Retention of austenite in the welded microstructure of a 0.16C–1.6Mn–1.5Si (wt.%) TRIP steel

In this work, the retention of austenite in post-welded microstructures of a 0.16C–1.6Mn–1.5Si (wt.%) TRIP steel is investigated. Fully penetrated welds are produced by means of gas tungsten arc (GTA) welding and laser beam (LB) welding. The microstructure, particularly retained austenite, is analyzed using optical microscopy, Vickers hardness measurements, X-ray diffraction and saturation magnetization. It is found that the GTA welded TRIP steel contains a relatively large fraction of retained austenite, which may benefit the weldability of this steel. A minimum hardness is found in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) next to a high hardness plateau after both LB and GTA welding as a result of a large fraction of ferrite. It is suggested that for TRIP steels, proper control of the formation and decomposition of retained austenite in the HAZ is important to prevent weld failure. The hardness is therefore not a sufficient indicator for the weldability.     

焊前热处理对440C不锈钢电子束焊接接头组织与性能的影响

研究了焊前退火和调质2种热处理工艺对440C不锈钢电子束焊接接头的组织和力学性能的影响,分析了2种状态下的组织演变规律、接头拉伸力学性能和硬度分布特点. 结果表明:2种热处理状态的板材经过电子束焊接后,焊缝成形良好,焊缝区域均为马氏体和残留奥氏体组织,呈现出非平衡凝固组织,碳及合金元素以固溶形式存在于马氏体及残余奥氏体中,焊缝区域硬度达到398 HV. 焊前经调质热处理后,母材基体由铁素体转变成回火马氏体和残余奥氏体混合组织,同时部分碳化物固溶在基体组织中,使基体组织硬度提高了60％. 与焊前退火态相比,焊前调质热处理板材经电子束焊接后,可使焊接接头抗拉强度提高20％,焊接热影响区硬度提高35％,但接头的塑性变形能力有所下降,断裂均发生在热影响区.     

45#钢表面激光合金化NiCr-Al2O3涂层的组织及耐磨性能研究

目的提高平模制粒机中平模的耐磨性能。方法采用激光合金化技术在45#钢表面制备不同比例混合的NiCr-Al_2O_3合金化层。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及附带的能谱仪(EDS)分析了合金化层的物相组成和显微组织,用FM-700自动显微硬度仪测量合金化层的硬度变化规律,用屏显式磨损试验机研究测试了合金化层的耐磨性能。结果合金化层主要由马氏体组成,且弥散分布着不同数量的未熔Al_2O_3颗粒,热影响区由马氏体和残余奥氏体组成。激光合金化层的主要物相为奥氏体和马氏体,Al_2O_3含量越多,马氏体相越多,而奥氏体相越少。合金化层的厚度约为0.9 mm,表面硬度大约是基材的2.4倍,表面耐磨性是基材的6倍以上。在一定范围内,合金化层中Al_2O_3颗粒的含量越高,平均显微硬度越大且更加均匀,耐磨性越好。热影响区的硬度变化均匀,起到了很好的过渡作用。磨损机理主要是犁削磨损,Al_2O_3颗粒的存在可以减少磨粒对基体的犁削作用。结论在45#钢表面激光合金化NiCr-Al_2O_3混合涂层可以有效提高基体表面的硬度和耐磨性,Al_2O_3颗粒含量达30%时可以获得高硬度、高耐磨性且均匀的合金化层。     

Modification of Low-Alloy Steel Surface by High-Temperature Gas Nitriding Plus Tempering

The low-alloy steel was nitrided in a pure NH₃ gas atmosphere at 640 ~ 660 °C for 2 h, i.e., high-temperature gas nitriding (HTGN), followed by tempering at 225 °C, which can produce a high property surface coating without brittle compound (white) layer. The steel was also plasma nitriding for comparison. The composition, microstructure and microhardness of the nitrided and tempered specimens were examined, and their tribological behavior investigated. The results showed that the as-gas-nitrided layer consisted of a white layer composed of FeN_0.095 phase (nitrided austenite) and a diffusional zone underneath the white layer. After tempering, the white layer was decomposed to a nano-sized (α-Fe + γ′-Fe₄N + retained austenite) bainitic microstructure with a high hardness of 1150HV/25 g. Wear test results showed that the wear resistance and wear coefficient yielded by the complex HTGN plus tempering were considerably higher and lower, respectively, than those produced by the conventional plasma nitriding.     

Heterogeneous Microstructure-Induced Mechanical Responses in Various Sub-Zones of EH420 Shipbuilding Steel Welded Joint Under High Heat Input Electro-Gas Welding

Heterogeneous microstructure-induced mechanical responses in EH420 shipbuilding steel welded joint by electro-gas welding processed have been systematically studied by scanning electron microscopy,electron backscatter diffraction and mechanical testing.Comparing with the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ),the weld metal presents higher toughness (129.3 J vs.37.3 J) as it contains a large number of acicular ferrites with high-angle grain boundaries (frequency 79.2％) and special grain boundary Σ3 (frequency 55.3％).Moreover,coarse austenite grains in CGHAZ and slender martensite-austenite constituents between bainite laths may likely facilitate crack propagation.Polygonal ferrites and tempered pearlites formed at the junction of the fine-grained heat-affected zone and the intercritical heat-affected zone induced a softened zone with an average hardness of 185 HV0.5,which is the main reason for the occurrence of tensile fracture.     

激光熔化沉积修复40CrNiMoA高强钢的组织与性能

采用激光熔化沉积技术对40CrNiMoA高强钢表面进行沉积修复，利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度仪和周期浸润腐蚀试验，对40CrNiMoA高强钢基体及其修复区的微观组织、显微硬度和耐腐蚀性能进行研究。结果表明:经激光熔化沉积高Co-Ni二次沉淀硬化合金钢修复后，40CrNiMoA高强钢表面的耐磨损和耐腐蚀性能得到显著提高。修复区组织是由C元素过饱和的铁素体、残余奥氏体、M₃C渗碳体和M₂C型碳化物组成；热影响区组织由最初的回火索氏体转变为片状马氏体。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded 1.5 GPa Martensitic High-Strength Steel Plates

In this study, 2.4 mm thick high-strength martensitic steel plates with a tensile strength of 1500 MPa were friction stir welded at various welding speeds of 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 mm/min and a constant rotation speed of 300 rpm. Sound joints could be obtained when the welding speed was 40, 60 and 80 mm/min, while a kissing bond was found in the joint welded at 100 and 120 mm/min. It was revealed that the peak temperature exceeded A_C3 (the end temperature at which all ferrite transformed to austenite when the steel was heated) for all the welding conditions and martensitic structures were finally formed in the stir zone of the joints. A significant decrease in hardness was located in the heat-affected zone, which had a transitional microstructure from tempered martensite near base metal to a mixed structure containing hard martensite, soft ferrite and bainite near stir zone. For the sound joints, the specimen was fractured in the heat-affected zone during tensile tests and the highest tensile strength could reach about 1058 MPa.     

Characteristics of the Transformation of Retained Austenite in Tempered Austempered Ductile Iron

Controlling the amount of retained austenite is a concern in austempered ductile iron formation. Retained austenite has a strong influence on austempered ductile iron properties, such as hardness and wear resistance. In this research, the characteristics of the transformation of retained austenite were investigated as a function of the number of tempering cycles. The hardness of the austempered ductile iron samples was measured, and the specific amount of retained austenite was analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Wear tests were conducted on a ball-on-flat sliding fixture. The tempering process was found to have no effect on the hardness of the austempered ductile iron samples. This may be due to retained austenite being partially converted into brittle quenched martensite during the tempering process. However, tougher tempered martensite was also formed from existing martensite. The two effects seemed to offset each other, and no significant differences occurred in overall hardness. XRD analysis showed that under the same austempering temperature and holding time, the amount of retained austenite decreased with additional tempering cycles. Also, with the same holding time and tempering cycles, less retained austenite was contained in the matrix at higher austempering temperatures. This was due to more high carbon content austenite and needle-like ferrite being present in the austempered ductile iron matrix. In addition, tempered austempered ductile iron exhibited significantly higher wear resistance as compared to traditionally treated ductile iron.     

P92钢的微观组织和硬度

利用布氏硬度计、光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪研究了不同回火温度下P92钢的微观组织和硬度变化。结果表明,P92钢正火组织主要由马氏体、残留奥氏体和M23C6析出相组成,回火后温度升高到600℃时残留奥氏体才全部完成分解。低于400℃回火时因马氏体板条结构和位错组态没有明显变化,并且M23C6析出量也较少,硬度基本保持稳定;500℃回火时因亚晶强化和细小M23C6沉淀强化,硬度有所提高;继续升高回火温度,因马氏体发生高温回复,位错密度降低,M23C6也逐渐发生熟化,强化效果减弱,导致P92钢硬度逐渐降低。     

FRICTION MARTENSITE AND ITS TEMPERING CHARACTERISTICS

The nature of“white layer”found in 55SiMnMo steel subjected to friction test has been stu-died using TEM,SEM,X-ray diffraction and EPMA techniques.It is shown that the struc-ture of the“white laver”on the rubbing surface is duplex,consisting of a special martensiteand some austenite.This layer may be 25—50 μm thick.It is ultrafine,with grain diametricapproximately 30 nm.Its micro-hardness may be as high as Hm 1500 and is capable of cut-ting glass.It has superb corrosion resistance and resists tempering.Its mierostructure andhardness undergo changes only when the steel is tempered above 500℃.     

On the Microstructural Strengthening and Toughening of Heat-Affected Zone in a Low-Carbon High-Strength Cu-Bearing Steel

In this article, the influence of simulated thermal cycles for the heat-aff ected zone(HAZ) on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties in a low-carbon high-strength Cu-bearing steel was investigated by microstructural characterization and mechanical tests. The results showed that the microstructure of the coarse-grained heat-aff ected zone(CGHAZ) and the fine-grained heat-aff ected zone(FGHAZ) was mainly comprised of lath martensite, and a mixed microstructure consisting of intercritical ferrite, tempered martensite and retained austenite occurred in the intercritically heat-aff ected zone(ICHAZ) and the subcritically heat-aff ected zone(SCHAZ). Also, 8–11% retained austenite and more or less Cu precipitates were observed in the simulated HAZs except for CGHAZ. Charpy impact test indicated that the optimum toughness was obtained in FGHAZ, which was not only associated with grain refinement, but also correlated with deformation-induced transformation of the retained austenite, variant confi guration as interleaved type and a relatively weak variant selection. The toughness of ICHAZ and SCHAZ exhibited a slight downtrend due to the presence of Cu precipitates. The CGHAZ has the lowest toughness in the simulated HAZs, which was attributed to grain coarsening and heavy variant selection. In addition, the contribution of Cu precipitates to yield strength in simulated HAZs was estimated based on Russell–Brown model. It demonstrated an inverse variation trend to toughness.     

热处理对Fe-Cr-Ni低碳马氏体不锈钢组织及性能的影响

通过真空电弧熔炼方法制备了Fe-13Cr-3.5Ni不锈钢,并系统研究了不同热处理工艺对其微观组织以及硬度的影响。结果表明:熔炼态Fe-13Cr-3.5Ni不锈钢为典型的板条状马氏体组织;经过不同温度固溶和回火处理(600 ℃)后,其组织结构由板条状马氏体和少量残留奥氏体组成,残留奥氏体含量随着固溶温度的升高先增加后减少,而硬度值先降低后升高,硬度最低值为101.5 HRB;在1000 ℃淬火并在不同温度回火后其组织结构由回火板条状马氏体以及残留奥氏体组成,在650 ℃以下回火时,随着回火温度的升高奥氏体含量逐渐增多,当回火温度达700 ℃时,残留奥氏体含量下降,其洛氏硬度值随着回火温度的升高先降低后升高,其硬度值在99~107 HRB范围内。     

55SiCr弹簧钢中的残留奥氏体与碳化物

通过扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、热膨胀仪、洛氏硬度计等手段研究了弹簧钢55SiCr的组织和相变点以及残留奥氏体和碳化物在热处理过程中的组织演变。结果表明:55SiCr弹簧钢淬火后残留奥氏体以块状分布在基体上;随回火温度的升高,残留奥氏体减少并呈粒状和薄膜状分布;C在残留奥氏体中富集,使其稳定性增强;Si抑制了碳化物的析出,提高了残留奥氏体的稳定性。低温回火时,Si延缓了渗碳体析出;高温回火时,C原子扩散速率提高,促进渗碳体析出,引起体积的收缩。慢速加热回火时,C有足够的时间扩散,从而促进渗碳体的形成,使渗碳体的形成温度提前;快速加热回火时,C来不及扩散,抑制了渗碳体的析出。回火加热速率一样时,试验钢的硬度随回火温度的提高而下降。当回火温度为400 ℃时,硬度值最大为51 HRC;当回火温度为650 ℃时,硬度值最小为37 HRC。当加热速率为0.1 ℃/s时,硬度值最小为33 HRC;当加热速率为200 ℃/s时,硬度值最大为40 HRC。     

BWELDY960Q钢焊接热模拟热影响区组织与性能

采用焊接热模拟技术模拟BWELDY960Q钢焊接热影响区,在不同峰值温度条件下,研究热影响区各区域组织与性能的变化规律. 结果表明,热影响区各微区组织形态不同,粗晶区的组织为板条状马氏体,细晶区的组织为细晶板条马氏体,不完全重结晶区的组织为马氏体、索氏体和铁素体的混合组织,回火区组织为回火索氏体. 峰值温度达到1 200 ℃时,热影响区原始奥氏体晶粒已经开始粗化,并越接近熔合区,晶粒粗化现象越显著. 粗晶区冲击韧性较低,韧性损失为母材的82.17%,不完全重结晶区的冲击韧性损失为母材的46.53%. 模拟焊接热影响区组织比实际焊接热影响区组织更粗大.     

The Structure Stability of Carbide-Free Bainite Wheel Steel

Metallographic structures of carbide-free bainite steel wheel rim are mainly composed of supersaturated lath ferrite and retained austenite film among bainitic ferrite laths. It is suspected that supersaturated ferrite and retained austenite are likely to decompose under the influence of temperature change and mechanical stress. Stability of wheel rim structure is studied by means of x-ray diffraction, dye microscopy, and micro-hardness test. When the samples are tempered in the range of 150-350 °C, the retained austenite films are at the state of relative stability. Fifty percent of retained austenite is decomposed when the sample is tempered at 400 °C. Microhardness increases when the sample is tempered at 150 °C. The decrease in hardness is mild when the samples are tempered from 200 to 500 °C. The mechanical stability of retained austenite film is studied with tensile sample under the effect of tensile stress. The retained austenite appears to be stable in low and middle degree of deformation, and decomposition occurs at great amount of deformation. Diffraction peak of carbide is not found in all above experiments. The steel enriched silicon prevents the carbide precipitation during the transformation. It indicates the carbide-free bainite wheel steels have an excellent thermal and mechanical stability.     

17-4PH不锈钢激光气体渗氮层显微组织与摩擦学性能

目的 提高17-4PH马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢的表面硬度及耐磨性。方法 采用光纤激光器对17-4PH不锈钢进行激光气体氮化,采用不同激光功率在其表面制备渗氮层。利用光学显微镜(OM)、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等设备分析渗氮层的显微组织和相组成;借助显微硬度仪测试渗氮层截面深度方向的硬度;采用多功能摩擦磨损试验机测试基体、渗氮层的摩擦学性能,并通过SEM分析磨痕形貌,揭示基体与渗氮层的磨损机制。结果 在渗氮前样品组织为回火马氏体,经激光渗氮后样品表面形成了由板条马氏体组成的熔化区和回火马氏体组成的热影响区构成的渗氮层。经渗氮后,样品的硬度均得到提高。在激光功率3 000 W下,渗氮层的表面硬度最高,达到了415HV0.2,约是基体硬度的1.2倍,渗氮层的硬度随着深度的增加呈下降趋势,在深度为2.6 mm处其硬度与基体一致。在回火马氏体向板条马氏体转变的相变强化,以及氮原子(以固溶方式进入基体)的固溶强化作用下,提高了渗氮层的硬度。经渗氮后,样品的摩擦因数均高于基体,但渗氮后其磨损量相较于基体有所减少,在激光功率3 000 W下,其磨损体积最小,相较于基体减少了62%。在激光功率2 500 W下马氏体转变不完全,在激光功率3 500 W下渗氮层出现了裂纹,都降低了渗氮层的硬度,其耐磨性也随之减小,且都略低于在3 000 W下。磨损机制由渗氮前的以黏着磨损为主,转变为渗氮后的以磨粒磨损为主。结论 在17-4PH马氏体沉淀硬化不锈钢表面进行激光渗氮后,其表面硬度和耐磨性均得到提高,在激光功率3 000 W下制备的渗氮层具有较高的表面硬度和优异的耐磨性。     

Performance parameters studies in machining of AISI D2 steel with dot-textured,groove-textured & non-textured cutting tool at the flank face

Surface texturing is a method where there is a change in tribological properties due to change in surface characteristics. The present work is a comparison of the performance of dot-textured coated carbide tool with groove-textured and non-textured coated carbide tool in machining AISI D2 steel. Micro dot textures are made on the flank face using micro-electric discharge machining. Considering full factorial design, total 8 experiments are performed with cutting speed, feed and depth of cut as process parameters. For each parameter, two levels are considered. Flank wear and surface roughness are investigated to compare the function of dot-textured coated carbide tool with the groove-textured and non-textured coated carbide tool. In every condition, flank wear is less in machining with both types of textured tool in comparison to the non-textured coated carbide tool. In most of the cases, surface roughness is less for both types of textured tool than the non-textured tool. Comparing dot-textured tool over groove-textured tool, it is observed that dot-textured tool is better than the groove-textured tool in reducing flank wear and surface roughness. Analysis of white layer and micro hardness at the machined surfaces revealed that dot-texturing helps in minimizing the thickness of white layer and micro-hardness property in comparison to groove-textured and non-textured tool. Thus, dot texturing is found to be better in improving machinability than groove-textured and non-textured tool.     

50CrV钢螺丝刀刃口的激光淬火工艺优化与组织性能特征

为提高螺丝刀头刃口硬度与耐磨性,延长其使用寿命,在已做激光淬火薄壁件预试验基础上,采用大功率光纤耦合半导体激光器于螺丝刀刃口上进行激光淬火试验。利用光学显微镜、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验仪等试验测试仪器,分析刃口激光淬火区域组织形态特征、显微硬度及耐磨损性能,确定螺丝刀刃口激光淬火可行的工艺参数。试验结果表明:激光淬火后刃口由完全淬透区、过渡区、基材3部分组成,完全淬透区显微组织为针状马氏体与残留奥氏体,过渡区由马氏体与回火索氏体组成。刃口激光淬火合理工艺参数为激光功率600 W、扫描速度900 mm/min。激光淬火后刃口截面平均硬度为805.7 HV0.3,相对淬火前提高了177.4 HV0.3,表层硬度值达到816.7 HV0.3,相对淬火前提高了188.4 HV0.3。淬火后刃口表面磨损量为0.5 mg,为基材磨损量的27.8%,稳定摩擦因数为0.25,为基材稳定摩擦因数的65.8%。激光淬火工艺能有效提高螺丝刀刃口的显微硬度与耐磨性,可用于螺丝刀刃口表面性能强化。     

Effect of simultaneous surface modification process on wear resistance of martensitic stainless steel

In order to improve the wear resistance of martensitic stainless steel, a surface treatment system was developed that combines high-frequency induction heating (IH) with fine particle peening (FPP). In this system, a compressed air spray from the FPP nozzle rapidly cools the specimen surface, which is heated by the IH system. The specimen surface can be simultaneously modified by work hardening and quenching. Vickers hardness and retained austenite measurements were conducted to characterize the surface-modified layer generated by the developed process. Surface microstructures were also observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. The process created a surface with a high hardness and an extremely fine-grained microstructure. The fine-grained microstructure was generated by dynamic recrystallization. The process reduced the amount of retained austenite in the surface layer because it increased the precipitated chromium carbide content. Reciprocating sliding wear tests were conducted to evaluate the wear resistance of the surface. The specimen modified by the developed process exhibited higher wear resistance than specimens that had only been quenched. This implies that the developed simultaneous process can significantly improve the wear resistance of steel surfaces.     

核级316LN不锈钢焊接接头的组织结构变化

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、电子背散射衍射、X射线衍射仪和硬度测量仪等方法对核级316LN焊接接头不同区域的组织结构进行了系统研究，结果表明，焊缝区冷却凝固模式以铁素体-奥氏体（F-A）为主，残留的铁素体以蠕虫状或板条状形式存在奥氏体基体上，含量约为13.66%.熔合区宽度不统一，凝固模式以奥氏体-铁素体（A-F）为主，并且具有明显的外延生长趋势；热影响区发生不同程度的再结晶、晶粒长大和变形行为，Σ3晶界比例降低，而硬度和残余应力增大.