C波段增益平坦掺铒光纤放大器的优化设计

EDFA的增益不平坦是限制DWDM系统性能的一个重要因素,目前已经提出了许多方案来改善EDFA在整个C波段内的增益谱.采用双级串联结构,并在两段光纤中间加入增益均衡滤波器来实现增益平坦.通过对前后两段铒光纤的长度优化,使得增益均衡滤波器的谱特性易于实现.优化后的EDFA输出功率达到17dBm,噪声指数小于5dB,在1530～1565nm的带宽内增益波动小于1dB.     

几种新型的掺铒光纤放大器

概述了近年来掺铒光纤放大器 (EDFA)的技术发展 ,着重介绍了单泵两级 EDFA、远泵浦 EDFA、增益均衡或增益锁定 EDFA三种新颖的原理结构 ,为未来实用的优化 EDFA提供一些参考。     

EDFA增益箝制技术研究

介绍了EDFA增益箝制基本原理 ,对实现EDFA增益箝制的不同技术途径的箝制机理和结构进行了举例及扼要分析 ,给出了采用光纤光栅反射镜来实现EDFA全光增益箝制的仿真分析结果     

EDFA的增益控制及平坦技术研究

对EDFA的增益箝制和平坦的基本原理进行了介绍,对实现EDFA增益箝制和平坦的不同技术途径的机理和结构举例进行了扼要分析,给出了采用光纤光栅反射镜来实现EDFA全光增益箝制的仿真分析结果,指出了EDFA的增益控制及其平坦的技术发展方向。     

光子晶体增益平坦滤波器的设计

掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)的增益平坦化是波分复用(WDM)系统中的重要问题.提出了用光子晶体实现增益平坦的新方案.通过分析EDFA增益平坦的原理与一维光子晶体的反射谱(在不同波长处具有不同反射率的特性),设计出了满足特定条件的增益平坦滤波器.以EDFA典型曲线为例,利用遗传算法简便精确地优化一维光子晶体的周期数,从而设计出了与EDFA增益谱相匹配的增益平坦滤波器.结果表明,级联的一维光子晶体滤波器在1530～1560 tim范围内对EDFA的增益进行平坦,且不平坦度约为±0.6 dB.     

由Giles模型对L-band EDFA的理论分析

本文通过运用Giles模型对L-band EDFA在不同泵浦波长下的增益、不同泵浦功率与光纤长度的关系以及各种增益特性等进行了数值模拟,并同时辅以C-band EDFA进行比较计算,从理论上对L-band EDFA的特性进行了较为详细的分析说明,并得出了一些新颖的结论。     

掺铒光纤放大器的动态增益均衡

波分复用系统对掺铒光纤放大器增益的动态平坦提出了严格的要求，为此人们设计了各种动态增益均衡器以实现EDFA的增益谱的平坦化。现有的各种动态增益均衡技术分静态和动态两种。我们讨论了几种不同类型的动态增益均衡方法，详细并举例分析几种典型的动态增益均衡器基本结构、工作原理、适用范围及其优缺点。最后对未来动态增益均衡器的发展作了展望。     

EDFA的增益控制及平坦技术研究

对EDFA的增益箝制和平坦的基本原理进行了介绍，对实现EDFA增益箝制和平坦的不同技术途径的机理和结构举例进行了扼要分析，给出了采用光纤光栅反射镜来实现EDFA全光增益箝制的仿真分析结果，指出了EDFA的增益控制及其平坦的技术发展方向。     

利用Optisystem仿真研究EDFA增益的影响因素

利用Optisystem软件建立EDFA系统,对EDFA增益的影响因素进行了分析.通过系统仿真分析,根据影响EDFA增益的因素,确定影响EDFA增益的最佳因素参数,验证了EDFA仿真系统的正确性和设计方案的可行性,更加准确地得到最佳优化设计方案.     

由Giles模型对L-band EDFA的理论分析

本文通过运用Giles模型对L—band EDFA在不同泵浦波长下的增益、不同泵浦功率与光纤长度的关系以及各种增益特性等进行了数值模拟，并同时辅以C—band EDFA进行比较计算，从理论上对L-band EDFA的特性进行了较为详细的分析说明，并得出了一些新颖的结论。     

EDFA增益均衡技术

ＥＤＦＡ对不同波长的光产生的增益不同,在ＥＤＦＡ级联的ＷＤＭ 系统中,这种增益不平坦（不同）的特性严重地影响着系统的性能,所以ＥＤＦＡ的增益均衡显得尤为重要。文中介绍了ＷＤＭ 光纤通信中对ＥＤＦＡ增益的不平坦进行均衡的几种方法,并对其进行了比较     

Gain equalization of EDFA cascades

Investigates the impact of wavelength-dependent erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) gain spectrum on multichannel direct-detection lightwave transmission systems employing multiple amplifiers. An analysis is presented which quantifies the constraints imposed by received power imbalance, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and receiver sensitivity on an EDFA cascade. Expressions are derived which relate the system constraints to the EDFA gain imbalance, bit rate, number of channels, and receiver dynamic range. Results demonstrate that when four-wave mixing (FWM) is compensated in an 11-channel system, received power imbalance can impose a significant constraint on transmission distance when the EDFA gain imbalance is greater than 1 dB or when bit rate is less than 1.8 Gb/s. In addition, performance of the preemphasis gain equalization technique is studied for multichannel systems employing APD or p-i-n/FET direct-detection optical receivers. Simple expressions are derived which can be used to quantify the increase in transmission distance obtained when employing preemphasis equalization. Results indicate that equalization of the received power spectrum can provide a two- to four-fold increase in the transmission distance when using APD receivers, compared to a one- to two-fold improvement with p-i-n/FET receivers. Analytic results are compared with results obtained by proven simulation methods and found to be in good agreement     

Application of preemphasis to achieve flat output OSNR intime-varying channels in cascaded EDFAs without equalization

In this paper, we present a new method for optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) equalization of wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) channels at the end of a cascade of several erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) by use of preemphasis, as well as the proper choice of EDFA design parameters. Identical OSNR at the end of the cascade ensures better signal detection and quality of service. The dynamics of the equalizing method have been demonstrated by simulation for single- and double-stage amplifier designs using a numerical model incorporating time variation effects in EDFA. Calculations are based on the solution of a transcendental equation describing the dynamics of the reservoir, i.e., the total number of excited ions, for each EDFA. Traffic on eight WDM channels is modeled as statistically independent ON-OFF time-slotted sources. In addition, we investigate the effect of gain clamping of the first amplifier in the cascade-by implementing a ring laser and propagating the lasing power through the cascade-on the statistics of OSNR variation. We show that it is possible to achieve dynamic OSNR equalization for a WDM system by the use of preemphasis and an appropriate choice of EDFA parameters, without resorting to optical equalization filters. Most previous equalization methods are static with flat gain for a given inversion level in the amplifier. Changes in the input power (due to network reconfiguration or packetized traffic) will lead to a varying inversion level and hence non optimal equalization     

具有动态增益均衡特性的低噪声全光增益箝位EDFA

针对全光增益箝位EDFA噪声指数恶化以及用于WDM系统时增益动态变化两个问题,提出具有动态增益均衡特性的低噪声全光增益箝位EDFA,在35 nm范围内,输入信号功率在-40 dBm到0 dBm之间变化时,增益变化被箝制在1 dB范围内,同时保持单波长输入噪声指数<4.5 dB,多波长输入增益谱不平坦度<0.4,噪声指数<5.5 dB,有效解决了以上问题.     

Gain equalization of EDFA's with Bragg gratings

Flat-gain amplifiers are needed to ensure proper amplification of every channel in wavelength-division-multiplexed communication systems. Such amplifiers can be realized by combining a precisely tailored filter with an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). In this letter, we show that Bragg gratings can lead to accurate EDFA gain equalization. Reflection and transmission gratings have been used to demonstrate gain equalization over 32 nm with excursion inferior to ±0.1 and ±0.3 dB, respectively. A maximum 0.04-dB noise-figure penalty results from this process. By extension, Bragg gratings could also equalize the gain of any arbitrary gain profile, over any arbitrary bandwidth     

EDFA-based DWDM lightwave transmission systems with end-to-end power and SNR equalization

An approximate analysis is presented which can be used to predict the performance of power and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) equalization schemes when applied to dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) lightwave systems employing erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) cascades. Expressions are provided which relate the maximum number of amplifiers, EDFA gain imbalance, bit rate (R/sub b/), transmitter power, receiver dynamic range and number of channels. The relative advantages of these two equalization strategies are quantified by comparing the maximum number of amplifiers allowed by each scheme. It is shown that, while SNR equalization represents, on balance, the more desirable equalization strategy for future EDFA-based DWDM lightwave transmission systems, under certain conditions power equalization may be a better choice. When employing an APD receiver, for instance, power equalization can support 1.9 times more amplifiers than SNR equalization. However, when employing the more conventional preamplified PIN/FET receiver, SNR equalization can support 1.7 times more amplifiers than power equalization.     

波分复用信号传输技术

本文介绍了波分复用系统中的多波长信号传输相关技术，主要包括光纤技术、色散管理、增益均衡、增益平坦ＥＤＦＡ及偏振优动等，分析了目前水平的发展方向     

Synthesis of long-period fiber gratings with the inverted erbium gain spectrum using the multiport lattice filter model

This paper proposes an accurate modeling technique of concatenated long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs). The proposed technique is then applied to the synthesis of LPFGs for the erbium gain equalization using both the simulated annealing and the steepest descent minimization technique. A piecewise-uniform LPFG is theoretically synthesized according to the inverted gain spectrum of a commercially available erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) over the range of 1525-1570 nm. Sensitivity analysis of the designed structure is presented by Monte Carlo simulation with regard to the manufactured amplitude mask. To verify a synthesizing technique using the proposed modeling, the piecewise-uniform LPFGs for gain flattening of EDFA are fabricated and their spectra are also presented experimentally.     

Effects of signal power control strategies and wavelength assignment algorithms on circuit OSNR in WDM networks

Software-defined networking is enabling wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) networks to be programmable down to individual components. While taking into account typical gain and noise figure profiles of erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) components, the authors consider a number of signal power control strategies and compare their performance in terms of achievable lightpath optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR). These strategies are applied network-wide to concurrently control the gain of each individual amplifier and the signal power equalization at each reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexer. Simulation and (in part) experimental results show that the lightpath OSNR is affected by three factors: the EDFA gain control strategy, power equalization strategy and wavelength assignment (WA) algorithm. A trade-off between lightpath average OSNR and OSNR variance across the WDM channels is also noted. Experimental work is conducted using a five-node meshed WDM network testbed proving both feasibility and effectiveness of a coordinated use of signal power control strategies and WA algorithms.     

多波长掺铒光纤激光放大器的放大特性研究

为了研究多波长掺铒光纤激光放大器的放大特性,在单频放大器的基础上,忽略放大自发辐射,推导了描述多波长掺铒双包层光纤放大器的稳态速率方程组,建立了多波长掺铒光纤放大器的理论模型。利用该模型对单波长放大、双波长放大、四波长放大的特性,进行了数值模拟和理论分析;以四波长的激光信号放大为例,对多波长掺铒光纤放大器的放大特性,均衡增益特性进行了研究。结果表明,在单波长注入情况下,光纤放大器的掺杂光纤存在最佳光纤长度为8m;与小信号放大不同,大功率掺铒光纤放大器在1530nm~1560nm之间增益谱趋于平坦;双波长放大输出功率差随着波长间隔的增加线性增大波长间隔为20nm时,通过调节输入信号功率比可以实现最大功率差6.855W的功率均衡补偿;四波长放大时,通过信号功率配比之后的四波长激光输出功率最大偏差为0.28W,在一定范围内实现了均衡增益。这一结果对于掺铒光纤激光的多波长激光输出以及在激光多普勒测风雷达中的应用具有一定帮助。