浅谈环境质量与污染物排放量的相关性

近年来我省经济在迅猛发展的同时，排污量在不断增加，但环境质量总体变化不大，甚至部分河流及城市空气环境质量还在逐年改善。本文就此问题作了一些粗浅分析与论述。     

浙江省能源与环境研讨会代表建议书

1 形势 1.1 2000年前乃至2010年前,我省能源形势依然严峻,能源紧缺仍是国民经济的主要“瓶颈”之一,环境状况可能进一步恶化。 1.2 从现在开始到下世纪初叶,我省经济将进入工业化高速增长期,城市化进程加快,人民生活在基本实现小康后,进一步走向舒适和富裕,相应地,能源需求总量将有较大的增长,其中电能等优质能源的需求量增长更快。据预测,到2000年和2010年,我省能源总需求将分别达到6000～6500万吨标煤和1.1～1.2亿吨标煤,电能总需求量将分别达到750～760亿千瓦时和1200～1300亿千瓦时。电力建设在2000年前已成定局,无论从资金、燃料的可供量及交通运输能力来看,都存在极大的困难,供需矛盾将是突出的。 1.3 与此同时,对环境质量的期望以及对环境资源的需求亦将进一步增长,土地、水、大气资源,以及海洋、旅游资源所承受的负担日益加重。虽然近几年来我省大气环境质量不断恶化的局面得到一定控制,但随着今后经济的快速增长,耗煤量的大幅度增加,我省环境质量迅速恶化的可能性依然存在。据预测,到2000年和2010年,我省SO_2排放     

河口湿地土壤氮赋存形态及释放风险研究

退化河口湿地生态恢复已成为当今恢复生态学的重要研究内容。而土壤氮含量又是河口湿地恢复的重要因子。对土壤氮的分级、氮的释放风险进行分析,探讨湿地恢复过程中土壤氮含量状况,以期为今后退化河口湿地生态恢复研究的深入进行提供科学依据。     

质量保证和质量控制技术在土壤重金属监测中的应用

土壤监测的质量保证和质量控制是确保获取具有代表性、准确性、精密性、可比性和完整性的监测数据的重要措施。以永州市农村土壤环境质量调查项目中重金属监测为例,建立了一套土壤中重金属监测的质量控制程序,探讨了土壤重金属从采样、制备、预处理到分析全过程中质量控制的关键因素及技术措施。     

泉州师院东海校区环境噪声质量评价

噪声环境质量评价的对象是环境质量与人类生存发展需要的关系,是噪声环境质量价值而不是噪声环境质量本身.对泉州师院东海校区进行噪声现状监测,根据监测数据及相关的评价标准对师院校园进行环境噪声质量评价,为校园的规划建设提供参考.     

“十二五”青藏高原着力解决生态退化和环境污染

青藏高原区域地理位置特殊,自然资源丰富,是我国重要的生态安全屏障。“十二五”期间的主要目标是着力解决生态退化和环境污染问题．使部分地区环境质量明显好转。     

《关于支持环境监测体制改革的实施意见》

正2015年12月财政部、环境保护部印发《关于支持环境监测体制改革的实施意见》(财建[2015]985号)明确了财政支持监测体制改革的工作目标:到2018年,全面完成国家监测站点及国控断面的上收工作,国家直管的大气、水、土壤环境质量监测网建立健全:省内环境质量监测体系有效建立,同国控监测数据相互印证、互联互通:环境监测市场化改革迈向深入,     

投影寻踪模型在地表水环境质量后评价中的应用

针对水环境质量后评价对水污染防治和管理具有重要作用,提出了采用遗传算法优化投影方向,将地表水环境质量标准中的多个状态变量(高维数据)投影到一维子空间,建立了投影值与地表水环境质量评价等级关系,确立了适于地表水环境质量评价的投影寻踪模型,并应用于东明滩区安全建设工程地表水环境后评价中.结果表明,该方法能有效地对不同时期的地表水环境质量进行评价且便于比较,可为环境管理、环境规划及有关部门的决策提供依据.     

基于模糊综合评价的土壤环境质量评价

为了解决模糊数学在环境质量评价中应用的问题,采用了模糊综合评价方法对阜新市污灌区6个土壤采样点重金属元素的监测结果进行实例分析验证,得出该地区的土壤环境质量级别为一级.分析结果表明,采用模糊综合评价方法进行土壤环境质量评价可最大限度地避免主观人为的误差,具有客观性和合理性.     

飞机制造企业土壤环境质量现状及其污染防治措施

本文结合飞机制造企业工艺特点,对产污车间周边土壤进行针对性采样,并选取砷、镉、总铬、甲苯、二甲苯和石油烃等11项污染物质作为特征污染物进行监测。结果表明,该企业土壤环境质量现状良好。同时,以生活区参照点监测结果为背景值,分析了该企业土壤污染来源和途径,提出了一系列切实有效的污染防范措施,为企业做好土壤污染防治管理工作提供参考。     

江西省生态环境监测和评价研究

生态环境系统是一个复杂而脆弱的系统，随着全球气候变暖，生态环境灾害不断发生，为防止江西省重大生态环境灾害，了解江西省生态环境质量，从农田、湿地、森林和环境四个方面提出开展常规监测，并使用卫星遥感等3S技术对土地利用、河流水库、植被和水土流失等进行遥感监测，根据常规和遥感监测指标，提出了生态环境质量指数评价体系，按照代表性、全面性、综合性、简明性、方便性和适用性原则，选取生物丰度、植被覆盖、水网密度、土地退化和污染环境五个评价指数进行生态环境质量指数的计算，并确定了评价等级，评价结果显示江西省生态环境质量总的来说处于优良水平。     

Soil organic carbon changes in the cultivation of energy crops: Implications for GHG balances and soil quality for use in LCA

The environmental impact of different land-use systems for energy, up to the farm or forest “gate”, has been quantified with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Four representative crops are considered: OilSeed Rape (OSR), Miscanthus, Short-Rotation Coppice (SRC) willow and forest residues. The focus of the LCA is on changes in Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) but energy use, emissions of GreenHouse Gases (GHGs), acidification and eutrophication are also considered. In addition to providing an indicator of soil quality, changes in SOC are shown to have a dominant effect on total GHG emissions. Miscanthus is the best land-use option for GHG emissions and soil quality as it sequesters C at a higher rate than the other crops, but this has to be weighed against other environmental impacts where Miscanthus performs worse, such as acidification and eutrophication. OSR shows the worst performance across all categories. Because forest residues are treated as a by-product, their environmental impacts are small in all categories. The analysis highlights the need for detailed site-specific modelling of SOC changes, and for consequential LCAs of the whole fuel cycle including transport and use.     

有机农药污染土壤的修复技术初探

中国农药使用量大,是农业面源污染中的主要污染物,因此,修复农药污染的土壤是农业面源污染治理的重点。叙述了农药污染土壤的化学、微生物、植物修复研究的进展,对今后农药污染土壤的化学和生物修复进行了展望。     

河北南部平原不同土壤质地下土壤墒情动态预报

土壤墒情预报是农田灌溉和区域水资源管理的重要基础性工作。为更加准确地预报土壤墒情,通过经验统计法,以河北南部邯郸市为例,基于该地区测站近十年的土壤墒情监测资料,以壤土、粘土两种土壤质地类型作为区分依据,分别建立土壤墒情动态预报模型,并将预测值与实测值进行对比验证。结果表明,模型预报具有较高精度,达到了甲级预报水平,能够准确预测两种土壤质地下土壤墒情情况。该成果对合理预测土壤墒情,指导农业生产,促进水资源合理利用具有现实意义。     

Cross-media pollution and fuels — Can we avoid future MTBEs?

Recent experience with the gasoline additive MTBE shows that regulations intended to improve environmental quality in one medium (e.g., air) may lead to unintended, and more serious, environmental consequences in another (e.g., water). The “cross-media pollution problem” refers to the unintended impacts in one environmental medium of environmental regulations implemented in another. We examine the potential for mechanism design to help regulators avoid unintended consequences of cross-media pollution in situations involving uncertain cross-media damages and asymmetric liability information between regulators and firms. In an empirical example, we consider the case of MTBE gasoline additive regulation in California.     

Soil carbon sequestration beneath hybrid poplar plantations in the North Central United States

Hybrid poplar plantations grown on tilled agricultural lands previously in prairie, sequester significant quantities of soil carbon. Comparisons are made between hybrid poplar plantations and adjacent row crops or mowed grass. Establishing and tending plantations often results in early soil carbon loss, but soil carbon is significantly related (positive) to tree age. Increasing tree age eventually results in a net addition of soil carbon from plantations older than about 6 to 12 years of age. Soil carbon loss under trees occurred most frequently from the surface 30 cm early in the plantation history—evidence that the loss was due to mineralization. Soil carbon gain was most significant in the 30–50 cm layer and was attributed to tree root growth. Soil carbon accretion rate beneath 12- to 18-year-old poplar plantations exceeded that of adjacent agricultural crops by l.63 ± 0.16 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. There was a significant crop × soil depth interaction for bulk density with bulk density lower beneath trees in the 0–30 cm layer and higher in the 30–50 cm layer. There was little evidence of carbon trapping of wind-blown organic detritus by tree plantations in the prairie environment.     

土壤污染及其防治研究

通过分析和了解污染物进入土壤的途径、土壤污染物的种类、危害及土壤污染防治的特点,提出土壤污染的防治措施与对策。     

河北平原区土壤水分空间变异特征研究

以河北平原区望都灌溉试验站为例,选取210m×210m的正方形田块进行试验,在该范围内布置64个测点,分别测量0~30、30~50、50~80cm三个深度的土壤含水率信息。利用经典统计和地统计方法分析了田间土壤含水率的空间变异结构,并采用协同克里格插值技术得到了该区域土壤含水率的空间分布状况。结果表明,0~30cm土层及50~80cm土层的土壤含水率具有中等空间相关性,其相关距离分别为66.4、75.7m,而30~50cm土层表现出了强烈的空间相关性,相关距离为88.2m,研究结果可为实现灌区精准灌溉和土壤墒情预测提供科学的理论指导。     

MIKE11模型在浑河流域水质预测中的应用

针对辽宁省浑河流域沈阳段水环境污染严重的现状,应用MIKE11模型构建了流域水动力和水质耦合模型,利用水质实测资料进行了参数率定及模型检验,分析了参数取值的合理性;并研究了不同情景下该流域水质变化趋势及水质改善的效果。结果表明,模型在率定期和验证期模拟效果均良好,可供水质研究参考并为未来沈阳市污染物排放控制提供理论依据。采用自然增长、社会调控与社会-环境-经济协调发展三种情景进行水质预测,分析了不同发展方式的合理性,结果表明第三种方式最有利于经济环境健康发展。     

How do environmental regulation and environmental decentralization affect green total factor energy efficiency: Evidence from China

Green development is critical for China's economic transformation. Enhancing green total factor energy efficiency (hereafter GTFEE) is vital to emission reduction and to win-win industrial development. This study uses the panel data of 30 Chinese provinces for the period 2005–2016 to investigate the relationship between environmental regulation and China's GTFEE. The spatial Durbin model is employed to control for the possible spatial spillover effect. A dynamic threshold panel model that can effectively address the endogeneity problem and regional heterogeneity is utilized to examine the potential non-linear relationship between environmental regulation and GTFEE under different conditions of environmental decentralization. The estimation results indicate that there is a significant U-shaped relationship between environmental regulation and China's GTFEE. With the further expansion of environmental decentralization, the local government's autonomous choice of pollution control is improved. The improvement of environmental decentralization can lead to negative moderating effect of environmental regulation on GTFEE. Additionally, the regression results of dynamic threshold model show that environmental decentralization can increase the negative influences of environmental regulation on GTFEE. Interestingly, the non-linear impact of environmental regulation on GTFEE is dependent on the specific type of environmental decentralization. Higher degree of environmental decentralization can lead to an increase in the restraining effect of environmental regulation on GTFEE. However, an improvement in the decentralization of environmental supervision and environmental monitoring can increase the negative influences of environmental regulation on GTFEE.