Multi-purpose droop controllers incorporating a passivity-based stabilizer for unified control of electronically interfaced distributed generators including primary source dynamics

This paper presents multi-purpose droop controllers for electronically-interfaced distributed generators (EI-DGs). These controllers allow the micro-grids to operate in grid-connected mode, islanded mode and mode transition transients with a unique control configuration. The active and reactive-power sharing among EI-DGs are satisfied by the proposed droop controllers in islanded mode. On the other hand, in the grid-connected mode, the droop controllers adjust the output active and reactive-powers of EI-DGs at the pre-programmed constant levels. The provision of sufficient damping capability and maintenance of the transient stability in all operational modes of EI-DGs are warranted by the suggested stabilizer. This stabilizer, which is designed using the passivity-based control (PBC) approach, is incorporated in the droop controllers to dampen power-angle, frequency and voltage deviations during large transients using solely local information. The primary source dynamics of EI-DGs are also considered. It is analytically proven that the presence of the primary source dynamics leads to attenuation of the damping capability of EI-DGs in transients. To compensate the adverse effect of the primary source dynamics during transients a novel compensator is inserted in the frequency-droop loop. Finally, time-domain simulations are performed on a multi-resources MG to verify the analytical results compared to those obtained, based on a recently-developed strategy.     

Adaptive super-twisting sliding mode control for a three-phase single-stage grid-connected differential boost inverter based photovoltaic system

This paper presents an adaptive super-twisting sliding mode control (STC) along with double-loop control for voltage tracking performance of three-phase differential boost inverter and DC-link capacitor voltage regulation in grid-connected PV system. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategies are demonstrated under realistic scenarios such as variations in solar insolation, load power demand, grid voltage, and transition from grid-connected to standalone mode etc. Additional supplementary power quality control functions such as harmonic compensation, and reactive power management are also investigated with the proposed control strategy. The results are compared with conventional proportional-integral controller, and PWM sliding mode controller. The system performance is evaluated in simulation and in real-time.     

基于飞轮储能和蓄电池的微电网控制策略

微电网作为一特殊的电网运行方式,可运行在并网和孤岛两种模式下。对微电网中的电源及整个微网进行有效控制是微电网技术中的关键。为保证微电网的稳定可靠运行,并在运行模式改变时,完成有效、平滑的切换,在构建不同类型的分布式电源的基础上,提出了以蓄电池为主电源,用飞轮保证不间断供电的微电网系统协调控制方法。该控制方法保证了微电网经济、稳定运行和良好的供电质量,并且能够在微网运行模式切换过程中维持其内部不间断供电并大幅减少暂态冲击,迅速过渡到稳态运行。建模仿真结果证明了该控制策略的有效性和精确性。     

Applying the min-projection strategy to improve the transient performance of the three-phase grid-connected inverter

Applying the min-projection strategy (MPS) to a three-phase grid-connected inverter to improve its transient performance is the main objective of this paper. For this purpose, the inverter is first modeled as a switched linear system. Then, the feasibility of the MPS technique is investigated and the stability criterion is derived. Hereafter, the fundamental equations of the MPS for the control of the inverter are obtained. The proposed scheme is simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC environment. The validity of the MPS approach is confirmed by comparing the obtained results with those of VOC method. The results demonstrate that the proposed method despite its simplicity provides an excellent transient performance, fully decoupled control of active and reactive powers, acceptable THD level and a reasonable switching frequency.     

静止无功发生器SVG的VF-DPC控制策略

针对静止无功发生器(SVG)传统电流控制方式输出谐波较多、电流响应速度慢的问题,介绍了静止无功发生器的工作原理及运行特性,提出了一种基于虚拟磁链定向的直接功率控制策略(VF-DPC),以瞬时功率与给定功率的计算差值为依据,在设计中采用双滞环结构的思路对电压矢量扇区内开关表进行改进,将差值送入开关表选取矢量,并以整流器开关的模式实现了系统控制。同时运用Matlab/Simulink工具,基于TSM320LF2812D型DSP的平台,对VF-DPC的补偿方案进行了仿真调试,将实验室搭建系统应用于冶金电网。研究结果表明,基于虚拟磁链定向的直接功率控制的静止无功发生器能够缩短补偿电流全动态响应时间,减小输出电流畸变量,且现场测试系统电网功率因数得到大幅提高,输出电压电流相位相同,完全满足系统无功补偿控制要求。     

Nonlinear control of voltage source converters in AC–DC power system

This paper presents the design of a robust nonlinear controller for a parallel AC–DC power system using a Lyapunov function-based sliding mode control (LYPSMC) strategy. The inputs for the proposed control scheme are the DC voltage and reactive power errors at the converter station and the active and reactive power errors at the inverter station of the voltage-source converter-based high voltage direct current transmission (VSC-HVDC) link. The stability and robust tracking of the system parameters are ensured by applying the Lyapunov direct method. Also the gains of the sliding mode control (SMC) are made adaptive using the stability conditions of the Lyapunov function. The proposed control strategy offers invariant stability to a class of systems having modeling uncertainties due to parameter changes and exogenous inputs. Comprehensive computer simulations are carried out to verify the proposed control scheme under several system disturbances like changes in short-circuit ratio, converter parametric changes, and faults on the converter and inverter buses for single generating system connected to the power grid in a single machine infinite-bus AC–DC network and also for a 3-machine two-area power system. Furthermore, a second order super twisting sliding mode control scheme has been presented in this paper that provides a higher degree of nonlinearity than the LYPSMC and damps faster the converter and inverter voltage and power oscillations.     

光伏反激并网微型逆变器THD性能仿真研究

针对光伏反激并网微型逆变器的输出功率随着太阳能电池输出功率不断地变化,且在逆变器的输出功率比较低时并网输出电流的总谐波失真(THD)指标不能满足并网要求的问题,研究利用PI准谐振控制器对光伏反激并网逆变器进行了并网控制。通过运用状态空间平均法建立了光伏反激并网微型逆变器的数学模型,基于该数学模型建立了仿真模型,对传统的PI控制器与PI准谐振控制器的控制性能进行了仿真分析。研究结果表明,在不同输入电压、负载条件下,采用PI控制器的逆变器输出并网电流的THD较大,不能满足并网要求;而采用PI准谐振控制器时THD均小于5%,能满足并网要求,从而验证了新控制方法的有效性。     

A robust nonlinear stabilizer as a controller for improving transient stability in micro-grids

This paper proposes a parametric-Lyapunov approach to the design of a stabilizer aimed at improving the transient stability of micro-grids (MGs). This strategy is applied to electronically-interfaced distributed resources (EI-DRs) operating with a unified control configuration applicable to all operational modes (i.e. grid-connected mode, islanded mode, and mode transitions). The proposed approach employs a simple structure compared with other nonlinear controllers, allowing ready implementation of the stabilizer. A new parametric-Lyapunov function is proposed rendering the proposed stabilizer more effective in damping system transition transients. The robustness of the proposed stabilizer is also verified based on both time-domain simulations and mathematical proofs, and an ultimate bound has been derived for the frequency transition transients. The proposed stabilizer operates by deploying solely local information and there are no needs for communication links. The deteriorating effects of the primary resource delays on the transient stability are also treated analytically. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed stabilizer is evaluated through time-domain simulations and compared with the recently-developed stabilizers performed on a multi-resource MG.     

内模控制方法在永磁直驱潮流发电系统中的应用研究

针对永磁直驱潮流发电控制系统设计的问题,对潮流流速模型、最大功率追踪策略、永磁电机矢量控制、并网逆变器控制等方面进行了研究,提出了一种基于内模控制的转速控制算法以及一种新型的并网逆变器模型。使用内模控制器代替了机侧转速外环PI控制器,同时使用并网逆变器小信号模型设计了较准确的并网逆变器的控制参数。最后,基于上述算法和模型,在Matlab软件平台中对潮流发电系统进行了仿真,并对比了传统PI控制和内模控制下潮流发电系统的输出波形。仿真结果显示,所提出的优化控制策略能够准确控制发电机输出的有功功率、并网有功功率并且能够实现无功功率独立调节以及高功率因数并网运行。     

ADAPTIVE FEED-FORWARD COMPENSATOR FOR HARMONIC CANCELLATION IN ELECTRO- HYDRAULIC SERVO SYSTEM

Since the dead zone phenomenon occurs in electro-hydraulic servo system, the output of the system corresponding to a sinusoidal input contains higher harmonic besides the fundamental input, which causes harmonic distortion of the output signal. The method for harmonic cancellation based on adaptive filter is proposed. The task is accomplished by generating reference signals with frequency that should be eliminated from the output. The reference inputs are weighted by the adaptive filter in such a way that it closely matches the harmonic. The output of the adaptive filter is a harmonic replica and is injected to the fundamental signal such that the output harmonic is cancelled leaving the desired signal alone, and the total harmonic distortion （THD） is greatly reduced. The weights of filter are adjusted on-line according to the control error by using least-mean-square （LMS） algorithm. Simulation results performed with a hydraulic system demonstrate the efficiency and validity of the proposed adaptive feed-forward compensator （AFC） control scheme     

Solid-state transformer-based new traction drive system and control

A new type of traction drive system consisting of solid-state traction transformer (SSTT), inverter unit, auxiliary inverter, traction motor and other key components is built in order to suit the demand of developing the next-generation electric traction system which will be efficient and lightweight, with high power density. For the purpose of reducing system volume and weight and improving efficiency and grid-side power quality, an efficient SSTT optimized topology combining high-voltage cascaded rectifiers with high-power high-frequency LLC resonant converter is proposed. On this basis, an integrated control strategy built upon synchronous rotating reference frame is presented to achieve unified control over fundamental active, reactive and harmonic components. The carrier-interleaving phase shift modulation strategy is proposed to improve the harmonic performance of cascaded rectifiers. In view of the secondary pulsating existing in a single-phase system, the mathematical model of secondary power transfer is built, and the mechanism of pulsating voltage resulting in beat frequency of LLC resonant converter is revealed, so as to design optimum matching of system parameters. Simulation and experimental results have verified that the traction system and control scheme mentioned in this paper are reasonable and superior and that they meet the future application requirements for rail transit.     

Optimal control in microgrid using multi-agent reinforcement learning

This paper presents an improved reinforcement learning method to minimize electricity costs on the premise of satisfying the power balance and generation limit of units in a microgrid with grid-connected mode. Firstly, the microgrid control requirements are analyzed and the objective function of optimal control for microgrid is proposed. Then, a state variable "Average Electricity Price Trend" which is used to express the most possible transitions of the system is developed so as to reduce the complexity and randomicity of the microgrid, and a multi-agent architecture including agents, state variables, action variables and reward function is formulated. Furthermore, dynamic hierarchical reinforcement learning, based on change rate of key state variable, is established to carry out optimal policy exploration. The analysis shows that the proposed method is beneficial to handle the problem of "curse of dimensionality" and speed up learning in the unknown large-scale world. Finally, the simulation results under JADE (Java Agent Development Framework) demonstrate the validity of the presented method in optimal control for a microgrid with grid-connected mode.     

一种并网逆变器的新型复合控制设计

针对并网逆变器在瞬态能量回馈中快速性和抗干扰性的要求,提出了一种新型的复合控制方法。该方法融合了重复控制和滑模变结构控制的优点,利用重复控制优化了等效控制的跟踪特性,有效抑制了并网电流谐波,加快了系统动态响应速度,提高了系统抗干扰性能。仿真和实验结果表明,系统稳态并网电流5次谐波畸变率可控制在1.5%,网侧功率因数接近于1,动态电流响应速度快,有效抑制了能量变化对直流母线电压的影响,从而证明了所提出复合控制方法的有效性。     

基于改进Buck-Boost斩波电路的无功补偿器设计

针对电网中大量感性负载的投入使用造成电压降低和畸变的问题,以及现有无功补偿装置存在的不足,提出了一种新型的交流斩波无功补偿器.以改进后的Buck-boost交流斩波无功补偿器为研究对象,分析了交流斩波无功补偿的工作原理、补偿特性以及拓扑结构,通过状态空间方程建立了Buck-boost电路在不同工作状态下的数学模型,推导出补偿电流与占空比之间的关系.在此基础上,利用瞬时无功功率理论检测办法以及直接电流控制策略,搭建了Matlab仿真模型以进行实验验证.研究结果表明,基于直接电流控制的改进Buck-boost交流斩波无功补偿器可以实现对电网侧无功功率进行实时、动态补偿,具有潜在的实用价值.     

基于ＰＩＤ控制算法的直流微网容错控制方法研究

构建直流微网容错控制对象模型，调节直流微电网的输出回路参数；以输出功率、直流微网的 参考电压、弱电网下系统惯性响应特征等为约束参量，构建直流微网容错控制目标函数，在不同电网强度下 进行直流微网容错控制的参数自整定性调节，采用无功环比例积分控制方法进行直流微网容错寻优分析， 建立模糊 ＰＩＤ控制模型，采用变结构的模糊 ＰＩＤ控制方法进行直流微网容错控制过程中的自适应加权学习 和误差反馈调节，实现直流微网容错控制改进设计。仿真结果表明，采用该方法进行直流微网控制的容错 性能较好，输出稳定性较强，具有较好的直流微网输出增益。     

RTDS implementation of an improved sliding mode based inverter controller for PV system

This paper proposes a novel approach for testing dynamics and control aspects of a large scale photovoltaic (PV) system in real time along with resolving design hindrances of controller parameters using Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). In general, the harmonic profile of a fast controller has wide distribution due to the large bandwidth of the controller. The major contribution of this paper is that the proposed control strategy gives an improved voltage harmonic profile and distribute it more around the switching frequency along with fast transient response; filter design, thus, becomes easier. The implementation of a control strategy with high bandwidth in small time steps of Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) is not straight forward. This paper shows a good methodology for the practitioners to implement such control scheme in RTDS. As a part of the industrial process, the controller parameters are optimized using particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to improve the low voltage ride through (LVRT) performance under network disturbance. The response surface methodology (RSM) is well adapted to build analytical models for recovery time (R_t), maximum percentage overshoot (MPOS), settling time (T_s), and steady state error (E_ss) of the voltage profile immediate after inverter under disturbance. A systematic approach of controller parameter optimization is detailed. The transient performance of the PSO based optimization method applied to the proposed sliding mode controlled PV inverter is compared with the results from genetic algorithm (GA) based optimization technique. The reported real time implementation challenges and controller optimization procedure are applicable to other control applications in the field of renewable and distributed generation systems.     

Design and implementation of a new modified sliding mode controller for grid-connected inverter to controlling the voltage and frequency

As the output power of a microgrid with renewable energy sources should be regulated based on the grid conditions, using robust controllers to share and balance the power in order to regulate the voltage and frequency of microgrid is critical. Therefore a proper control system is necessary for updating the reference signals and determining the proportion of each inverter in the microgrid control. This paper proposes a new adaptive method which is robust while the conditions are changing. This controller is based on a modified sliding mode controller which provides adapting conditions in linear and nonlinear loads. The performance of the proposed method is validated by representing the simulation results and experimental lab results.     

一种低压有源电力滤波器设计

面向电网谐波的治理,研发了一种基于瞬时无功功率理论的有源电力滤波器。采用TMS320F2812作为控制核心,使用IGBT作为开关器件,通过产生与负载谐波电流次数相等、幅值相等但相位相反的补偿电流注入电网,降低电网侧的谐波含量,并减少谐波源负载对相邻设备的高频电磁干扰,同时补偿一定的无功功率。配电系统实测表明,所研发的基于瞬时无功功率理论的有源电力滤波器投运后,大幅度减少了配电系统中的谐波含量,并有效修正了电压波形。     

An intelligent dc current minimization method for transformerless grid-connected photovoltaic inverters

Due to the scaling and zero-drift of current sensor errors, unbalanced grid voltages, tolerance of power switching devices, and asymmetry of PWM gate driving pulses, transformerless grid-connected inverters usually have certain amount of dc components injected to the ac grid. Therefore, power quality of the grid is degraded. Many efforts, such as using blocking capacitors, a dc current feedback control method, and a voltage dc component feedback control method, etc., have been introduced to minimize the dc injection. This paper proposes an intelligent control strategy of dc current injection suppression to the grid by utilizing adaptive-back-propagation (ABP) neural network PID controller. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated and compared with the traditional and existing method. Finally, the control scheme is verified on a 2-kW three-phase grid-connected inverter in the laboratory.     

基于DSP的低压无功自动补偿控制器的研究与设计

提出一种采用DSP芯片作为控制核心的控制器，它能自动跟踪检测电网的无功功率和电压，实现无功功率的动态快速补偿，同时，完成对低压电网的配电监测，谐波治理和电能计量等多种功能。