自身情况,随时、自主地进行学习,有针对性地提高自身专业知识水平和业务技能,有效解决计量自动化终端业务培训资源缺乏的问题。     

The effects of communication modes on performance and discourse organization with an adaptive interface

This paper reports a study of different communication patterns on performance with a simulated adaptive interface that created the impression of a talking and listening computer which would help participants solve problems with a computer. There were four levels of communication modes which differed in the restrictions placed on human-computer communication. Dependent measures included tasks completed per minute as well as participants' utterances, which were assessed for verbosity, disfluencies, and indices of common ground. The largest performance differences were found between the groups that could communicate freely and those where communication was restricted or denied. As restriction increased, performance decreased. Further, as restriction increased, the computer assumed greater control and verbosity decreased. Performance on the simple tasks declined as communication restriction increased, but no differences were observed for complex tasks. The results are discussed with respect to differences between human-human and human-computer communication as well as research on adaptive environments.     

基于Adaptive Interaction理论的PID控制器的设计及应用

本文在Adaptive Interaction理论的基础上,提出了一种新的自调整 PID 控制器。这种新的控制器根据输入及其误差信号进行在线训练,通过误差评价函数的最小化,在模型未知的情况下能很好地调整比例、积分、微分三个参数。对于被控对象的变化具有鲁棒性,很大程度上解决了传统的 PID 控制器对于非线性、不稳定系统控制效果不佳及在线调整困难的问题。通过仿真实例,验证了应用 Adaptive Interaction 理论的 PID 控制器的有效性和实用性。     

Adaptive multiple-surface sliding control for non-autonomous systems with mismatched uncertainties

In this paper, we propose a sliding mode-based controller for a class of single-input single-output nonlinear systems with mismatched uncertainties whose variation bounds are not given. The concept of multiple-surface sliding control is used to cope with the uncertainty mismatch problem, and the function approximation technique is introduced to transform the uncertainties into a finite combination of orthonormal basis functions. An adaptive controller can thus be designed using the Lyapunov approach to achieve output error convergence and boundedness of all signals. Simulation results of a benchmark problem have verified the performance and feasibility of the proposed control strategy.