流化床煤气化试验研究

为研究温度和煤的煤焦反应性对流化床煤气化特性的影响,在小型电加热鼓泡床试验装置上,对4种高灰劣质粉煤——石沟驿煤、大塘煤、洋江煤和玉带煤进行空气为气化剂的煤气化试验研究。研究结果表明:随着温度的升高,各煤种气化得到冷煤气的热值、产气率、冷煤气效率和碳转化率均升高,在1 000℃时,石沟驿煤气化得到煤气的热值、产气率、冷煤气效率和碳转化率分别达到4.65 MJ/m3,2.21 m3/kg,47.8%和65.7%;4种煤的煤焦反应性均较差,其中石沟驿煤相对较高,其他煤的煤焦反应性低且相近;在相同温度水平下,气化得到煤气有效成分和热值与煤的煤焦反应性成正相关关系,煤的煤焦反应性最高的石沟驿煤气化得到的冷煤气的有效成分、热值均明显高于其他煤种。     

基于Aspen Plus的Shell气流床工业气化炉模拟

基于Aspen Plus软件的Gibbs自由能最小化法,本文建立了煤粉在Shell气流床中的气化模型。该模型预测气化温度和煤气组成,与文献试验结果吻合良好。利用Aspen Plus的灵敏度分析模块研究了氧煤比、氧气体积分数和氧气预热温度对气化结果的影响,并进行了正交模拟计算,研究了以上3种因素共同作用的结果。结果表明：氧煤比增加使碳转化率升高,冷煤气效率先升高后降低,并在氧煤比为0.9kg/kg时取得最大值77.72%;氧气体积分数增加使煤气热值、碳转化率和冷煤气效率升高,氧煤比为0.8kg/kg且氧气体积分数为50%时,冷煤气效率可达82.6%;氧气预热温度增加使碳转化率、冷煤气效率升高,氧煤比为0.8kg/kg且氧气预热温度为600℃时,冷煤气效率可达82%。通过正交模拟计算综合分析,氧煤比对冷煤气效率和碳转化率的影响作用占首位,氧气体积分数对煤气热值、有效气体积分数、煤气产率的影响作用占首位,氧气预热温度对煤气化指标影响较小。在实验范围内,当氧煤比0.8kg/kg、氧气体积分数100%、氧气预热温度300℃时的煤气热值达到最大值3011kcal/m³;当氧煤比为0.8kg/kg、氧气体积分数60%~100%、氧气预热温度300~500℃时的冷煤气效率达到最大值83.46%。     

基于Aspen Plus的循环流化床工业气化炉模拟

循环流化床煤气化炉在工业应用过程中,由于试验煤种及操作条件的多样性,通过试验法优化操作过程所需周期较长、成本较大。因此以大量工程数据为边界条件,基于Gibbs自由能最小化原理,利用Aspen Plus对气化过程进行模拟,通过灵敏度分析,研究了单因素氧煤比、蒸汽煤比、气化压力、空气/蒸汽预热温度变化对气化指标的影响;并运用正交实验,研究了以上4种因素共同作用的结果。研究结果表明:氧煤比增加使有效气(CO+H_2)含量、冷煤气效率先增加再减小,并在0.45~0.50kg/kg时取得最大值;蒸汽煤比增加使煤气热值和气化温度减小,对有效气含量基本没有影响;气化压力增加使煤气热值和气化温度增加;空气/蒸汽预热温度增加使气化温度、有效气含量、冷煤气效率增加,煤气热值减小。通过正交实验综合分析,氧煤比和空气/蒸汽预热温度对气化指标的影响较为显著,两者对气化指标的影响趋势基本一致;蒸汽煤比主要影响煤气热值,而气化压力主要影响比氧耗,对其他指标影响较小。     

气化剂预热温度对加压湍动循环流化床煤气化的影响

在实验室规模加压湍动循环流化床气化炉上,研究了气化剂预热温度对煤气化特性的影响。结果表明：气化介质温度从400℃提高到700℃后,煤气热值增加21%;煤气中可燃组分H₂和CO浓度分别从10.55%和9.57%提高到13.62%和13.12%;不可燃组分N₂和CO₂浓度分别从61.03%和16.14%降低到57.03% 和13.7%;甲烷含量变化较小;冷煤气效率由49.3%增加到56%。碳转化率和干煤气产率随气化剂预热温度的不同变化较小。实现了循环流化床提升段下部湍动流化、上部环核流动的特殊流场结构,与已有研究结果相比,煤气热值、煤气产率、冷煤气效率都略有提高,更加适合煤气化。     

循环流化床粉煤富氧气化技术中试研究

在百公斤级循环流化床粉煤富氧气化装置上连续运行131 h的中型实验研究表明,蒸汽虽有利于气化炉底部温度稳定和物料流化,但不利于煤气热值、碳转化率及冷煤气效率提高,在确保物料流化和温度稳定前提下,应尽量减少蒸汽用量;随着氧气体积分数增加,煤气的CO、H2和CH4等有效成分含量不断增加,煤气热值也不断升高,但升幅不断变小,纯氧气化时的煤气热值是空气气化时的2.85倍;而产气量、产气率、碳转化率和冷煤气效率却是先增加后降低,在氧气体积分数为24.3%时达到峰值,这表明低富氧体积分数用于合成煤气热值提高有较好的效果;另外,氧气体积分数的增加降低了装置的操作安全稳定性,易导致气化炉结焦停炉;综合表明,较低富氧气化更利于合成煤气热值的提高。     

基于赤铁矿载氧体的煤化学链燃烧试验

化学链燃烧是一种具有CO₂内分离特性的燃烧方式。以赤铁矿为载氧体,在1 kW_th级串行流化床上进行了煤化学链燃烧试验。讨论了燃料反应器温度对气体产物组分的影响;比较了各反应参数对煤气化效率、煤气化产物的转化效率及碳捕集效率的影响情况,分析了煤中硫的排放问题。试验结果表明：温度由900℃升高到985℃,燃料反应器中CO体积份额逐渐增加,CO₂体积份额逐渐减小,空气反应器中CO₂浓度呈线性下降。燃料反应器温度的升高促进煤气化效率及碳捕集效率大大提高。载氧体量和系统负荷是煤气化产物转化效率的主要影响因素,载氧体量的增加和负荷的增加分别会使煤气化产物转化效率提高和下降。燃料反应器中的硫主要以SO₂形式存在于燃料反应器,随温度的升高,SO₂浓度由515×10^-6逐渐增加到562×10^-6相似文献   

昭通褐煤气化扩大试验研究

针对昭通褐煤的特点 ,在气化煤量为 0 .3t/h的焦载热流化床气化扩大试验装置上进行了试验研究 .研究结果表明 ,煤气中焦油量很小 ,有利于煤气生产的后期处理 ;与移动床气化和普通流化床气化相比 ,煤气热值和气化产率都有较大增加 ,煤气热值已接近城市煤气的要求 ;加大气化煤量可增加提升段燃烧的易燃成分 ,从而提高了燃烧温度和气化温度 ;气化煤量的变化对褐煤气化产率和产量的影响较大 .对于开发昭通褐煤资源来说 ,采用本工艺技术生产城市煤气是一个较佳的方案 .     

生物质与煤流化床共气化特性研究进展

主要从生物质气化特点、共气化对流化特性及气化特性的影响方面综述了生物质与煤流化床共气化技术的优势,重点讨论了生物质加入对煤气化中燃气组成、热值、气体产率、气化效率、碳转化率和焦油含量等气化特性的影响规律及其协同效应机理,为生物质与煤共气化技术的研发提供重要理论基础。     

煤基多联产中两种煤气化工艺的模拟与性能比较

以Aspen Plus为模拟工具,采用Gibbs最小自由能反应平衡方法建立了煤气化反应模型,分别模拟了水煤浆气流床的代表Texaco气化工艺、粉煤气流床的代表Shell气化工艺,分析了合成气成分、热值、冷煤气效率、氧耗率、煤耗率等性能指标,探讨了水煤浆浓度、氧煤比、煤种对气化性能的影响,并对两种气化工艺的模拟结果进行了比较。结果表明:在煤的成浆性允许范围内,提高水煤浆浓度有利于提高合成气有效气体含量,可获得更高冷煤气效率;在保证碳转化率的前提下,应尽量降低氧煤比,获得更优气化性能;挥发分高、灰分低的煤种,气化性能更好;粉煤气化的氧耗率、煤耗率低于水煤浆气化,其气化性能更为先进。     

带惰性载热固体煤气化流化床的气化行为

引言煤气化是生产清洁燃料或原料的重要工业方法之一．在一般流化床或移动床煤气化反应器中,碳与水蒸气的气化和碳与氧的燃烧反应同时发生．如果希望使用这类气化器生产高热值或富氢的煤气,则需要在高温和高压下提供富氧气体,而这种方法还存在很多实践上的问题．最近日本鹿儿岛大学开发了一种如图1所示的新型煤气化器,可以很方便地通过催化煤气化产生富含H_2和CO的煤气．在这种新型气化器中,气化和燃烧是分别在两个不同反应室内进行的,气化室中所需的热能由来自燃烧室的惰性固体载热体提供.作为这种新型煤气化反应器研究的一部分,…     

Reasearch on the main factors for changes in pressure based on turbulent circulating fluidized bed coal gasification technology

High temperature preheated air and steam as gasifying agent and coal gasification was performed in a pressurized turbulent circulating fluidized bed (CFB) gasification pilot plant to investigate the pressurized gasification process and estimate its potential. Within the scope of this paper this test facility as well as its operation behavior was described. Furthermore, the parameter pressure has been investigated regarding its influence on the syngas composition and was presented and discussed in the following. The results show that the gasification quality is improved at higher pressure because of the better fluidization in the reactor. Coal gasification at a higher pressure shows advantages in lower heat value and carbon conversion. With the gasifier pressure increased from 0.1MPa to 0.3MPa, the gas heating value is increased by 15%. Increasing the gasifier pressure would increase the carbon conversion from 57.52% to 76.76%. Also, the dry gas yield and efficiency of cold gas increase little with the increase of the gasifier pressure. The operating parameter of pressure exists at optimum operating range for this specific CFB coal gasification process.     

鼓泡流化床内高灰煤气化过程的颗粒尺度特性研究

基于多相流体质点网格方法(MP-PIC)对高灰煤在三维鼓泡流化床气化过程进行了数值模拟研究。在欧拉-拉格朗日框架下将气相和固相分别视作连续介质和离散相处理。首先,将模拟得到的出口处气体组分结果与实验数据进行对比,实验数据与模拟结果具有良好的一致性。其次,研究了煤颗粒在气化炉内的温度、传热系数、速度和停留时间,从颗粒尺度揭示了鼓泡流化床气化炉内的颗粒分布特性和气固流动特征。结果表明:在气化炉入口附近煤颗粒与床层温差最大,传热系数最大;由于流化床内强非线性的气固流动,床中煤温度和传热系数的空间分布不均匀;煤颗粒和床料的瞬时速度具有稳定的波动幅度,其中垂直方向速度波动最明显,且煤颗粒的瞬时速度比床料的瞬时速度略大;由于颗粒间的剧烈碰撞,延长了煤颗粒停留时间。此外,对鼓泡流化床中煤气化过程颗粒尺度的研究,有助于深入了解固体颗粒的流动行为以及气固相相互作用特性,对鼓泡流化床反应器的设计优化具有重要意义。     

Fluidized bed gasification of coal

Gasification of high ash India coal has been studied in a laboratory-scale, atmospheric fluidized bed gasifier using steam and air as fluidizing media. A one-dimensional analysis of the gasification process has been presented incorporating a two-phase theory of fluidization, char gasification, volatile release and an overall system energy balance. Results are presented on the variation of product gas composiiton, bed temperature, calorific value and carbon conversion with oxygen and steam feed. Comparison between predicted and experimental data has been presented, and the predictions show similar trends as in the experiments.     

Numerical simulation of 3D fluidized bed biomass gasification based on CPFD

Based on computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD), a three-dimensional bubbling fluidized bed steam-air mixed gasification numerical model was established, and it was verified with experiment trials. The results show that the simulation and experiment have good consistency. Based on the model, the gas distribution and temperature distribution in the gasifier were studied; meanwhile, the biomass properties (particle size, water content, types) and operating conditions (gasification temperature, bed height) were investigated. The results show that there is an optimal value for the impact of biomass particle size on gasification performance, with an average particle size of 0.6 mm being the best; a higher water content will reduce the output of combustible gas and is not conducive to the gasification reaction. Among the four types of biomass, sawdust gasification has the highest efficiency, the largest combustible gas production, and the highest gas calorific value. Rice husk is second only to sawdust but its carbon conversion rate is higher than that of sawdust; increasing the gasification temperature can increase the proportion of combustible gas and increase gasification efficiency; while the change of initial bed height can change the ratio of H₂/CO. This experiment provides a theoretical reference for biomass steam/air gasification, which is helpful for the selection and processing of biomass raw materials, and also facilitates the amplification and optimization of the gasifier.     

流化床煤气化技术的研究进展

结合流化床煤气化过程原理和循环流化床反应器开发应用状况,综述了流化床煤气化技术的进展,分析比较了目前广泛应用的3种煤气化流化床:鼓泡流化床,循环流化床及增压流化床的工艺及特点,并对工业上应用的典型的煤气化流化床(高温温克勒(HTW)及灰熔聚气化)的气化工艺流程具有的优势和存在的问题进行了较为详细的分析,并概括了流化床煤气化技术的发展趋势及应用前景.     

A new integrated approach of coal gasification: the concept and preliminary experimental results

The total carbon conversion of conventional fluidized bed gasifier is relatively low (<90%) mainly because of carbon loss in fly-ash. In this paper, a new concept of integrated coal gasification—fluidized bed+entrained flow is introduced. Within this process, large partition of coal with higher reactivity is converted in an ash agglomerating fluidized bed reactor under moderate temperature (~1000 °C). The remaining small partition of coal (fly-ash) with lower reactivity is converted in a small integrated entrained flow gasifier under higher temperature (1200–1400 °C). Low carbon content ash is withdrawn in dry mode by ash agglomerating, with no need to be melted. Preliminary experimental results show that the whole system can be operated steadily, total carbon conversion reaches >95%, efficient gas (CO+H₂) concentration is 78–82%. Heat exchange between two reactors has been realized, the high temperature gas from entrained flow gasifier can be cooled, and in the mean time the temperature of fluidized bed nearly keeps constant. The high-temperature ash from entrained flow gasifier can be cooled by the char in dense phase of the fluidized bed and then withdrawn in agglomerating mode. All these results prove the concept correct and feasible.     

基于CPFD方法的流化床生物质气化数值模拟

基于计算颗粒流体动力学（CPFD）建立了三维鼓泡流化床水蒸气-空气混合气化的数值模型，并进行了模型验证，结果表明模拟和实验具有良好的一致性。在该模型的基础上，研究了气化炉内气体分布以及温度分布；同时探究了生物质属性（颗粒粒径、含水率、种类）以及操作条件（气化温度、床料高度）对气化特性的影响。结果表明，生物质颗粒粒径对气化性能的影响存在一个最优值，平均粒径为0.6 mm是最佳的；较高的含水率会降低可燃气体产量，不利于气化反应的进行；四种生物质中，锯末气化的效率最高、可燃气体产量最大、气体热值最高，稻壳仅次于锯末但其碳转化率高于锯末；提高气化温度可以增加可燃气体的比例、提高气化效率；而初始床层高度的变化可以改变H₂/CO的比例。本实验为生物质水蒸气/空气气化提供了理论参考，有助于生物质原料的选取和处理，也有助于气化炉的放大和优化。     

Experiment and mathematical modeling of a bench-scale circulating fluidized bed gasifier

The gasification of two different coals and chars with CO₂ and CO₂/O₂ mixture in a 48-mm-i.d. circulating fluidized bed (CFB) gasifier is investigated. The effects of operation condition on gas composition, carbon conversion and gasification efficiency were studied. A simple CFB coal gasification district mathematical model has been set up. The effects of coal type and CFB operating conditions on CFB coal gasification are discussed based on the CFB gasification test and model simulation. The main operation parameters in CFB gasification system are coal type, gas superficial velocity, circulating rate of solids and reaction temperature. It is found that CO concentration and carbon conversion increase with increasing solids circulating rate and decreasing gas velocity due to the increase in gas residence time and solids holdup in the CFB. The carbon conversion increases with increasing temperature and O₂ concentration in the inlet gas. The experimental results prove that the CFB gasifier works well for high volatile, high reactivity coal.     

射流预氧化流化床气化炉中黏结性煤的反应特性

针对现有流化床气化技术难以处理黏结性、高含灰洗中煤的问题, 中国科学院过程工程研究所开发了可处理黏结性碎煤的射流预氧化流化床气化技术, 该技术利用含氧气体将煤颗粒快速喷射送入预氧化区内破除其黏结性, 形成的半焦进入气化区内发生气化反应, 进而实现对黏结性煤的利用。本工作采用小型流化床射流预氧化反应装置研究较强黏结性煤预氧化破黏后的产物分布、半焦结构与活性变化, 并考察气化操作条件(温度、当量空气系数、水煤比等)对半焦气化行为的影响。结果表明:当预氧化区温度为950℃、当量空气系数为0.13时, 黏结性煤生成半焦的孔结构和气化活性较好;当半焦气化区温度为1000℃、当量空气系数为0.17、水蒸气与煤质量比为0.09时, 生成燃气的品质较好, 而且生成焦油中的轻质组分最多, 有利于焦油被进一步脱除。研究结果可为射流预氧化气化技术的设计放大提供基础数据。     

流化床作为生物质气化反应器试验研究

在流化床生物质气化炉内 ,用空气进行气化生物质 (花生壳 )的试验研究 ,分析的参数是当量比ER 0 .2— 0 .4 5 ,气化床的温度 75 0— 85 0℃和加入二次风。当ER在 0 .2 5— 0 .33,气化燃气热值为 6 .2— 6 .8MJ/m3 ,气体产量在 2 6 0— 390m3 /h ,生物质燃烧时比气化产量在 1.2 8— 2 .0 3m3 /kg之间 ,炭转化率在 5 3%— 80 %。并对 7种农、林废弃物进行了初步气化试验研究 ,生成的燃气体积分数 :CO为 14 %— 18% ,H2 一般低于 6 % ,甲烷 4 %— 12 %。燃气热值在 4 70 0— 710 0kJ/m3 。试验结果表明 ,在流化床生物质气化炉中 ,通过在悬浮空间加入二次风 ,可使燃气热值得到提高。