大型室内商业步行街防火分隔技术

以某城市综合体为例,通过设置亚安全区解决防火分区面积过大、疏散距离过长的问题。通过数值模拟和实体火灾试验对大型综合性建筑中的室内商业步行街采用玻璃隔墙替代防火分隔墙的可行性进行研究。设置火灾场景,模拟采用边墙型喷头保护、采用窗式喷头保护、无水喷淋保护时钢化玻璃的耐火表现、破碎时间、隔热性能。火源设定为木垛火与油池火。以实体火灾实验验证数值模拟结果,分析钢化玻璃作为防火分隔的可行性,为具体消防设计和消防行政许可提供一定试验数据和理论支撑。     

新型保护玻璃用喷头应用效果的试验研究

以木垛火为火源开展全尺寸实体火灾试验,验证新型保护玻璃用喷头的可靠性及应用效果。玻璃试件为钢化玻璃和防火玻璃,厚度均为12 mm。在玻璃的受火面、背火面不同高度处设置热电偶,测量温度变化。研究结果表明,该喷头布水均匀,保证了玻璃防火分隔良好的完整性和隔热性。     

自动喷水保护下钢化玻璃作为防火分隔的模拟研究

针对目前大型综合性商业建筑拟采用钢化玻璃作为防火分隔物而钢化玻璃作为防火分隔仍然存在争议的情况,通过建立计算机仿真试验模型研究在自动喷水冷却系统保护下钢化玻璃作为防火分隔物的有效性,提出可行的自动喷水冷却系统保护方案。设定10种工况、13个测点位置,分析钢化玻璃不同位置处的温度变化。研究结果表明:在快速响应普通边墙型喷头喷水保护下,钢化玻璃作为防火分隔是有效的。喷头设置间距缩小可以减小玻璃表面的湿润区,有利于降低玻璃表面的温度。     

下垂型喷头对防火玻璃隔墙的冷却效果研究

搭建自动喷水灭火系统冷却防火玻璃隔墙的实验平台,以下垂型喷头测试自动喷水灭火系统对玻璃隔墙的冷却效果。在喷头与防火玻璃隔墙之间水平距离为0.1~0.7 m的情况下,分析喷头在玻璃隔墙上的布水现象,测量并计算不同水平距离下的布水覆盖面积、水的利用率以及水膜厚度。在此基础上进行点火实验,分别测试玻璃隔墙迎火面和背火面的温度,探讨不同水平距离下自动喷水灭火系统对防火玻璃隔墙的冷却效果。结果表明,喷头水平距玻璃隔墙0.1 m或0.5 m时综合冷却效果较好。     

自动喷水灭火系统位置对玻璃隔墙表面冷却水分布的影响

通过冷却实验分析,研究自动喷水灭火系统采用下垂型喷头和边墙型(ZSTBA-15)喷头与玻璃隔墙水平布置距离为0.1~0.7 m的情况下,喷头在玻璃隔墙表面布水情况、覆盖面积、水膜厚度的变化规律。为建筑采用闭式系统冷却保护玻璃隔墙作为建筑防火分隔,提供合理安装方案和数据参考。     

喷水保护单片钢化玻璃作为防火分隔的有效性实验研究

为了研究喷水保护单片钢化玻璃作为防火分隔的有效性,针对建筑常用的12mm厚单片钢化玻璃,利用木垛火开展了实体建筑模拟火灾实验。实验结果表明,在喷水保护作用下,12mm厚单片钢化玻璃能够起到有效的防火分隔作用。     

商业建筑防火分隔设计分析

针对商业建筑防火分隔设计方面存在的难点,分析了地下商业建筑和中庭防火分隔设计的一般规定,对下沉广场、防火隔间、避难走道、中庭等设计要求,以及铯钾防火玻璃、钢化玻璃加水喷头保护的应用进行了分析.     

防火分隔新理念及其应用

阐述了钢化玻璃(或热增强型玻璃)和窗玻璃喷头的组合作为新型防火分隔的理念。介绍了窗玻璃喷头的特点,并详细介绍了国际权威机构的试验过程和系统设计。     

推广防火玻璃有助提高建筑防火能力

上海“11·15”特大火灾发生后，引起社会各界的普遍关注。为防止类似悲剧再度上演，国内一些专家纷纷提出，可否考虑为普通居民家庭安装一种能够阻断火势蔓延的防火窗，同时更换能长时间耐受烈火灼烤的防火玻璃。普通浮法玻璃遇火破裂损坏时间为1分钟，钢化玻璃为59钟，     

高架仓库实体火灾的实验研究

介绍了国内首次针对高架仓库的实体火灾实验.采用K202下垂型ESFR喷头进行了三层货架和五层货架的实体火实验,测量了喷头开启时间、开启数量、喷头温度及货品烧损量等实验参数,针对ESFR系统对高架仓库的保护性能开展了实验研究.结果表明:在限定的仓库高度和货架高度条件下,ESFR喷头可以有效保护高架仓库.实验结果与国外相同实验一致,说明实验场馆及实验系统符合国际通用要求.     

水喷淋保护下防火玻璃作为防火分隔物的试验研究

针对我国大空间建筑日益增多，而防火分隔手段相对匮乏，不能满足建筑防火设计需求的现状，通过实验证明了在水喷淋作用下高强度单片铯钾防火玻璃作为防火分隔的安全性，通过实验提出在实际运用中具体的使用参数（包括喷头选型、单位面积上水流量、压力、喷头的具体参数），该实验为高强度单片铯钾防火玻璃作为防火分割物应用于大空间建筑提供了有益的实验支持。     

主动型自动喷水灭火系统研究

针对传统自动喷水灭火系统存在响应时间长、水渍损失大的缺点,提出了主动型自动喷水灭火系统的研究方案。通过新型探测组件、电加热洒水喷头以及算法编程等技术,实现自动喷水灭火系统的主动性和智能性。搭建试验平台,针对角落火灾、边界火灾、中间火灾,分析系统火灾探测性能和洒水喷头启动情况。试验结果表明,主动型自动喷水灭火系统能够实现早期探测火源位置,主动电加热启动相应位置的组群洒水喷头,扑灭初期火灾,同时减小水渍损失。     

SMART Sprinkler Protection for Highly Challenging Fires—Part 1: System Design and Function Evaluation

An experimental study was conducted to prove the concept of a new protection system—a sprinkler system that uses Simultaneous Monitoring, Assessment and Response Technology (SMART). The present work focuses on the system design and function evaluation at the component level. The objective is to demonstrate the feasibility that the SMART sprinkler system can provide adequate protection to highly challenging fires. The new protection system has several key functions including multi-sensor detection, real-time fire location calculation, dynamic sprinkler activation and wireless communication coordinating the system components. A series of fire detection, sprinkler activation and fire suppression tests were carried out to evaluate these system functions. Results show that a combination of smoke and temperature sensors can detect the fire at a very early stage, with the fire size reduced by one order of magnitude, and provide sufficient data to locate the fire. A thermal centroid based algorithm can determine the fire location within less than 50% of the sprinkler spacing on average. The sprinkler activation (six units) concentrating water discharge in the vicinity of the fire can suppress and even extinguish the fire under certain experimental conditions. These results confirm that the design objectives have been achieved. The experimental data also provide crucial information to assess system performance in full-scale tests.     

浅谈玻璃在现代建筑中的应用

分析了玻璃在现代建筑玻璃幕墙、防火玻璃隔墙等方面的应用，介绍了夹层玻璃、钢化玻璃、防火玻璃和复合玻璃的性能，讨论了气体灭火系统防护区内隔墙玻璃的选用方法。     

Measuring modified glass bulb sprinkler thermal response in plunge and compartment fire experiments

Automatic fire sprinklers use a heat sensitive element such as a glass bulb or fusible link to respond to the heat from a fire. The response of commercial fire sprinkler glass bulbs has been extensively characterised in convection-dominated dry gas flows but in real fires there may be more factors that influence the heat transfer to the bulbs such as radiation from the fire or cooling from adjacent sprinkler sprays. The time of activation is the only indication of the thermal response of typical commercial fire sprinklers using glass bulbs to a fire, but direct temperature measurement using a modified proxy may provide a better understanding of how sprinklers respond in a complex environment. Modified glass bulbs have been created that allow a thermocouple to be inserted in the bulb for direct temperature measurement. In this paper, the thermal response of sprinklers with these modified bulbs has been observed in hot-air wind tunnel plunge experiments and full scale room fire experiments. At the time of activation the measured temperature of the modified sprinklers was found to be higher than the nominal activation temperature specification for the unmodified sprinklers. For the compartment fires, a thermal response model generally predicted longer sprinkler activation times based on ceiling jet temperature and velocity measurements than was observed experimentally.     

火灾中窗玻璃热炸裂痕迹形成机理的研究

研究了火灾中窗玻璃热炸裂痕迹的形成机理及其影响因素。通过分析窗玻璃在火灾中的温度分布，发现窗玻璃在火灾条件下产生的热应力有两种：由于玻璃表面温度不均匀产生的热应力和由于窗框约束产生的热应力。同时玻璃表面存在大量微裂纹，当热应力达到临界值时，在热应力的作用下产生脆性断裂。热炸裂容易在边角产生的原因是因为两种热应力叠加的结果，热炸裂过程与火灾过程有关。     

Influence of fire source locations on the actuation of wet-type sprinklers in an office fire

An experiment is conducted on a full-scale model office and an actual sprinkler system to explore the influence of fire source locations on sprinkler actuation. The office space is a brick structure that measures 5.7 m in interior length, 4.7 m in width and 2.4 m in ceiling height, and equipped with a sprinkler system. The investigated fire source (100 kW LPG burner) locations include the room center, wall centers, room corner, and other locations at different distances from sprinklers. The results show that actuation of the sprinklers is affected by the fire source locations and the heat conduction properties of the glass temperature-sensing bulb. Average actuation time of all the tests is 102 s, around 40 s faster than if the fire source is located in the room center. For fire sources in corners, sprinklers are quickly activated at the experimental time 75 s, showing concentrated hot gas flow.     

The Response Time of Different Sprinkler Glass Bulbs in a Residential Room Fire Scenario

The response time of fire sprinklers is essential for their performance, especially in applications where life safety protection is desired. The earlier the sprinkler activates, the smaller the size of the fire. Most commercial residential sprinklers are fitted with 3 mm, 68°C glass bulbs. However, thinner sprinkler glass bulbs with lower operating temperatures are available. The aim of this study was to determine the response time—and the corresponding heat release rate—of different glass bulbs in a residential room fire scenario. A series of tests were conducted inside a compartment measuring 3.66 m by 3.66 m having a ceiling height of 2.5 m. The compartment was either enclosed or had two walls removed to provide a more ventilated scenario. A propane gas burner was positioned at one of the corners. The mass flow rate of the gas was controlled such that either ‘slow’, ‘medium’ or ‘fast’ fire growth rate scenarios were simulated. In each test, nine Response Time Index (RTI) and operating temperature combinations were tested. Each test was replicated three times. In addition, two commercial fire detectors were tested. The results show that the fire is considerably smaller upon activation with a combination of a low RTI and a low operating temperature, as compared to the 3 mm, 68°C glass bulb typically used for residential sprinklers. The operating temperature proved to have a larger impact on the results than the RTI. The heat from the fire was typically detected by the fire detectors prior to the activation of the sprinkler glass bulbs, especially for the ‘slow’ and ‘medium’ fire growth rate scenarios.     

对消防安全技术应用和研究的思考

分析了增强城市人员密集场所火灾防控能力的必要性，介绍了安防报警与消防逃生门锁系统、城市火灾自动报警网络系统、简易喷水灭火系统、自动控制排烟窗及单点式火灾探测报警器等技术，讨论了制、修订消防技术规范标准的相关问题。