高压富水充填溶腔释能降压技术

高压富水充填溶腔具有水量大、水压高、规模范围大、充填介质复杂的特征,工程施工风险极高,采用传统的注浆法进行处理,受地层的不均一性、材料选择、技术水平的影响,难免会出现注浆盲区,施工中一旦注浆盲区被高压水击穿,将会发生大规模突水突泥,造成灾害。针对宜万铁路所遇到的高压富水充填溶腔,通过科技攻关,提出采取释能降压新技术进行处治。经现场实践,安全、经济、可靠,并取得了成功。释能降压技术是针对高压富水充填溶腔采取有计划、有目的的精确爆破揭示,从而释放溶腔所存储的能量,降低施工及运营过程中水土压力对隧道形成影响,之后,通过配套处治措施完成溶腔治理。     

宜万铁路大支坪隧道+990岩溶治理技术

主要介绍宜万铁路大支坪隧道DK133＋990岩溶异常体水文地质特征、岩溶发育规模、高压富水溶腔突水突泥经过及特点,并根据溶洞工程、水文地质条件及历次突水突泥机理,综合考虑施工及运营安全等多种因素,遵循“释能降压、注浆加固、超前支护、综合治理”的原则进行溶洞治理。     

宜万铁路马鹿箐隧道高压富水岩溶治理技术

岩溶灾害严重危及隧道施工的安全,影响施工的进度,是目前国内外隧道建设面临的重点和难点问题。首先对马鹿箐隧道历次涌突水特征进行了分析,主要阐述了超前地质预报技术、水文观测、反坡追排水清淤技术和泄水释能工法等技术在＋978溶腔的岩溶水处治中的应用,最后对溶腔揭示后隧道跨越溶腔段的工程处治措施进行了详细介绍。马鹿箐岩溶隧道成功的施工经验,为今后类似隧道工程中大体量高压富水隐伏岩溶问题的处理提供参考和借鉴。     

马鹿箐隧道＋978特大、高压隐伏富水溶腔综合处理施工技术

马鹿箐隧道＋978特大、高压隐伏富水溶腔的综合处理施工，运用了“释能降压”和“特大体量高压隐伏溶腔泄水”等施工方法，采用了TSP等地质预报综合物探技术探测溶腔，使用了超前帷幕注浆和管棚等常规技术手段，溶腔隧底采取桩基承台改善衬砌结构的受力状态，为长大复杂岩溶隧道施工技术做了一次全新的探索。     

云雾山隧道岩溶发育特征及治理

对隧道揭示岩溶、岩溶特征及处理措施进行了详细介绍,并对不同岩溶类型提出针对性的治理对策。同时强调在遭遇大规模高压富水充填溶腔时,对宏观地质背景的分析和认识在决定治理方案时的重要作用。提出长大岩溶隧道施工时遇到大规模岩溶时有针对性的采用绕避方案,及时调整施工组织,确保工期目标的实现。     

齐岳山隧道F11高压富水断层带注浆施工技术

隧道岩溶、断裂带等高压涌水是隧道修建中比较难以解决的问题,隧道突涌水地质灾害频繁发生,成为影响隧道施工和安全的主要障碍。宜万铁路齐岳山隧道所穿越暗河、溶洞、断层破碎带等不良地质高压突涌水地段,给施工带来很大的困难。目前正在施工的齐岳山隧道F11断层破碎带,水压高、水量大、地质条件复杂,成为唯一制约全线的主要技术难题。以平导F11断层的注浆施工治水防坍为实例,介绍F11高水压断裂带治水防坍新方案、新工艺及效果检查新方法等,为以后类似工程积累经验。     

高压富水断层“外堵内固注浆法”设计新理念与工程实践

宜万铁路齐岳山隧道F11断层由断层角砾岩、破裂岩、断层泥组成,断层内富含高压水,超前探孔单孔最大涌水量1800m^3／h,水压力2．5MPa。针对F11高压富水断层,前期按“以堵为主、限量排放”施工原则,采取全断面帷幕注浆措施,注浆工程量大、进度慢。为及早攻克F11高压富水断层,建设单位多次邀请院士、专家现场踏勘、研讨,提出“注浆加固、分水降压、快挖陕封、加强监测、综合治理”施工技术方案,将全断面帷幕注浆调整为外堵内固注浆。对于高压富水断层,通常的设计是加固圈厚一些、加固体强一些,而外堵内固注浆是将隧道周边岩体、水量及水压力分布假定为不均匀性,从而通过超前探孔锁定弱水区和强水区,针对弱水区采取基本注浆,对强水区采取加强注浆,注浆机理为“封堵裂隙、减少水量;固结围岩、改良地层。”注浆时,先通过区域定位孔进行无约束注浆堵水,从而使地层中水量得到有效控制,然后按“合理步距、封堵水流,由外到内、环环相扣,间隔跳孔、锁定水源,增加补孔、区域加强”的注浆理念进行注浆施工。通过现场实践,外堵内固注浆能达到注浆堵水和加固效果。外堵内固注浆与全断面帷幕注浆相比,注浆孔数量和注浆量减少50％,在水量大时,注浆进度提高80％,一股隋况下提高50％以上,因此,外堵内固注浆具有广阔的推广应用价值。     

岩溶隧道衬砌水压力分布规律研究

长期以来隧道衬砌水压力问题,一直是人们争论的焦点。依托宜万铁路岩溶隧道工程,对不同防排水方式（即全封堵、堵排结合及排放方式）的隧道衬砌水压力分布规律进行研究,研究方法主要采用模型试验及现场测试方法,模型试验的比例尺为1：16,试验台架可同时施加土压和水压。通过模型试验得出水压力分布规律：全封堵条件下衬砌背后水压力不能折减,注浆圈也不能有效减小水压力;隧道内排水后衬砌背后水压力明显减小,并随着排水量的增加,水压力基本成直线下降;相同排水量时,注浆效果越好,衬砌背后水压力减小越明显;隧道采用全排导方式时,衬砌仍承受一定的水压。由模型试验得出的水压分布规律的部分结论,在现场水压力测试中得到了验证。     

野三关隧道溶腔溃口处理技术

以野三关隧道富水溶腔溃口坍塌段处理为例,介绍在排水降压条件下采用注浆加固方式进行坍方处理施工过程,钻孔注浆机械设备配套以及有边界条件下注浆过程控制措施,以期对类似工程问题的处理提供一定的借鉴作用。     

断层破碎带隧道涌水处治措施研究

富水断层破碎带是隧道施工中最常见的不良地质现象,是造成隧道突涌水、大变形等隧道施工地质灾害的主要原因。该研究基于流固耦合理论,采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件研究了不同防排水方式、不同注浆圈厚度及渗透系数对隧道围岩稳定性的影响。结果表明：当注浆厚度5 m、注浆圈相对渗透系数比为50时,衬砌堵水限排的防排水方式最佳,且现场应用效果良好。研究结果可为富水断层破碎带隧道防排水系统设计提供参考。     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.     

The Candela and Photometric and Radiometric Measurements

The national measurement system for photometric and radiometric quantities is presently based upon techniques that make these quantities traceable to a high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer. The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. Additionally, the development of improved photodetectors has had a significant impact on the methodology in most of the radiometric measurement areas. This paper will review the status of the NIST implementation of the technical changes mandated by the 1979 redefinition of the candela and its effect upon the maintenance and dissemination of optical radiation measurements.     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。     

PSD和PWELCH函数的分析改进及应用

针对MATLAB中两个内建功率谱密度计算函数psd()和pwelch()计算结果迥异的现象,在功率谱密度估计理论的基础上,根据经典的周期图理论和Welch平均周期图方法,通过详细分析源程序,解析计算方法,发现psd()计算的并不是工程单边功率谱密度,而是采样信号双边谱,故与pwelch()结果迥异,另外pwelch()不能对分段信号数据进行预处理。就上述不足提出了相应的改进措施,比较验证表明改进措施行之有效。     

Creation and motion of dislocations and fracture in metal and silicon crystals

By making a step on one surface ( ) of a rectangular small paralellepiped copper crystal, dislocations could be created by the molecular dynamic method. The dislocation created was not a complete edge dislocation but a pair of Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations. Each time a dislocation was created, the stress on the surface was released. Small copper crystals having a notch were pulled (until fracture), compressed and buckled by use of the molecular dynamic method. An embedded atom potential was used to represent the interaction between atoms. Dislocations were created near the tip of the notch. A very sharp yield stress was observed. The results of high speed deformations of pure silicon small crystals using the molecular dynamics are presented. The results suggest that plastic deformation may be possible for the silicon with a high speed deformation even at room temperature. Another small size single crystal, the same size and the same surfaces, was compressed using molecular dynamic method. The surfaces are {110}, {112} and {111}. The compressed direction was [111]. It was found that silicon crystals are possible to be compressed with a high speed deformation. This may suggest that silicon may be plastically deformed with high speed deformation.     

Miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors and pumps

In the paper, the observable trends of the actual research and development of selected types of miniature and MEMS-type vacuum sensors are presented. Some information about the new types of active vacuum gauges, which are offered by the leading manufacturers of the vacuum measurement instruments, is given. Next, the list of MEMS devices that need vacuum for proper operation is presented. Some aspects of vacuum-encapsulation of MEMS devices, on wafer level and package level are shown. The new conceptions of obtaining and maintenance of high and ultra-high vacuum in MEMS devices are described. They concern the conception of integration of a miniature orbitron pump on-chip with MEMS-type device or with vacuum part of the portable advanced instruments such as electron microscope, ion mass spectrometer, and free electron laser.     

Density and viscosity of tetralin and trans-decalin

New measurements are reported for the density and viscosity of tetralin and trans-decalin. The density was determined from room temperature to 60°C for tetralin and to 95°C for trans-decalin. The kinematic viscosity was measured up to temperatures slightly above 100°C. Our results improve upon the values recommended by the American Petroleum Institute for these liquids.