浐河水质污染特征及水质改善措施分析

针对浐河水体遭受污染问题,通过对浐河水质特征断面的10项指标进行连续监测,分析了浐河水中污染物的组成和水质特征,对污染物的携入方式进行了调查,分析评价了浐河水体污染的原因,并提出了控制浐河水质污染的对策。结果表明,浐河水体中的物理指标水温、p H、重金属指标相对正常;重金属指标中只有少量的Fe、Zn、Cr元素;污染物主要为N、P等营养物质,水体的富营养化程度较为严重;河流水体浊度总体较高且与地表径流存在较高的相关性;污染的主要原因是浐河周边的水厂、污水处理厂所排出污水的点源污染;污染改善措施采用人工湿地、管网改建等适合不同断面特征的控制方式。     

河北省海水养殖区水质的时空变化特征

海水养殖是河北省水产业重要的支柱产业。为了保护河北省海水养殖区的生态环境,实现海水养殖业可持续发展,根据2000—2010年的监测数据,采用模糊综合评价法和单因子污染指数法对海水养殖区水质的时空变化特征和质量状况进行了研究与评价。结果表明:近年来河北省海水养殖区水质逐步有所好转,其中秦皇岛市、唐山市附近海水养殖区水质基本可以满足养殖用水的要求,黄骅市附近海水养殖区的水质污染较重,已不能满足养殖用水的要求;河北省海水养殖区水体中主要污染物是磷酸盐(PO34--P)、无机氮(DIN),其次为铅(Pb)和汞(Hg)。     

邕江水源水质特征与变化趋势

通过对南宁市两个水源点2007-2009年监测数据的统计分析,得出邕江水源的自然水质特征和污染指标表现情况.结果表明,邕江原水的自然水质特征主要表现为浊度受季候水期影响较大,水的酸碱度为中性略偏弱碱,硬度适中;粪大肠菌群指标对邕江水源水质状况影响最大,近年来邕江水源的水质总体上保持稳定,未出现劣变的趋势.     

住宅小区景观水体水质保持技术应用

住宅小区景观水体多为静止的封闭体系,复氧能力较差,自净能力有限,水质难以长期保持。针对住宅小区内景观水体多为微污染、流动性较差、景观要求高等特点,采取了一系列技术措施,构建了一个稳定的集内外源污染控制于一体的综合体系。运行结果表明,该小区景观水体的水质达到了地表水Ⅲ类水质标准。     

泉州某水库水质季节变化原因及对策探究

对泉州某水库水质的多项指标(水温、pH值、DO、CODMn、NH4^+-N、TN、TP、铁、锰)进行为期一年的监测,分析主要水质指标随季节的变化规律。结果表明,该水库水质总体良好,符合Ⅰ、Ⅱ类地表水水质标准,但某些指标超出Ⅲ类地表水水质标准;该水库水质指标随季节波动明显,夏季水体中氨氮、TN、TP浓度显著增加,且出现铁、锰污染问题。该水库水温与pH值无明显关系,DO含量与水温呈显著负相关。该水库TN含量较高,TP浓度相对较低,TN/TP值为14~540。总磷是限制该水库藻类生长的营养源,需控制好总磷浓度以防止富营养化。内源污染是该水库水质季节变化的首要原因。     

城市水体功能定位与水质控制标准制定技术

针对目前我国城市水环境规划和管理中城市水体功能定位不明确及水质控制标准不完善的问题,构建了城市水体功能定位和水质控制标准制定技术框架。城市水体功能定位技术既可以实现城市水体功能定位与现有水(环境)功能区划和城市规划的相互衔接,又可以保证城市水体功能定位工作的有效覆盖。基于水体功能风险识别与模拟的城市水体水质控制标准制定技术可用于建立与水体功能相匹配的城市水体水质指标体系和控制标准,应用该技术提出的城市景观水体水质控制标准具有较好的合理性,能够综合体现水体的水质特征和公众的主观感知。     

水质监测技术探讨

目前我国已将环境保护列为一项基本国策,狠抓环境质量。作为环境保护细分领域的水质监测行业,也受到了各级政府部门的重视。水质监测是监视和测定水体中污染物的种类、各类污染物的浓度及变化趋势,评价水质状况的过程,按一定技术要求定期或连续测定和分析水体的水质。本文主要介绍了水质监测的主要技术、特点及其适用范围。     

卫津河水质污染现状及治理措施研究

通过连续性监测,得出目前卫津河劣Ⅴ类的水质现状,分析指出导致卫津河水质污染的主要因素为水源水质、外源污染和内源污染。提出污染物源头控制、消除内源污染、水体系统优化、生物调控、生态修复以及水华爆发时应急处理等多种防控技术,其中以污染物源头控制和生态修复为重点,多种防控技术集成,以求改善卫津河的水质状况。     

内陆水体水质遥感监测技术研究进展

遥感技术是一门新兴的边缘学科,它不仅可以有效地监测内陆水体水质参数空间和时间上的变化状况,而且可以发现一些常规方法难以揭示的污染源和污染物迁移特征,因此具有监测范围广、速度快、成本低和便于进行长期动态监测的特点。简要介绍了内陆水体水质遥感监测的原理与方法,并介绍了几种常用的遥感数据,总结了目前遥感在内陆水体水质监测应用中存在的问题和不足,并对以后遥感水质监测的研究重点进行了探讨。     

住宅小区景观水体水质保障技术

针对住宅小区景观用水必须采用非传统水源的问题,通过对国内外现有微污染景观水体水质保障和水体修复技术与实践的调研分析,提出了一套含自然充氧、构建生态驳岸、物理过滤、投加化学药剂等在内的水质保障技术,并对景观水体日常水质保障提供管理建议。     

监管二次供水保障水质安全

随着城市的建设和发展,高层建筑剧增,原有的城市供水系统越来越不能满足需要,二次加压供水方式应运而生。由于二次供水增加了水体与外界环境直接接触的机会,因而容易造成供水水质的二次污染,从而威胁人们的生命健康。     

水源水库污染与水质改善技术研究

针对水源水质污染现状,结合我国现行的地表水源水质标准和饮用水水质标准,分析阐述了水源水库污染现状、污染原因及水库湖泊水源水质污染与富营养化控制方法等研究成果,重点介绍了以扬水曝气技术为核心的水源水库水质原位改善技术原理、技术方法、技术应用及水质改善效果等方面的研究成果。     

Long-term lake water quality predictors

Daily water temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles in 3002 Minnesota lakes have been simulated by deterministic process-based water quality models with daily meteorological conditions from 1955 to 1979 as input. From the simulated results, indicators of lake water quality and fish habitat characteristics have been extracted and correlated selectively with normal air temperature, lake mean depth, wind-related densimetric Froude number and Lake number. A seasonal maximum Lake number was found to be a good predictor for volume averaged water temperatures, maximum water temperatures near lake bottom, seasonal stratification characteristics, volume averaged dissolved oxygen concentrations, anoxia characteristics and fish good-growth habitat. Lakes with a maximum daily Lake number bigger than 1.0, are seasonally stratified, have low hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen concentration, and only a fraction of lake depth available for good-growth of fish. Lakes with maximum daily Lake number less than 1.0 are polymictic, with high dissolved oxygen concentration, and with maximum depth available for good fish growth. Empirical formulas for lake water quality and stratification indicators derived from the simulation results give good predictions of temperature and dissolved oxygen characteristics estimated from measurements in seven Minnesota lakes.     

Flow-driven water quality simulation models

A method is presented for simulating the gross changes in river water quality which may result from natural variations in flow, systematic changes to the flow regime as a whole or major changes in discharge quality. The mathematical model described, once calibrated, requires historic flow data which cover the range of conditions of interest; for example, a typical drought year. Applications are described in which the model was used on a desk-top mini-computer to produce medium and long term predictions of river quality under a variety of flow regimes and to investigate the effects on water quality of a new reservoir.     

Cooling towers and water quality

Where direct use of water for thermal power plant cooling is possible without harm to benthic organisms, cooling towers are contra-indicated. Where stream flow is inadequate for direct cooling and cooling towers are necessary, they can effect a significant quality improvement in polluted water. Organisms which gain access to and colonize the tower ponds appear to be instrumental in reducing the rate of accumulation of humus sludge.     

Options for improving water quality

The waste load, which is the sum of all of the different wastes present, determines water quality. An expression for the waste load is derived in terms of five major factors — the number of people living in the watershed, the per capita waste generation, the waste treatment efficiency, the distribution of wastes and the capacity of the receiving water to assimilate waste. To improve water quality the waste load must be reduced. The possible options for reducing the waste load are determined by examining the means of reducing each of these factors.

The algebraic expression obtained for the waste load shows the relationship between changes in the different control options and the resulting change in water quality.     

加强水质监测 提高供水质量

结合国内饮用水水质的现状,并依据新国标的规定,对饮用水水质需满足的五方面要求进行了阐述,指出水质监测工作要从思想上引起重视,同时要严格执行相关的规章制度,以确保供水质量。     

城市水环境与水质的演化及调控

截至8月2日,内蒙古赤峰市新城区自来水受污染事件已致4322人就医,治愈近4000人。赤峰自来水污染事件,不是第一起,也不会是最后一起。赤峰只是饮水安全受害城市中的一个,在它之前,已经有哈尔滨、无锡、盐城等。这些城市遭受水污染的原因虽然不同,但城市水质安全问题已经向我们敲响了警钟。为此,本期"水科技"栏目就城市水质安全及监测,提出了一些问题与建议,供业内人士借鉴参考。     

城市饮用水水源水质的变化特性分析

从季节性差异分析了我国东北某城市两座水源地水库的浊度、CODMn氨氮、UV254三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)、叶绿素a的变化规律.结果表明,B水库原水水质要好于A水库,两座水库原水浊度、有机物和三卤甲烷前驱物含量均呈季节性变化;A水库CODMn最高值为6.5 mg/L,最低值为2.8 mg/L;B水库CODMn最高值为5.0 mg/L,全年的最低值0.5 mg/L出现在3月;B水库叶绿素a在春夏之交变化较明显,A水库和B水库六个月内叶绿素a的平均值分别为36.53和22.25 mg/m3,UV254平均值分别为0.11和0.112 cm-1.     

Percentile estimation for water quality data

A survey of methods used by the Regional Water Authorities found that three techniques are commonly employed for percentile estimation: (1) assuming a parametric probability distribution; (2) using a non-parametric percentile estimation technique, and (3) statistically testing the fit of an assumed distribution.In this study, mathematical probability distribution fitting techniques were applied to 334 water quality datasets for a variety of rivers and effluents distributed throughout England and Wales. The results indicated that the “best” estimate of the 95 percentile from a dataset should be based upon probability distribution fitting. An untested assumption made about the underlying distribution of the data may produce an erroneous result in the subsequent water quality consent determination. The three parametric distributions selected (normal, lognormal and Pearson Type 3) could be fitted to half of the datasets studied. Results suggested that the Pearson Type 1 distribution may also be suitable for fitting to water quality data. The arbitrary use of non-parametric techniques may fail to make the most effective use of the information contained in the data.