High capacity audio watermarking using the high frequency band of the wavelet domain

This paper proposes a novel high capacity robust audio watermarking algorithm by using the high frequency band of the wavelet decomposition at which the human auditory system (HAS) is not very sensitive to alteration. The main idea is to divide the high frequency band into frames and, for embedding, to change the wavelet samples depending on the average of relevant frame??s samples. The experimental results show that the method has a very high capacity (about 11,000 bps), without significant perceptual distortion (ODG in [?1 ,0] and SNR about 30dB), and provides robustness against common audio signal processing such as additive noise, filtering, echo and MPEG compression (MP3).     

Adjustable audio watermarking algorithm based on DWPT and psychoacoustic modeling

This paper presents a novel adjustable audio watermarking method with high auditory quality by exploiting the discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT), psychoacoustic modeling and distortion compensated-dither modulation (DC-DM) quantization. While the DWPT is used to divide the audio frames into several frequency sub-bands, the psychoacoustic model is intergraded to determine the appropriate sub-bands for watermarking and to control the number of embedded bits in each one. Then, the DC-DM technique is used to embed the watermark bits into the appropriate DWPT coefficients. The synchronization code technique is adopted in the proposed method to withstand desynchronization attacks. In order to achieve an adjustable watermarking scheme, two regulator parameters are provided to manage the capacity-robustness trade-off. The performance of the watermarking scheme is evaluated by examining different host audio signals under various watermarking attacks. The results show excellent imperceptibility of watermarked signals with an average ODG of ? 0.3. In addition, the proposed scheme provides strong robustness against the attacks with low capacity. However, high capacity (about 2500 bps) can be achieved while maintaining a reasonable robustness. A comparison with some state-of-the-art audio watermarking schemes reveals that the proposed method provides competitive results.     

Audio watermarking based on quantization index modulation using combined perceptual masking

In this paper, a robust audio watermarking scheme for MPEG-1/ Audio Layer II compressed domain is proposed. The scheme is implemented by modifying the subband coefficients using adaptive quantization index modulation. The watermarking procedure exploits perceptual frequency and temporal masking of the human auditory system (HAS) of MPEG coder to satisfy the requirements of robustness, security and transparency. This reduces the computational complexity of proposed scheme. The paper investigates the use of elevated masking threshold to improve detection and achieve higher robustness against re-encoding and awgn attacks. Experimental results show that high capacity of 6,840 bps with ODG ?0.5 without altering the MPEG/audio bitrate.     

基于MCLT变换的音频数字水印技术

在网络与数字信息给人们带来方便的同时，也给人们带来了隐患：敏感信息可能轻易地被窃取、篡改、非法复制和传播等．信息的安全与保密显得越来越重要，信息安全已成为人们关心的焦点，也是当今信息领域的研究热点之一．提出了基于MCLT变换的谱弯折音频水印算法，利用谱弯折技术，通过调整MCLT变换的角频率，可将视觉可辨的二值图像嵌人音频之中，实现水印在整个频域嵌入，算法的最大优点是嵌入量较大．经实验验证，认为谱弯折方法对MP3压缩、重采样等的攻击相当脆弱，不具备鲁棒性，属半易碎型音频水印．     

一种基于提升小波变换和矩阵编码的音频隐写算法

以提高隐秘信息嵌入量与隐蔽性为主要目的,利用人耳听觉系统（HAS）的掩蔽效应,提出一种结合提升小波变换和矩阵编码的嵌入隐秘信息的音频隐写算法。该算法利用MPEG I心理声学模型1来控制嵌入帧,选用宿主音频提升小波变换的中低频系数,利用能够大幅提高嵌入效率、减小修改比例的矩阵编码来实现隐秘信息的嵌入。经实验仿真证明,该算法不仅具有很好的隐蔽性和嵌入容量,还兼顾了鲁棒性,对于加噪、滤波、重采样、MP3压缩、同步攻击等常见操作具有较强的抵抗力。同时,该算法能够实现盲检测。     

基于经验模式分解的音频水印算法

针对传统基于经验模式分解(EMD)的音频水印算法鲁棒性不强的问题,提出一种基于固有模态函数(IMF)极值的盲音频水印算法.首先对音频信号进行分帧,每个音频帧经过EMD后得到IMF; 接着利用均匀量化的方法将水印信息和同步码嵌入到最后一个IMF的极值中.所提算法的数据嵌入率是46.9~50.3 b/s,且携水印音频保持了原始音频的感知质量.对携水印音频进行加噪、MP3压缩、重新采样、滤波、剪切和重采样攻击后,提取出的水印信息变化不大,算法鲁棒性较好.与时间域和小波域算法相比,提出的算法在保证高数据嵌入率的同时,可以抵抗32 kb/s的MP3压缩攻击.     

Blind audio watermarking algorithm based on DCT,linear regression and standard deviation

This paper proposes a blind audio watermarking algorithm to embed data and extract them by changing the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients. The key idea is to divide the selected frequency band of DCT into short frames and change the samples of each frame based on the watermark bits that are embedded in. The proposed idea uses linear regression and standard deviation to extract watermark bits. The experimental results show that the method has a high capacity about 3000 bps data payload, without significant perceptual distortion. Moreover, this idea provides robustness against common signal processing attacks such as Additive White Gaussian Noise, Resampling, Re-quantizing and Echo.     

Audio watermarking in transform domain based on singular value decomposition and Cartesian-polar transformation

This paper presents an audio watermarking scheme in fast Fourier transform (FFT) domain based on singular value decomposition (SVD) and Cartesian-polar transformation (CPT). In our proposed scheme, initially the original audio is segmented into nonoverlapping frames. FFT is applied to each frame and low frequency FFT coefficients are selected. SVD is applied to the selected FFT coefficients of each frame represented in a matrix form. The highest singular values of each frame are selected and are decomposed into two components using CPT. Watermark information is embedded into each of these CPT components using an embedding function. Experimental results indicate that the proposed watermarking scheme is highly robust against various signal processing attacks. In addition, the proposed scheme has a high data payload. Moreover, it outperforms state-of-the-art audio watermarking methods in terms of imperceptibility, robustness, and data payload.     

一种基于索引约束矢量量化的脆弱音频水印算法*

与传统矢量量化不同,索引约束矢量量化在量化过程中通过约束码字索引二进制形式中某一位的值来限定码字的搜索范围。本文利用其特殊的码字搜索方法提出了一种在音频信号中嵌入水印的方法。将原始音频信号分段,每段进行DCT变换并提取若干中频系数构成矢量。水印嵌入时根据水印比特信息和预先设定的索引约束位的值找到匹配码字修改各段DCT中频系数。水印提取时利用传统矢量量化方法得到各量化索引值后,提取出各索引值中与嵌入端相同位的比特值即为水印信息。该方法在量化过程中嵌入水印信息,有很好的实时性。实验结果表明,利用该方法嵌入的水印为一种脆弱水印,可用于认证。     

Variable-dimensional vector modulation for perceptual-based DWT blind audio watermarking with adjustable payload capacity

A variable-dimensional vector modulation (VDVM) scheme is introduced to maximize the efficiency of the norm-space DWT-based blind audio watermarking technique. This flexible scheme allows the watermarking algorithm to reach a balance between robustness and capacity, while the imperceptivity is always ensured. The imperfection of applying quantization index modulation in the open-loop case has been rectified. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is proven using the perceptual evaluation of audio quality (PEAQ) and bit error rates of recovered watermarks under various signal processing attacks. Experimental results show that the proposed VDVM scheme is comparable to other recently developed methods in robustness and imperceptivity even at a capacity as high as 301.46 bps. Such a capacity can be further doubled by halving the dimension of the involved DWT vector, while the robustness is still maintained at a satisfactory level.     

基于内容的自适应小波域数字音频水印算法研究

以整型提升小波变换、静态图像压缩编码、人类听觉系统（HAS）为基础，提出了一种将灰度图像（即二维数字水印）嵌入到数字音频信号的新水印算法．该算法具有以下特点：（1）应用静态图像压缩编码技术，实现了以灰度图像作为水印信号的数字音频水印算法；（2）充分利用人类听觉系统（HAS），实现了二维数字水印的自适应嵌入，增强了算法的透明性和鲁棒性，（3）二维数字水印的提取不需要原始音频信号．仿真实验表明：该自适应数字音频水印算法不仅具有较好的透明性，而且对诸如叠加噪声、有损压缩、低通滤波、重新采样、重新量化等攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性．     

基于离散余弦变换的自适应数字音频水印技术研究

提出了一种将灰度图像嵌入到音频信号的数字水印算法 .该算法以包含丰富信息的灰度图像作为数字水印 ,首先利用 DCT静态图像压缩技术 ,将二维数字水印 (灰度图像 )编码成一维二进制序列并进行随机置乱 ,再对数字音频信号进行分段处理并依据人类听觉系统 (HAS)择段做离散余弦变换 (DCT) ,最后在离散余弦变换域内通过修改中高频 DCT系数完成水印信息的自适应嵌入 .实验结果表明 :该自适应数字音频水印算法不仅具有较好的透明性 ,而且对诸如叠加噪声、有损压缩、低通滤波、重新采样、重新量化等攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性     

Audio watermarking scheme robust against desynchronization attacks based on kernel clustering

In this paper, we propose an adaptive audio watermarking scheme based on kernel fuzzy c-means (KFCM) clustering algorithm, which possesses robust ability against common signal processing and desynchronization attacks. The original audio signal is partitioned into audio frames and then each audio frame is further divided as two sub-frames. In order to resist desynchronization attacks, we embed a synchronization code into first sub-frame of each audio frame by using a mean quantization technique in temporal domain. Moreover, watermark signal is hid into DWT coefficients of second sub-frame of each audio frame by using an energy quantization technique. A local audio feature data set extracted from all audio frames is used to train a KFCM. The well-trained KFCM is used to adaptively control quantization steps in above two quantization techniques. The experimental results show the proposed scheme is robust to common signal processing (such as MP3 lossy compression, noise addition, filtering, re-sampling, re-quantizing) and desynchronization attacks (random cropping, pitch shifting, amplitude variation, time-scale modification, jittering).     

人眼视觉特性与SIFT相结合的视频双水印算法

针对视频水印容易遭受几何攻击以及水印的鲁棒性与透明性的平衡问题,提出一种基于人眼视觉特性与尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）相结合的抗几何攻击视频双水印算法。首先获取视频序列中人眼视觉掩蔽阈值作为水印的最大嵌入强度。其次,将视频帧进行离散小波变换（DWT）,对中高频子带系数提出基于视频运动信息的自适应水印算法;针对低频子带,提出基于小波低频系数统计特性的抗几何攻击视频水印算法。最后,以SIFT作为触发器判断视频帧是否遭受几何攻击,对遭受几何攻击的视频帧利用SIFT的尺度与方向不变性进行校正,并对校正后的视频帧提取水印信号;针对非几何攻击的视频帧,直接利用中高频提取算法。所提算法与实时性视频水印算法——基于小波域直方图的视频水印（VW-HDWT）算法比较,峰值性噪比值（PSNR）提高了7.5%;与基于特征区域的水印算法相比,水印嵌入容量提高约10倍。实验结果表明,在保证水印透明度较好的情况下,所提算法对常规几何攻击具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于DWT和均值量化的音频水印算法

提出基于小波包的离散小波变换和均值量化的音频水印算法。该算法的主要特点是：1）将音频信号根据嵌入的水印图像大小自适应地分段。利用Arnold变换对水印图像进行预处理,消除水印图像的相关性,提高图像的抗攻击性。2）采用小波包的离散小波变换,增加嵌入和提取效率,提高水印的透明性。3）水印信息嵌入到均值中,有较好的不可感知性。仿真实验表明：嵌入水印后音频的不可感知性较高,能够有效地抗击有损压缩、低通滤波和剪切等攻击。     

基于信息熵与动态区域分割的半脆弱数字水印算法

已有的半脆弱水印算法大多数采取了双步长的固定量化方法,对载体图像没有针对攻击特性给予考虑,只将载体图像分为平滑和纹理两个区域,使得水印的鲁棒性进入了一个瓶颈状态。为了进一步提高水印的鲁棒性,提出了一种基于图像动态分割技术和信息熵的半脆弱水印算法。图像动态分割技术将图像分为若干个嵌入区域,并且确定各个嵌入区域的嵌入强度;基于信息熵的步长量化算法将信息熵引入到步长量化的计算方法中,能够有效衡量不同嵌入区域所携带的敏感信息量。实验结果表明,提出的算法与已有半脆弱水印算法相比,视觉掩蔽性好,鲁棒性也有了较明显的提高。     

基于听觉频率掩蔽效应的音频数字水印算法

文中提出一种基于听觉掩蔽效应的音频数字水印算法,根据掩蔽阈值在DCT低频系数中嵌入水印。依据听觉掩蔽模型计算每个临界频带的掩蔽阈值,再根据水印嵌入点处的掩蔽阈值和音频载体值的大小共同控制量化步长。同时为满足水印快速嵌入的要求,通过文中提出的算法可以寻找到嵌入时间（计算量）与鲁棒性的最佳平衡点,得出一帧语音中嵌入水印的最佳重复次数。实验结果证明所嵌入的水印具有很好的不可感知性,对加白噪声、低通滤波、重采样和压缩等各种具有良好的鲁棒性。     

Robust Audio Data Hiding Using Correlated Quantization With Histogram-Based Detector

In this paper, two blind audio watermarking methods using correlated quantization for data embedding with histogram-based detector have been proposed. First, a novel mapping called the point-to-point graph (PPG) is introduced. In this mapping, the value of samples is important as well as the correlation among them. As this mapping increases the dimension of the signal, the data embedding procedure (quantization) will be diversified more securely than that of the 1-D domains such as the time or frequency domains. Hence, two watermarking techniques coined as hard and soft quantization methods based on the quantization of the PPG point radii are suggested. The performance of both techniques is analyzed by obtaining the radii distribution of PPG points after watermarking. Experimental results against AWGN attack confirm the validity of theoretical analysis. Moreover, the robustness of the proposed methods against other common attacks such as echo, low pass, resampling, and MP3 are investigated through extensive simulations.     

基于声道低频能量比的MP3压缩域音频水印算法

为了解决目前大多音频水印算法在应用于MP3音频时存在的效率低下、鲁棒性与不可感知性较难平衡等问题,提出基于MP3帧声道间低频能量的压缩域音频水印算法。该算法的嵌入和提取过程可分别在MP3压缩和解压缩的过程中完成,能大大提高水印的嵌入提取效率。而且由于低频能量具有较好的稳定性,算法利用MP3编解码过程中生成的改进离散余弦变换（MDCT）系数计算得到声道内低频能量,将左右声道内低频能量之比以固定步长量化,最终根据量化结果调整相应的MDCT系数实现水印嵌入;同时,结合不同比例因子频带能量的占比在计算声道内低频能量前对水印嵌入频带进行了筛选,从而能保证水印鲁棒性与不可感知性的平衡。实验显示,该算法可以在维持原始音频可听性的基础上实现对各种类型攻击较好的鲁棒性,尤其是可以抵抗MP3重压缩的攻击。     

自适应小波域数字音频水印嵌入算法研究

以整型提升小波变换、人类听觉掩蔽特性、数字音频局部邻域特性为基础，提出了一种自适应小波域数字音频水印嵌入算法，该算法具有以下特点：（1）结合人类听觉系统的掩蔽特性，实现了水印嵌入位置的自适应确定；（2）引入了高效的整型提升小波变换；（3）利用数字音频的局部邻域特性，实现了数字水印嵌入深度的智能调节；（4）数字水印信息的提取不需要原始音频信号．对比实验表明：该自适应数字音频水印算法不仅具有较好的透明性，而且对诸如叠加噪声、有损压缩、低通滤波、重新采样、重新量化等攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性（特别是叠加噪声与低通滤波）。