轧制工艺对Ti微合金化马氏体钢力学性能的影响

 通过采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射以及相分析等手段来观察组织的微观结构和对析出相的验证,研究轧制温度对轧态Ti微合金化马氏体钢强度的影响。研究结果表明,通过降低轧制温度可以明显提高含Ti马氏体钢的屈服强度,这主要是因为当轧制温度从1100℃降低到950℃过程中,形变诱导析出大量的TiC析出相,随着轧制温度的降低,析出相数量明显增加,并且平均尺寸也逐渐变小。马氏体中大量存在的1～20nm范围的析出相可以起到明显的析出强化作用。     

V和Nb对12％Cr铁索体钢微观组织和蠕变特性的影响

利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜以及光电子能谱分析方法,研究了元素V和Nb对12％Cr铁素体耐热钢的微观组织和析出相的形态和分布的影响.结果表明:添加V和Nb的铁素体钢具有更窄的马氏体板条组织;附于MX型碳氮化物生长的M23C6碳化物呈细小的针状或短棒状析出,而单独析出的M23 C6尺寸较大,呈椭圆形.这些组织上的优化和MX型碳氮化物的弥散析出有效抑制了回火马氏体组织的回复和再结晶,提高了铁素体钢的蠕变抗力.     

TRIP钢中相似结构相的区分及定量表征

为了对钢铁样品中不同相进行准确区分, 建立了一种较为直观的定量分析方法。试验以TRIP钢为例, 采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪及电子背散射衍射技术对试验钢的微观组织、物相及相似结构相进行了表征。结果表明:电子背散射衍射技术不仅可以区分出TRIP钢中的体心立方和面心立方结构, 而且能通过菊池带衬度图像对结构相似的铁素体、贝氏体以及马氏体3种相进行进一步细分, 并最终得出定性分布和定量结果:铁素体为45.10%, 贝氏体为47.80%, 奥氏体为5.23%, 马氏体为1.87%, 说明其在区分相似结构相方面优势显著。     

Precipitation Behavior and Its Strengthening Effect of X100 Pipeline Steel

 Using TEM, electron diffraction, EDX analysis and physicochemical phase analysis, the morphology, crystal structure, size distribution and chemical composition of precipitates in the microstructure of high strength Nb-microalloyed X100 pipeline steel were investigated, and the strengthening effect of precipitation was quantitatively calculated with Ashby-Orowan correction model. The precipitates obtained in X100 pipeline steel can be divided into two kinds: “complex” and “single” particles by morphology. The EDX analysis of single precipitates reveals that the chemical composition matches well with particle dimensions, especially the Nb/Ti ratio regularly reduces with the increase of particle size. The yield strength increments in the way of precipitation strengthening of X100 pipeline steel reached about 52MPa, which suggests that the precipitation strengthening is not the dominative strengthening mechanism for X100 pipeline steel.     

热处理对2 000 MPa超高强度不锈钢组织和性能的影响

 运用Thermal-calc热力学软件、光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段研究了热处理工艺对一种新型的超高强度不锈钢微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,经过固溶处理后钢的基体为高密度位错的板条马氏体组织;强度随着时效温度的升高而逐渐升高,在520～540 ℃时可达到2 000 MPa,且冲击吸收功在540 ℃时达到最大值37 J。此时在板条马氏体上析出大量、细小、弥散以μ相为主的第二相,同时在板条与板条界面上有块状的逆转变奥氏体生成,这是该钢具有超高强度与高韧性的主要原因。     

铜对中碳硅锰钢连续冷却相变的影响

 为了探索含铜中碳硅锰钢连续冷却转变过程中的相变规律,采用DIL805L型膨胀仪研究了铜对中碳硅锰钢连续冷却过程中显微组织和硬度的影响,借助高分辨透射电镜研究了连续冷却过程中含铜相的析出行为。结果表明,在中碳硅锰钢的连续冷却过程中,铜的加入使得铁素体转变的孕育期延长,且降低贝氏体和马氏体开始转变温度。富铜颗粒在铁素体中弥散析出,细化连续相变组织。冷却速度小于21 ℃/s时,含铜中碳硅锰钢由于富铜颗粒析出以及贝氏体和马氏体组织增加引起显微硬度增加。当冷却速度大于21 ℃/s时,铜反而会降低钢中贝氏体和马氏体组织的显微硬度。     

Metastable precipitate in a duplex martensite +

The crystal structure and chemical composition of the strengthening precipitates in an Fe- 11.8 pct Cr-8.5 pct Ni-1.8 pct Ti-3.8 pct Mo martensite + ferrite duplex steel were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The study revealed that a metastable precipitate phase formed in the ferrite and martensite phases during the initial stages of aging. The meta- stable phase was proposed to have a hexagonal crystal structure similar to that reported for the omega phase in Ti alloys. Prolonged aging formed an equilibrium orthorhombic precipitate phase with a Ni₃(Mo, Ti) stoichiometry. The higher dislocation density in martensite accelerated the precipitation reaction, and the transition to the equilibrium precipitate occurred with shorter aging times compared to ferrite. The details of the electron diffraction and analytical electron microscopy studies of the precipitates are described.     

Effect of Structure Pattern on the Performance of X80 Pipeline Steel

The microstructure,dislocation and precipitation phases of X80 pipeline steel produced with different processes were analyzed by optical microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM) contrastively,and the influence of structure pattern on the performance of X80 pipeline steel was studied.The result shows that the effects of acicular ferrite grain size,precipitate phase distribution,dislocation density and morphology on the material strength,toughness and brittle transmission temperatures were distinct,and solid solution strengthening,fine grain strengthening,dislocation strengthening and precipitation strengthening were the strengthening ways of X80 pipeline steel.     

形变强化和逆相变细晶强化对Fe-18Cr-8Ni钢组织和性能的影响北大核心CSCD

奥氏体不锈钢较低的屈服强度限制了它在结构件中的使用。采用形变和相逆转变方法分别制备出了高屈服强度的奥氏体不锈钢。利用X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、电子背散射衍射技术和万能试验机分别对奥氏体钢进行组织表征和力学性能测试,结果表明粗大的奥氏体晶粒在形变过程中形成位错、剪切带、应变诱导马氏体等组织,相逆转变方法获得了超细的无缺陷等轴奥氏体晶粒。形变强化和细晶强化均能明显提高奥氏体不锈钢屈服强度(280 MPa提升至550 MPa)的同时保持较好的塑性(伸长率46%和55%)。     

Ti-V-Mo微合金化22MnB5钢中析出相及其强化作用

使用温成形替代热成形可以避免热成形过程中表面氧化等问题,但热成形常用22MnB5钢在高温回火后出现明显的软化现象.而通过向钢中添加Ti、V、Mo等微合金元素可以在钢中形成细小的析出相以及细化晶粒,起到提高强度的作用,从而可以解决该问题.因此,通过在22MnB5钢中添加Ti、V、Mo微合金元素,利用OM(光学显微镜)、F...     

超高强韧油井管合金设计与高强韧机制

 为了揭示1 000 MPa级低碳加铌钒钛微合金钢的高强韧机制,研究了S1(w(C)=0.09%)与S2(w(C)=0.17%)两种合金成分的油井管钢成分-工艺-组织-性能关系。试验表明,两种成分试验钢经水淬后的组织分别为板条贝氏体加少量马氏体和马氏体加少量贝氏体的复相组织。两种成分钢经过450~600 ℃、30 min的中温回火后,组织中均出现碳化物析出,且S1试验钢回火后的屈服强度基本不变,抗拉强度下降了约70 MPa,S2试验钢回火后的屈服强度与抗拉强度迅速升高170 MPa左右。溶度积公式的计算结果表明,两种钢的水淬组织中铌、钛元素析出彻底且析出物的体积分数都很小,因此回火铁素体基体中的VC析出强化对S1试验钢回火后屈服强度保持不变以及S2试验钢回火后屈服、抗拉强度提高起到重要作用。     

Mechanical Behaviors and Failure Analysis of S38C Steel with Gradient Structure Fabricated by Induction Heating and Quenching

This article proposes a simple and fast method of induction heating and quenching to produce surface gradient structure for S38C steel, and its mechanical behavior and strengthening mechanism are revealed. The variation of the gradient structure from surface to interior is characterized by electron backscatter diffraction, and the tensile behavior of the gradient structure at different depths is acknowledged by the small-scale tensile tests. The gradient structure is tempered martensite microstructure, which significantly improves the hardness and tensile strength of surface and subsurface regions. Accordingly, with the strengthening of the gradient structure, the general tensile strength and fatigue behavior of the S38C steel are increased close to those of high-strength steel. Moreover, the fatigue crack initiation mechanism of the gradient structure is studied by energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission Kikuchi diffraction, and transmission electron microscope characterization on the crack initiation regions. It reveals that the fatigue failure of the gradient structure can be due to stress concentration on the surface and around subsurface inclusions, and the crack initiation modes present surface crack initiation and internal crack initiation, respectively.     

Computational and Experimental Analysis of Carbo‐Nitride Precipitation in Tempered Martensite

The present work describes the analysis of carbo‐nitride precipitation kinetics in tempered martensite of Nb–Ti‐microalloyed steel with a carbon content of 0.3 wt%. Based on the information obtained from transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, a computational simulation procedure is developed within the software package MatCalc, which is capable of describing the experimental results in terms of the number density, composition, and type of precipitate phases. No explicit fitting parameters are used in the computer simulation. The input data is entirely based on independent physical or microstructural parameters. To determine the chemical composition and type of precipitates, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and selected area electron diffraction are utilized. The simulation results and the experimentally obtained information are in good agreement.     

正火过程中V——N微合金化钢的第二相行为

采用物理化学相分析、高分辨透射电镜等手段研究V-N微合金化钢在正火过程中第二相行为,并进行相应的理论计算,讨论该行为对材料性能产生的影响.正火加热保温过程中,V-N钢有约32.9%的V(C,N)未溶解,阻止奥氏体晶粒长大.在正火冷却过程中,未溶解的V(C,N)诱导晶内铁素体形核,细化铁素体晶粒,而溶解的V(C,N)重新析出,起到析出强化作用.V(C,N)析出相行为的变化导致材料力学性能的改变.与热轧态V-N钢相比,正火态V-N钢细晶强化贡献值增加31 MPa,而析出强化贡献值减少45 MPa.      

高合金钢Vanadis4凝固过程及组织

通过激光扫描共焦显微镜、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、电子探针、微区成分能谱分析和差示扫描量热法,研究了高合金Vanadis4(V4)模具钢(%:1.5C、8.0Cr、1.5Mo、4.0V)的凝固过程及其微观组织。结果表明,V4钢基体为马氏体和残余奥氏体,基体中碳化物主要为MC与M₇C₃型。杆状、棒状或团块状VC分布在晶界。该钢在凝固时,首先发生结晶过程L→γ从液相中析出初生γ相,随着γ相不断析出,剩余液相中合金元素含量不断富集,达到共晶成分后将先后发生L→γ+MC与L→γ+M₇C₃共晶反应。     

Characterization of precipitates in 9%Cr heat resistant steel

Precipitation strengthening as well as solution strengthening is key mechanism for heat resistant steels.It is very important to characterize the precipitates in 9%Cr ferrite heat resistant steels,especially to show the nanometer-sized particles.By transmission electronic microscope attached with an energy dispersive spectrometer as well as optical microscope,scanning electronic microscope,the microstructure and chemical composition of precipitates in a 9%Cr heat resistant steel after different heat treatments were investigated.It was found that the microstructure of normalized sample was martensite with fine NbC and Fe₃C.The microstructure of tempered sample is tempered martensite,and there mainly were two types of precipitates,M₂₃C₆ with the size range of 50 - 300 nm and MX with the size of 10 - 100 nm.Superfine M₂₃C₆ precipitated preferably on prior austenitic grain boundaries and martensitic lath boundaries,while nanometer-sized MX precipitates were distributed randomly. After short-term creep,Laves phase formed along grain boundaries of the 9%Cr steel,and M₂₃ C₆ and MX precipitates were found to become coarser.More information about precipitates in the 9%Cr steel had been exhibited by atomic force microscopy.Thereby,distribution,size and shape of the precipitates as well as their compositions and structures were revealed.     

High Temperature Rapid Tempering Process of SS400 Steel With Thermomechanical Simulation Tester

 The effect of refined precipitations and dispersed phases on the toughness of SS400 steel was investigated by rapid tempering with thermomechanical simulation tester, and the electromagnetic induction rapid tempering process was simulated. The conventional tempering and rapid tempering process were proceeded respectively, and both samples were quenched in 10% of agitated iced brine. The tempering temperatures were designed as 560, 620 and 680 ℃, respectively. Rapid tempering specimens were heated at a heating rate of 20 ℃/s, and all samples of these three tempering temperatures were maintained 30, 40 and 50 s with the Gleeble1500-D tester, respectively. The impact test at -40 ℃ were carried out on a Charpy impact machine (CBD-300) with a maximum measurement range of 300 J and the microstructures were analyzed in detail using optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experiment results show that the upper bainite, martensite and small amount of austenite were obtained in the rapidly quenched samples. In comparison to the conventional process, the matrix microstructure was changed from the larger size and bulk ferrite to the refined banding structure, and the cementites were obviously refined and precipitated inside the grains and along the grain boundaries. The cryogenic impact test implies that the maximum values of impact toughness with holding time of 30 or 50 s are achieved at tempering temperature of 620 ℃. Furthermore, a favorite value of impact toughness with holding time of 40 s is available.     

A New Approach for Refining Carbide Dimensions in M42 Super Hard High-speed Steel

Obtaining small carbides is crucial but difficult for high-speed steels.A new approach for refining carbide dimensions in M42 super hard high-speed steel by increasing cooling rate and spheroidizing treatment was proposed. The morphologies and properties of eutectic carbides formed at different cooling rates were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS),X-ray diffraction (XRD),transmis-sion electron microscopy (TEM),electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD)and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).The results show that eutectic carbides change from a lamellar shape into a curved-rod shape as cooling rate increases.Despite different morphologies,the two carbides are both of M2 C type with a hexagonal close-packed structure and display a single crystal orientation in one eutectic colony.The morphology of M2 C mainly depends on the growing process of eutectic carbides,which is strongly influenced by cooling rate.Compared with lamellar car-bides,M2 C carbides with curved-rod shapes are less stable,and decompose into M6 C and MC at lower temperatures. They are more inclined to spheroidize during heating,which ultimately and distinguishably refines the carbide dimen-sions.As small carbides are much easier to dissolve into matrices during austenization,the process described herein improves the supersaturation of alloying elements in martensite,which leads to an increment of hardness in M42 steel.     

Morphologies of martensite and bainite in different steels

The mechanical properties of the steel are different under different heat treatment processes, due to the different contents and morphologies of martensite and bainite in the steel. Different heat treatment processes of 45 steel, 40Cr steel and 38CrSi steel were used to obtain the martensite and bainite structure. The micromorphologies of martensite and bainite in different steels were observed and analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and their contents were estimated. The results show that the morphology of martensite in steels with different carbon contents after water quenching changes with the increase in carbon content, and the transition is from low- carbon lath to medium- carbon needle- strip coexistence. After different heat treatments of the same kind of steel, bainite with different morphologies can be obtained. Most bainite of 45 steel, 40Cr steel and 38CrSi steel nucleates at grain boundaries and grows inside the grain. The precipitation of carbonless bainite and granular bainite is related to the heat treatment process. The bainite morphology gradually changes from feather bainite to carbon- free bainite as the carbon content and heat treatment temperature decrease.     

1000MPa级高强钢显微组织与析出相分析

利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜等分析手段,对1 000 MPa级高强钢的显微组织与析出相进行了研究。结果表明,试验钢的显微组织为板条状贝氏体和板条状马氏体,并存在少量残余奥氏体。大量析出相分布在基体上,平均尺寸30～60 nm,组织强化、析出强化、位错强化是高强钢主要的强化方式。