Simulation of workpiece forming and centre displacement in plunge centreless grinding

By reducing the set-up time of centreless grinding system, higher process flexibility and productivity can be obtained. This goal is approached by developing a simulation model that assists in efficient centreless grinding system set-up. In this paper, an analytical modelling of plunge centreless grinding is described. The developed model incorporates the workpiece forming mechanism along with workpiece dynamics and facilitates the simulation of workpiece form and its centre displacement. The prototype simulation model has been embedded within a spreadsheet environment and experimentally verified.     

GCr15钢平面磨削力仿真分析与实验研究

目的 对不同磨削工艺参数下的平面磨削力进行预测,对磨削机理进行研究,进而控制磨削加工质量。方法 考虑CBN砂轮表面磨粒形状的多样性、姿态的多样性和空间分布的随机性,建立CBN砂轮模型,对GCr15材料模型进行有限元砂轮磨削仿真。同时使用CBN砂轮,采用不同的工件进给速度对GCr15进行单因素平面磨削实验,使用三坐标测力仪测量不同磨削参数下的磨削力。结果 建立的仿真砂轮模型的表面形貌与真实砂轮接近,仿真砂轮上的磨粒出刃高度均服从正态分布,与实际砂轮一致。对比随机多面体磨粒模型和真实CBN磨粒照片,两者形貌相似。磨削力实验和仿真结果表明,工件进给速度由3 m/min增大到18 m/min时,磨削力逐渐增大,仿真所得法向磨削力最大误差远小于切向磨削力。结论 实验结果与仿真结果具有一致性,证明了砂轮磨削有限元仿真模型可用于磨削力预测。因为仿真中无法考虑实际砂轮尺寸和砂轮表面结合剂对磨削的影响,结果具有一定误差,仿真的准确性有待进一步提高。研究结果为使用有限元方法研究磨削机理和控制磨削加工质量提供了思路。     

High-performance dry grinding using a grinding wheel with a defined grain pattern

This paper presents the potential of a superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel with a defined grain pattern for dry surface grinding operations. The grinding wheel's grain pattern is developed by kinematic simulation with special focus on the undeformed chip thickness. Current experimental investigations of dry grinding operations of hardened heat-treated steel are carried out with a material removal rate of Q^′w=70 mm³/mm s. The measured grinding forces, workpiece temperatures, as well as workpiece surface quality and workpiece integrity are compared to wet grinding and a standard superabrasive electroplated grinding wheel as a reference process.     

Analysis and simulation of the grinding process. Part I: Generation of the grinding wheel surface

This paper is in three parts describing the analysis and simulation of the grinding process. This first part is concerned with the generation of the wheel surface by single point diamond dressing. In grinding, the grinding wheel has to be dressed periodically to restore wheel form and cutting efficiency. Understanding the process of generating the grinding wheel surface is important for the control of the grinding process. Generation of the wheel surface is simulated as a single diamond dressing process on a computer generated wheel. The wheel is simulated by grains randomly spaced in the wheel volume. The topography of the wheel cutting surface is generated by simulating the action of an ideal dressing tool as it dresses the wheel. The simulation of the wheel topography takes account of the motion of the dressing tool, grain size, grain spacing, grain fracture and grain break-out. The simulated cutting surface is used for further simulations of grinding. The simulation of grinding using the simulated grinding wheel surface is described in Sections 2 and 3 where a comparison is made of results predicted from simulation with results obtained from experiments. By matching simulated and experimental results, it is possible to explain the relative importance of dressing and grinding parameters.     

航发钛合金叶片金刚石砂带磨削的磨粒磨损研究

金刚石砂带精密磨削航空发动机钛合金叶片时,砂带磨损对加工精度及表面质量一致性影响很大。针对这一问题,利用ABAQUS软件开展单颗磨粒磨削过程仿真研究,进而进行航发钛合金叶片金刚石砂带磨削试验。仿真及试验结果表明:在磨削速度为10～20 m/s时,摩擦接触点的温度达700 K以上,且随磨削速度的增大而升高;砂带磨损程度随磨削速度的增大而升高,与磨削速度对摩擦接触点磨削温度的影响规律一致。M10/20金刚石砂带的磨损形式为磨粒损耗和磨粒脱落,磨屑的黏结加剧了砂带的磨损。      

Grinding of PCBN cutting inserts

PCBN cutting inserts have been more often used in order to attend to the demands of an economically viable process and to lead to a proper workpiece surface quality. A proper application of this cutting material requires its adequate processing. Plunge-face grinding is used for finishing the inserts after sintering. To choose a suitable grinding tool and process parameters, the properties of the ground cutting inserts must be taken into account. Therefore, the influence of PCBN grain size and composition on the insert cutting edge and surface quality has to be investigated. This work aims to give an overview of material removal mechanisms, process forces and abrasive grain wear during grinding different PCBN inserts. It was found that the insert quality depends mainly on the material removal mechanism, which in the studied case is defined by the PCBN grain size.     

Modelling, simulation and experimental investigation of chip formation in internal traverse grinding

We present recent developments in modelling and simulation of internal traverse grinding, a high speed machining process which enables both a large material removal rate and high surface quality. We invoke a hybrid modelling framework, including a process scale model, simulations on a mesoscale capturing the proximity of a single cBN grain and an analysis framework to investigate the grinding wheel topography. Moreover, we perform experiments to verify our simulations. Focus in this context is the influence of the cutting speed variation on the grain specific heat generation.     

Grinding characteristics,material removal and damage formation mechanisms in high removal rate grinding of silicon carbide

Development of advanced ceramics such as silicon carbide has gained significant importance because of their desirable properties. However, their engineering applications are still limited owing to the limitations in developing damage-free and economical machining techniques. It is often desired to increase the machining rate to improve productivity while maintaining the desired surface integrity. The success of this approach, however, requires a fundamental understanding of the material removal and damage formation mechanism in grinding. In this paper, high removal rate grinding of silicon carbide was investigated with respect to material removal and basic grinding parameters using a diamond grinding wheel. The results showed that the material removal was primarily due to the microfracture and grain dislodgement under the grinding conditioned selected. For grain dislodgement removal mode, the relationship for the removal rate in scratching based on a simple fracture mechanics analysis has been established. This research provides valuable insights into the surface and subsurface integrity and material removal mechanism during high removal rate grinding of silicon carbide.     

A study of the convection heat transfer coefficients of grinding fluids

By using hydrodynamic and thermal modelling, the variation of the convection heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) of the process fluids within the grinding zone has been investigated. Experimental measurements of CHTC for different grinding fluids have been undertaken and show that the CHTC depends on the grinding wheel speed and the fluid film thickness within the contact zone. The film thickness is determined by grinding wheel speed, porosity, grain size, fluid type, flow rate and nozzle size. The CHTC values are compared for a wide range of grinding regimes, including high efficiency deep grinding (HEDG), creep feed and finish grinding.     

单颗磨粒的平面磨削三维动态有限元仿真

将磨粒简化为圆锥形,利用Deform-3D软件,进行了单颗磨粒的平面磨削的三维动态有限元仿真。分析了砂轮与工件表面之间的摩擦系数相同而磨削速度不同时对磨削力产生的影响,以及磨削速度相同而摩擦系数不同时对磨削力产生的影响。结果表明：未变形磨屑厚度不变时,单位磨削力随着砂轮速度的增加而增大,在砂轮速度的低速区,单位磨削力增加较快,而在砂轮速度的高速区,单位磨削力增加得较慢;在磨削速度不变时,单颗磨粒的磨削力随着摩擦系数的增加而增加。     

Development of a Novel Modular and Agile Face Machining Technology

A novel face machining technology has been achieved by combining milling and grinding into one operation. The system's ability to control these distinct metal removal processes independently provides a high degree of process agility in terms of metal removal rate, surface finish and part flatness. A physics based model of the combined process has been developed to aid process development. It provides force and deflection values resulting from the unique excitation of milling and grinding together with the dynamics of the machine, fixture and part. The simulations are presently being validated using a prototype machine based on this machining technology.     

磨粒有序多孔立方氮化硼砂轮高效磨削高温合金烧伤研究

针对高温合金高效磨削过程中存在磨削烧伤问题,基于氧化铝空心球造孔与高温钎焊技术,研制了多层磨粒有序排布的多孔立方氮化硼(Cubic Boron Nitride,简称CBN)砂轮,开展了高效磨削GH4169镍基高温合金试验研究,分析了缓进给磨削中工件表面突发性烧伤特征,并提出采用添加石墨导流块来抑制工件烧伤策略。研究结果表明:添加石墨块导流后,缓进深切磨削砂轮最大材料去除率可提高3倍以上。当切深为0.2mm时,高速磨削时砂轮最大材料去除率可达20mm3/(mm·s)。当材料去除率为2mm3/(mm·s)时,随着磨削速度增大,磨削温度先下降后上升,当vs=80m/s时磨削温度最低。越过临界速度100m/s,磨削温度则呈下降趋势。     

磨削过程中砂轮耐用度的试验研究

当砂轮磨钝时,磨削力、力比、磨削振动振幅、磨削噪声声压、磨削表面粗糙度以及工件不圆度均会发生急剧变化,因此可把它发生急变以前的某一时间作为砂轮的耐用度。本文根据所建立的砂轮耐用度判定标准,研究了外圆磨削300M超高强度钢时磨削参数对砂轮耐用度的影响。     

氧化铝增韧陶瓷的高效ELID精密磨削实验研究

氧化物增韧陶瓷是一种高技术陶瓷材料,具有高强度、高韧性以及良好的耐磨、耐腐蚀性能。在一般的加工过程中,采用普通树脂砂轮对硬度较高的氧化铝增韧陶瓷材料进行磨削时,磨料的消耗比较快,磨削比较低,仅为8,10左右。通过ELID磨削对氧化铝陶瓷进行高效磨削实验,从砂轮速度、进给速度、砂轮粒度和砂轮电解活化钝化趋势等因素中,找到合适的加工工艺参数,使效率和精度达到最优。实验表明,砂轮速度和进给速度对磨削比影响较大;砂轮粒度和砂轮电解活化钝化趋势对表面质量影响较多。使用优化后的ELID磨削工艺使氧化铝陶瓷材料的加工效率提高了50％。磨削比增大到60～100。     

Optimization of grinding in reverse flotation for bauxite

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Engineered wheels for grinding of optical glass

This paper focuses on the evaluation of topographical parameters characterizing the influence on the behaviour and finally the process results by applying engineered diamond wheels in machining hard and brittle materials. Here, coarse-grained, single-layered diamond grinding wheels with electroplated abrasive layers and active-brazed, defined grain pattern have been dressed by a special conditioning process and used in precision grinding experiments on optical glass. The characterization of the abrasive layer topography was done by two topographical parameters, the specific total grain plateau area A′_G,total and the average grain cutting edge width b_G,a, determined by 3D-profilometry of replicated abrasive layers after each dressing step.     

铸铁结合剂金刚石砂轮ELID磨削硬质合金的性能研究

硬质合金具有硬度高、强度好、耐腐蚀和耐磨损的特点,采用传统方法难以满足精密及超精密加工的技术要求.本文采用不同粒度的铸铁结合剂金刚石砂轮ELID镜面磨削硬质合金,得到了不同加工效率以及不同加工表面质量的硬质合金磨削效果,揭示了不同粒度砂轮其磨削性能变化的规律与作用.实验结果表明:在相同的进给量下,粗粒度砂轮的磨削效率较高,能更好地控制工件的尺寸精度.细粒度砂轮则磨削效率较低,但能获得优良的加工表面质量.砂轮表面的氧化膜在磨削过程中扮演非常重要的角色,磨粒的粒径与砂轮表面氧化膜厚度的比值大小决定了砂轮的磨削性能.氧化膜的形成又受到电解参数的影响,可以通过对电解参数的调节实现高效率高精度的ELID磨削.     

Three Dimensional Finite Element Simulation of Transient Heat Transfer in High Efficiency Deep Grinding

3D Finite Element simulations have been carried out to investigate transient heat transfer under high efficiency deep grinding (HEDG) conditions. The results have been compared to those obtained from 2D analytical models and experimental measurements. It has been found that the steady-state heat transfer condition can be readily obtained in HEDG after the maximum contact length is achieved and that side wall convective cooling has little effect on the grinding temperatures for thin steel plates. The temperature distribution on the workpiece across the grinding width in cylindrical grinding shows obvious slopes and film boiling of grinding fluid may occur at the trailing edge of grinding width. Good agreement has been found between the FE results and experimental observations. 3D FE simulation and 2D analytical modelling predict quite similar values for the maximum temperatures on the finished surface of the workpiece.     

Solid modeling based servo system design for a high speed micro grinding machine

The flourishing hi-tech industry development has prompted the need to carry out high performance servo design and testing without actually having to construct a prototype system. However, the complicated mechanical structure and the nonlinear effects in many of the high performance systems have made it very difficult to carry out the design without a suitable model. In recent years, the software advances has achieved very accurate dynamic simulation result. It is also possible to integrate the control synthesis with the dynamic simulation. This study examines the possibility of performing the servo design within the system design environment and then applies the result to a realistic platform model. The robust sliding mode controller is employed to deal with the nonlinear characteristics in the grinding machine. The dynamic model included the multi-degree of freedom behavior and the friction effects. The simulation results also show that the sliding mode controller is able to suppress the structure resonances and achieve high accuracy control under plant uncertainties.     

磨削参数对陶瓷加工表面粗糙度影响的实验研究

通过对砂轮粒度、砂轮速度、磨削深度、进给速度等4因素及各因素之间交互3水平正交实验的数据分析，证明砂轮粒度对表面粗糙度影响最大，在各因素中起主导作用。发现砂轮粒度和砂轮速度的交互对表面粗糙度的影响大于砂轮速度单因素的影响，粒度和磨削深度的交互对表面粗糙度的影响大于磨削深度单因素的影响，砂轮粒度和工件速度的交互对表面粗糙度的影响大于工件速度单因素的影响。因此，应按砂轮粒度与切削用量的交互对表面粗糙度的影响规律来确定切削用量各参数的选择，而不能按单因素对表面粗糙度的影响规律来确定切削用量参数。