Numerical analysis of ice accretion effects at super-cooled large droplet conditions on airfoil aerodynamics

Changes in flow field around NACA23012 airfoil from a clean condition to a super-cooled large droplet (SLD) condition were simulated, and variations in aerodynamic parameters were calculated using FLUENT. In the case of numerical simulation for a clean airfoil, flow field characteristics simulated agreed well with theory analysis, indicating that turbulence models and parameters setting are feasible. Aerodynamic parameters for iced airfoil were calculated using the same method and agreed with those measured test data under the same environment in icing wind tunnels by S. Lee. Conclusion is made that the numerical simulation is valid, and it can be an alternative to study ice accretion effects at the SLD condition on airfoil aerodynamics, leading to reduction in research cycle time and cost.

     

基于N-S方程的翼型结冰数值模拟

为了研究结冰对翼型气动性能的影响，采用计算流体力学的方法对NACA0012翼型前缘的结冰进行了预测。在流场计算中，对二维可压粘流的时均N-S方程进行离散求解；采用四步龙格一库塔法求解水滴轨迹运动方程；建立了对应于霜冰和光冰的冰增长模型并假定冰沿着与当地翼型表面法向一致的方向增长来预测结冰的形状。分析了网格数和冰层时间步长对最终冰形的影响和结冰对翼型气动性能的影响，最后将计算的结果与文献中的实验值和计算值进行比较，结果一致。     

基于变形网格技术的翼型结冰数值模拟研究

翼型结冰的过程实质上是其外形随时间改变的过程。对于结冰的数值模拟,计算网格必须随着翼型外形的改变而相应的变化。文章利用非定常N-S方程模拟翼型结冰增长的过程,使用基于无限插值法(TFI)的变形网格技术生成非定常计算的网格。变形网格技术是在初始网格的基础上将物面的变化通过插值均匀分布到场内网格点,该方法能够最大限度地保留初始网格特征,而且生成过程与初始网格不相关。非定常计算利用上一次结冰的流场为初值,而不用从初场重新开始,而且变形网格技术生成网格也远远比求解椭圆型方程快,总的计算时间大幅减少。为了验证方法的有效性,文章对NACA0012进行了结冰数值模拟,计算结果与参考文献的实验和计算结果吻合。     

结冰对翼型和多段翼型绕流及气动特性影响研究

对翼型结冰问题，在结冰条件下，利用数值方法分析研究翼型和多段翼型绕流流场及气动特性的影响。对于翼型和多段翼型，采用分区多块网格技术，结合法向外推的代数方法和求解椭圆型方程方法，生成高质量计算网格。采用中心有限体积法，以及Runge-Kutta显式时间推进格式，结合B—L代数湍流模型，运用流场分区求解算法，完成了绕流流场的N-S方程数值模拟，进一步针对3种不同的冰型：钝头体、双角体和尖头体冰型，分析不同形状的冰型对翼型和多段翼型绕流流场及气动特性的影响。     

多段翼型结冰数值模拟研究

文章采用计算流体力学方法对多段翼型进行了结冰数值模拟研究。应用多块网格技术生成多段翼型网格。引入水滴流场的概念,通过求解空气-水滴两相流场的欧拉方法,获得翼型表面水滴收集特性。流场采用有限体积法及LU-SGS隐式时间推进数值求解,运用流场分区求解算法,完成了多段翼型绕流流场及水滴流场的数值求解。建立了冰层的法向增长模型,对冰形进行了预测。     

非线性子系统的大振幅时域自激力模型

针对强风作用下的大跨度桥梁或高速飞行中的机翼可能出现大振幅颤振响应,而现有时域自激力模型又无法模拟大振幅下的非线性气动力问题.提出一种新的非定常大振幅自激气动力模型及其参数拟合方法,新模型通过附加非线性微分方程组及附加气动力自由度来模拟气动力记忆效应及振幅非线性特性.对于同一主梁断面,使用一组模型参数即可模拟不同折算风速和不同振幅下的自激力,模型参数可通过风洞试验或CFD数值模拟结果拟合获得.结果表明,新模型能再现自激力阻尼特性随折算风速和振幅的变化,通过单频振动拟合得到的新模型能再现多频振动下的非线性自激力时程.     

Effects of different characteristic surfaces at initial stage of frost growth

The effects of surface energy on phase change of water vapor at initial stage of frost growth were studied to find an effective method of restraining frost growth. The mechanism of restraining frost growth by low energy surface (bigger contact angle) was analyzed based on crystal growth theory. Then, the phase change of water vapor and the process of frost growth on the copper and wax energy surfaces were observed using microscope. The results indicate that it is difficult for wax surface (low energy surface), on which there are still water droplets at 100 s, to form critical embryo, so frost growth can be restrained in a way. Water formation, droplet growth, ice formation and dendritic ice growth processes happen on both surfaces, ordinally. But the ice beads, with larger average diameter and sparse distribution on the wax surface, form later (at about 300 s) than that on the copper surface, and the dendritic ice also appears later. All of these support that ice crystal formation and dendritic crystal growth at initial stage of frost growth can be retarded on the low energy surface.     

低温地表水管内层流凝固过程的冰层增长规律

为深入挖掘地表水等环境友好型可再生能源,解决常规地表水热泵在寒冷地区应用的经济与技术难点,提出采集地表水凝固热的热泵系统的构想,为此,须掌握关键设备凝固热采集装置的管内冻结变化规律.采用近似方法分析冬季低温地表水的常壁温下管内层流流动水的冻结问题,模拟不同工况下水流的冻结特性及冰层增长的规律.分析表明:在Stefan数较小的情况下,显热影响可以忽略,可采用准稳态方法对管内水的凝固作近似分析,且该问题的控制参数仅为水和冰层表面对流换热参数.结冰初期某一参变量变化对冰层厚度的增长规律影响不明显,而随时间的增长影响逐渐加大.所得近似结果对凝固热采集装置的设计有重要指导作用,进而可使该技术拓宽到城市污水源热泵污水供水量不足的情形.     

爆炸荷载下金属结构损伤的数值模拟

模拟了炸药爆炸对金属结构的破坏,以LS-DYNA为仿真平台,分析了所应用的材料模型,比较了不同单元网格密度对计算结果的影响．对于平面应变问题,比较了采用二维和三维模型时在算法方面的区别,并对它们计算的结果进行了对比．与实测结果对比表明,用LS-DYNA可以有效模拟金属结构在爆炸荷载作用下的冲击响应．     

低温溢油异常蒸发行为的数学模型与模拟

为了考察低温环境下溢油蒸发行为,通过浅盘蒸发试验测定了0#柴油和大庆原油在温度分别处于各自凝点附近的"低温"环境下的蒸发量,结合混合液蒸发机理,引入衰减因子e-k/Δθ,建立低温溢油蒸发模型.研究表明:当环境与溢油凝点温差(Δθ)小于10℃时需采用改进模型预测蒸发过程,此时,油膜液相阻力增大,一定深度内(h)的挥发组分被蒸发掉,且h随Δθ减小而降低,柴油与大庆原油的液相阻力增加系数k分别为0.993和0.989.有冰水面溢油的蒸发过程受暴露于大气中的油膜面积(Af)与厚度(ho)影响较大,应采用(Afhoe-k/Δθ)/V为衰减系数的模型对其进行预测.改进后的模型可较好的预测低温条件下油品的蒸发过程.     

单液滴碰壁理论模型

针对目前描述液滴碰壁现象的经验模型的不足,基于TAYLOR比拟思想建立了单液滴碰壁的TAR模型。该模型指出,判别液滴能否反弹的临界韦伯数不是一个常数,而是随滴径发生变化。对较大液滴,计算所得的临界韦伯数与反弹速度和实验值较为吻合;但小滴径液滴碰壁后行为与大滴径液滴很不相同。这一结论对于完善三维喷雾碰壁模型具有重要意义。     

基于Fluent的亚音速翼型气动特性数值研究

根据Spalart-Allmaras模型建立了NACA0006翼型二维湍流流动模型,并对模型近壁面进行了网格加密处理.利用Fluent软件模拟了NACA0006翼型的二维湍流流动,得到在不同攻角及马赫数下升力系数和阻力系数的变化特性.研究结果表明,在所选攻角范围内,随着攻角的增大,升力系数和阻力系数均逐渐增大;在跨音速区,由于激波的产生,升力系数急剧下降.Fluent为研究翼型气动特性提供了重要参考和依据.     

基于Fluent的边界层转捩仿真研究

基于Fluent软件,利用已有的RANS求解器,采用SST k-omega湍流模型,对Aerospatiale-A翼型流体绕流问题进行了数值模拟,分析了不同攻角下翼型流场的速度与压力分布云图,并在攻角为13.1°与13.3°条件下,将仿真计算结果与国外风洞实验数据进行了对比分析。结果显示,在该条件下,能够观测到边界层转捩现象,并且直接数值模拟结果与已有的风洞实验数据吻合,验证了仿真结果的可靠性。     

水滴撞击水平壁面的实验研究及数值分析

针对水滴撞击飞机表面时互相干扰，形成水滴铺展、回弹等动力学行为，使飞机结冰机理更加复杂的问题，对不同条件下水滴撞击壁面的影响特性展开研究。通过实验与数值模拟相结合的方法研究了水滴直径、壁面温度、壁面材料以及初始速度等条件与水滴的铺展和回弹过程之间的关系，并得到铺展系数与各影响参数之间的关联式。研究结果显示：增大水滴直径对最大铺展具有促进作用；壁面温度越大对水滴铺展越有利，但壁面温度过低时，会导致水滴底部冻结，铺展和回弹受限制；壁面材料为有机玻璃，对铺展最有利；水滴初始速度越大越有利于水滴铺展。     

Investigation of performances and flow characteristics of two bi-directional pumps with different airfoil blades

Today, the most commonly used bi-directional airfoil in hydraulic machinery is the S-shaped airfoil (SA). A new bi-directional airfoil, obtained by lowering the bent airfoil camber and thickening the bone line bi-directionally, is proposed. Two bi-directional axial flow pumps, with the SA blades and the arc airfoil (AA) blades, respectively, were designed to verify the applicability of this airfoil. By comparing the hydraulic performances of the two pumps obtained from the experiments, and the cavitation performance and flow field of the two pumps obtained from numerical simulations, it was found that AA blades can improve both the hydraulic and cavitation performances under a low flow rate and near the best efficiency flow point (BEP), whether in forward or reverse operation for the bi-directional axial-flow pump. Furthermore, the hydraulic performance of the AA blade pump declines sharply in a large flow rate compared to that of the SA blade pump. The location and composition of the inhomogeneous flows inside the impellers of the two pumps are similar. However, the SA blades work on fluid, mainly at the front half of the blades, which is a distinctive feature from the AA blades and may be a universal phenomenon in all SA-type blades.     

Al2O3纳米流体液滴撞击壁面的动力学行为数值研究

针对纳米流体液滴撞击固体壁面的动力学行为,建立基于相场方法描述液滴动态过程的二维数值模型,引入Kistler动态接触角模型以模拟铺展过程中液滴动态接触角变化以及三相接触线的迁移. 通过模拟分析液滴铺展因子、无量纲高度的变化研究不同纳米颗粒体积分数、惯性力和液滴直径等因素对水基Al₂O₃纳米流体液滴撞击壁面的铺展回缩过程的影响机制. 结果表明：超过一定体积分数的纳米颗粒使流体表现出明显的剪切稀化特性,增加液滴的黏性耗散,抑制液滴的铺展回缩过程;液滴撞击速度的增加会增大其撞击壁面时最大铺展直径和达到稳定状态的耗时,直径的增加使液滴振荡周期加长;体积分数为4%的纳米颗粒可以抑制上述两者带来的影响,使液滴更快到达稳定状态.     

风力发电机叶片的雾凇覆冰数值模拟

为了解风力发电机叶片覆冰情况,以某型300 kW风力发电机叶片为研究对象,根据切片-重构的思想,将叶片划分为有限个截面,基于叶片覆冰的物理过程,采用边界元法对风力发电机叶片的空气流场进行计算;采用拉格朗日法分析计算水滴在叶片表面的碰撞过程;通过迭代计算和冰形重构模拟覆冰增长过程,从而建立风力发电机叶片三维雾凇覆冰增长模...     

Viscous liquid sloshing damping in cylindrical container using a volume of fluid method

Liquid sloshing is a kind of very complicated free surface flow and exists widely in many fields. In order to calculate liquid sloshing damping precisely a volume of fluid method based on finite volume scheme is used to simulate free surface flows in partly filled cylindrical containers. A numerical method is presented to simulate the movement of the free surface flow, in which a piecewise linear interface construction scheme and an unsplit Lagrangian advection scheme instead of Eulerian advection scheme are used. The damping performance of liquid sloshing in cylindrical containers under fundamental sloshing mode is investigated. There are four factors determining the surface-wave damping: free surface, boundary-layer, interior fluid and contact line. In order to study different contributions from these four factors to whole damping, several examples are simulated. No-slip and slip wall boundary conditions on both side wall and bottom wall of the cylindrical containers are studied to compare with the published results obtained by solving Stokes equations. In the present method the first three main factors can be considered. The simulation results show that the boundary-layer damping contribution increases while the interior fluid damping contribution decreases with increase of Reynolds number. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10532010)     

基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的PCB板跌落仿真

基于ANSYS／LS—DYNA的结构动力分析模块，对电子机箱上的印刷电路板（PCB）进行了有限元跌落仿真分析，模拟了整个跌落撞击过程，分析了跌落高度和缓冲垫对PCB板动态响应的影响。     

基于CFD的轴流式油气混输泵动叶优化设计

为研究翼型前缘半径对轴流式油气混输泵动叶性能的影响机制,基于RNG k-ε湍流模型及SIMPLEC算法对不同翼型前缘半径的动叶模型进行数值分析,分析不同模型流场中的压力、速度、气相分布规律。数值计算结果表明:增大翼型前缘半径有助于提高动叶增压能力,同时能有效减小动叶出口附近的二次流损失并抑制轮毂侧气体滞留和流道内的气液分离现象;当含气率(GVF)为0.2时,在设计工况(Q=100 m3/h)下,优化后的模型M4较原模型压缩级效率提高了3.45%;在小流量工况(Q=60 m3/h)下,优化后的模型M4较原模型压缩级效率提高了1.47%,说明将翼型前缘半径增大到最大厚度的40%时,能够有效降低能量损失,提高压缩级性能。