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1.
Listening to music on personal, digital devices whilst mobile is an enjoyable, everyday activity. We explore a scheme for
exploiting this practice to immerse listeners in navigation cues. Our prototype, ONTRACK, continuously adapts audio, modifying
the spatial balance and volume to lead listeners to their target destination. First we report on an initial lab-based evaluation
that demonstrated the approach’s efficacy: users were able to complete tasks within a reasonable time and their subjective
feedback was positive. Encouraged by these results we constructed a handheld prototype. Here, we discuss this implementation
and the results of field-trials. These indicate that even with a low-fidelity realisation of the concept, users can quite
effectively navigate complicated routes.
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2.
This paper describes the simulated car racing competition that was arranged as part of the 2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary
Computation. Both the game that was used as the domain for the competition, the controllers submitted as entries to the competition
and its results are presented. With this paper, we hope to provide some insight into the efficacy of various computational
intelligence methods on a well-defined game task, as well as an example of one way of running a competition. In the process,
we provide a set of reference results for those who wish to use the simplerace game to benchmark their own algorithms. The paper is co-authored by the organizers and participants of the competition.
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3.
The Stanford Event Heap has been shown to provide appropriate support for constructing interactive workspace applications.
Given this success it is natural to consider the Event Heap as a platform to support other classes of Ubiquitous Computing
applications. In this paper we argue that the distributed, spontaneous nature of these applications places additional demands
on the Event Heap that require extensions to both the engineering and API. Suitable extensions are described and their use
to support a typical Ubicomp application is discussed.
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4.
We present a study of using camera-phones and visual-tags to access mobile services. Firstly, a user-experience study is described in which participants were both observed learning to interact with a prototype mobile service and interviewed
about their experiences. Secondly, a pointing-device task is presented in which quantitative data was gathered regarding the speed and accuracy with which participants aimed and clicked
on visual-tags using camera-phones. We found that participants’ attitudes to visual-tag-based applications were broadly positive,
although they had several important reservations about camera-phone technology more generally. Data from our pointing-device
task demonstrated that novice users were able to aim and click on visual-tags quickly (well under 3 s per pointing-device
trial on average) and accurately (almost all meeting our defined speed/accuracy tradeoff of 6% error-rate). Based on our findings,
design lessons for camera-phone and visual-tag applications are presented.
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5.
Awareness systems have attracted significant research interest for their potential to support interpersonal relationships.
Investigations of awareness systems for the domestic environment have suggested that such systems can help individuals stay
in touch with dear friends or family and provide affective benefits to their users. Our research provides empirical evidence
to refine and substantiate such suggestions. We report our experience with designing and evaluating the ASTRA awareness system,
for connecting households and mobile family members. We introduce the concept of connectedness and its measurement through
the Affective Benefits and Costs of communication questionnaire (ABC-Q). We inform results that testify the benefits of sharing
experiences at the moment they happen without interrupting potential receivers. Finally, we document the role that lightweight,
picture-based communication can play in the range of communication media available.
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6.
Tracking location is challenging due to the numerous constraints of practical systems including, but not limited to global
cost, device volume and weight, scalability and accuracy; these constraints are typically more severe for systems that should
be wearable and used indoors. We investigate the use of wearable solar cells to track changing light conditions (a concept
that we named LuxTrace) as a source of user displacement and activity data. We evaluate constraints of this approach and present
results from an experimental validation of displacement and activity estimation. The results indicate that a distance estimation
accuracy of 21 cm (80% quantile) can be achieved. A simple method to combine LuxTrace with complementary absolute location
estimation methods is also presented. We apply carpet-like distributed RFID tags to demonstrate online learning of new lighting
environments.
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7.
The complexity of group dynamics occurring in small group interactions often hinders the performance of teams. The availability
of rich multimodal information about what is going on during the meeting makes it possible to explore the possibility of providing
support to dysfunctional teams from facilitation to training sessions addressing both the individuals and the group as a whole.
A necessary step in this direction is that of capturing and understanding group dynamics. In this paper, we discuss a particular
scenario, in which meeting participants receive multimedia feedback on their relational behaviour, as a first step towards
increasing self-awareness. We describe the background and the motivation for a coding scheme for annotating meeting recordings
partially inspired by the Bales’ Interaction Process Analysis. This coding scheme was aimed at identifying suitable observable
behavioural sequences. The study is complemented with an experimental investigation on the acceptability of such a service.
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8.
Information-seeking strategies were explored in software engineers. A complex interaction of task and geographic differences
was revealed. There is a general tendency across software engineers to favor non-social sources, such as documentation, for
tasks where the goal is to seek factual information. More social sources are preferred when seeking information to diagnostic,
problem-solving questions. Within this effect, some geographic variations assert themselves in a way that might partly be
interpreted in terms of national cultural differences in Individualism vs. Collectivism. Implications of geographic differences
in information-seeking for collaboration within global software development teams are discussed.
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9.
Quantitative usability requirements are a critical but challenging, and hence an often neglected aspect of a usability engineering process. A case study is described where quantitative usability requirements played a key role in the development of a new user interface of a mobile phone. Within the practical constraints of the project, existing methods for determining usability requirements and evaluating the extent to which these are met, could not be applied as such, therefore tailored methods had to be developed. These methods and their applications are discussed. 相似文献
10.
We provide the complete record of methodology that let us evolve BrilliAnt, the winner of the Ant Wars contest. Ant Wars contestants are virtual ants collecting food on a grid board in the presence
of a competing ant. BrilliAnt has been evolved through a competitive one-population coevolution using genetic programming
and fitnessless selection. In this paper, we detail the evolutionary setup that lead to BrilliAnt’s emergence, assess its
direct and indirect human-competitiveness, and describe the behavioral patterns observed in its strategy.
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11.
The European Union co-funded COMUNICAR (communication multimedia unit inside car) project designed and developed an integrated multimedia human–machine interface (HMI) able to manage a wide variety of driver information systems (from entertainment to safety). COMUNICAR proposed an innovative information provision paradigm, in which the on-vehicle HMI is able to tailor the delivery of the information in real time according to the actual driving context and the drivers workload. COMUNICAR adopted a user-centred design process involving an iterative development based on extensive user tests since the early phases of the project. This approach was particularly useful to define and improve the layout of the user interface and specify the rules that decide the scheduling and the modalities of the delivery of the information messages to the driver. This paper introduces the COMUNICAR concept and the user-centred flow of design. Then, a concrete case of user-test driven, iterative improvement of a systems functionality is presented. We also briefly describe two software tools that we have designed to enhance the development process in a user-centred perspective. Finally, the future evolution of the concept of smart and safe information scheduling is sketched and discussed. 相似文献
12.
Ohne Zusammenfassung
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13.
Advocates of the design principle avoid cyclic dependencies among modules have argued that cycles are detrimental to software quality attributes such as understandability, testability, reusability,
buildability and maintainability, yet folklore suggests such cycles are common in real object-oriented systems. In this paper
we present the first significant empirical study of cycles among the classes of 78 open- and closed-source Java applications.
We find that, of the applications comprising enough classes to support such a cycle, about 45% have a cycle involving at least
100 classes and around 10% have a cycle involving at least 1,000 classes. We present further empirical evidence to support
the contention these cycles are not due to intrinsic interdependencies between particular classes in a domain. Finally, we attempt to gauge the strength of connection
among the classes in a cycle using the concept of a minimum edge feedback set.
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14.
The paper reflects on the unique experience of social and technological development in Lithuania since the regaining of independence
as a newly reshaped society constructing a distinctive competitive IST-based model at global level. This has presented Lithuanian
pattern of how to integrate different experiences and relations between generations in implementing complex information society
approaches. The resulting programme in general is linked to the Lisbon objectives of the European Union. The experience of
transitional countries in Europe, each different but facing some common problems, may be useful to developing countries in
Africa.
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15.
In this paper, we present an Inverse Multi-Objective Robust Evolutionary (IMORE) design methodology that handles the presence
of uncertainty without making assumptions about the uncertainty structure. We model the clustering of uncertain events in
families of nested sets using a multi-level optimization search. To reduce the high computational costs of the proposed methodology
we proposed schemes for (1) adapting the step-size in estimating the uncertainty, and (2) trimming down the number of calls
to the objective function in the nested search. Both offline and online adaptation strategies are considered in conjunction
with the IMORE design algorithm. Design of Experiments (DOE) approaches further reduce the number of objective function calls
in the online adaptive IMORE algorithm. Empirical studies conducted on a series of test functions having diverse complexities
show that the proposed algorithms converge to a set of Pareto-optimal design solutions with non-dominated nominal and robustness
performances efficiently.
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16.
This paper addresses the possibility of measuring perceived usability in an absolute way. It studies the impact of the nature
of the tasks performed in perceived software usability evaluation, using for this purpose the subjective evaluation of an
application’s performance via the Software Usability Measurement Inventory (SUMI). The paper reports on the post-hoc analysis
of data from a productivity study for testing the effect of changes in the graphical user interface (GUI) of a market leading
drafting application. Even though one would expect similar evaluations of an application’s usability for same releases, the
analysis reveals that the output of this subjective appreciation is context sensitive and therefore mediated by the research
design. Our study unmasked a significant interaction between the nature of the tasks used for the usability evaluation and
how users evaluate the performance of this application. This interaction challenges the concept of absolute benchmarking in
subjective usability evaluation, as some software evaluation methods aspire to provide, since subjective measurement of software
quality will be affected most likely by the nature of the testing materials used for the evaluation.
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17.
The purposes of this study are (a) to establish a measurement for evaluating conversational impressions of group discussions,
and (b) to make an exploratory investigation on their interactional processes which may affect to form those impressions.
The impression rating and factor analysis undertaken first give us four factors concerning conversational impressions of “focus
group interviews (FGIs)”: conversational activeness, conversational sequencing, the attitudes of participants and the relationships
of participants. In relation to the factors of conversational activeness and conversational sequencing in particular, the
microanalysis of four selected topical scenes from our database further shows that the behavior of the moderator and the interviewees
is organized not independently but with reference to each other. The study thus emphasizes the importance of the integration
of quantitative and qualitative approaches towards human interactions.
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18.
There are only a few ethical regulations that deal explicitly with robots, in contrast to a vast number of regulations, which
may be applied. We will focus on ethical issues with regard to “responsibility and autonomous robots”, “machines as a replacement
for humans”, and “tele-presence”. Furthermore we will examine examples from special fields of application (medicine and healthcare,
armed forces, and entertainment). We do not claim to present a complete list of ethical issue nor of regulations in the field
of robotics, but we will demonstrate that there are legal challenges with regard to these issues.
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19.
Research on hybrid bionic systems (HBSs) is still in its infancy but promising results have already been achieved in laboratories.
Experiments on humans and animals show that artificial devices can be controlled by neural signals. These results suggest
that HBS technologies can be employed to restore sensorimotor functionalities in disabled and elderly people. At the same
time, HBS research raises ethical concerns related to possible exogenous and endogenous limitations to human autonomy and
freedom. The analysis of these concerns requires reflecting on the availability of scientific models accounting for key aspects
of sensorimotor coordination and plastic adaptation mechanisms in the brain.
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20.
This paper proposes an appearance generative mixture model based on key frames for meanshift tracking. Meanshift tracking
algorithm tracks an object by maximizing the similarity between the histogram in tracking window and a static histogram acquired
at the beginning of tracking. The tracking therefore could fail if the appearance of the object varies substantially. In this
paper, we assume the key appearances of the object can be acquired before tracking and the manifold of the object appearance
can be approximated by piece-wise linear combination of these key appearances in histogram space. The generative process is
described by a Bayesian graphical model. An Online EM algorithm is proposed to estimate the model parameters from the observed
histogram in the tracking window and to update the appearance histogram. We applied this approach to track human head motion
and to infer the head pose simultaneously in videos. Experiments verify that our online histogram generative model constrained
by key appearance histograms alleviates the drifting problem often encountered in tracking with online updating, that the
enhanced meanshift algorithm is capable of tracking object of varying appearances more robustly and accurately, and that our
tracking algorithm can infer additional information such as the object poses.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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