日照作用对热源建筑自然通风影响的研究

参照变电站主变压器室，建立了双侧开口热源建筑数值模型，通过改变大气透过率（sunshine fraction）的大小改变日照强度，利用FL U EN T进行求解，考察日照作用对热源建筑自然通风流动的影响。计算结果表明：日照作用影响热源建筑室内外热量传递的大小和方向，当大气透过率为0．15时，室内外两侧传递热量达到平衡。较大的日照强度导致通风量增大，室内气流速度分布更均匀，日照作用下不同高度的气流温度受到的主要影响因素不同。     

基于日照与风环境模拟的居住区规划设计方案优化

为了提高既有建筑的风环境，以河北省石家庄市某居住区初期规划设计方案为研究对象，采用众智日照软件与Phoenics风环境软件对方案进行日照和风环境模拟，研究建筑朝向、建筑高度和建筑布局对居住区日照、风速和风压的影响，得到满足规划条件的居住区优化方案及规划阶段日照和风环境的优化策略，为居住区规划方案的优化提供参考。     

江苏地区新农村建设中建筑节能改造的经济性分析

通过实地调研,考察了南京、常州、淮安地区居民住宅的建筑结构、建筑日照、通风遮阳、空调使用习惯等基本情况,分析了目前居民住宅建筑的热环境和采取的节能措施,并进一步分析了其节能潜力,为相关部门制定及调整能源政策提供依据.     

日照分析在光伏组件排布中的应用

将传统建筑日照分析方法应用于建筑光伏领域,针对光伏自身特点对地面电站、BMPV建筑以及光伏景观等进行分类分析和讨论,并结合工程实例对日照分析在光伏领域的应用进行具体描述.     

西安市住宅小区太阳能的应用分析

以绿色建筑中可再生能源与建筑一体化为出发点,结合西安市的太阳能资源情况,对西安市某小区建筑的日照条件进行模拟并对建筑外立面进行分析。考虑集中式太阳能生活热水系统及分散式太阳能热水系统在该小区的适用性,得出适宜安装太阳能集热板的建筑类型。针对安装太阳能热水系统的建筑进行了静态回收年限分析,使得经济效益最大化。     

居住建筑耗能设备的相关调查和统计分析

为全面了解建筑能耗水平、建筑终端商品能耗结构、建筑用能模式,于2005年4月在无锡市范围内进行了一次住宅建筑能耗的问卷调查,应用统计分析方法,对被调查家庭用能设备的拥有量、家庭用能分布情况、房间空调器拥有量的分布、空调使用习惯及空调消费趋势、室内热环境及空气品质等内容进行了统计和分析,得出了每户月均能耗指标。其结论可为政府制定能源政策,挖掘建筑节能潜力提供依据。     

城市住宅小区建筑室内外环境对局部气候的影响

以天津某高层住宅小区为对象,建立了小区建筑和室内户型的计算分析模型。基于CFD方法,开展了在冬、夏季典型气候下的室外风气候特性、室内自然通风情况的模拟分析研究。得到了住宅小区室外风速、风压的分布场、室内三维速度场、温度场分布场。探讨了风向、风速、窗户对局部气候的影响。研究表明对室外风环境,由于小区建筑的分布特征,存在着局部增强的强风区,最大速比达到1.8;就室内气候而言,具有自然对流效果的A型房间的自然通风效果要优于B型房间。通过对既有城市住宅小区的室内外气候环境的模拟分析,可以为建筑气候的设计提供重要的参考价值。     

反照率影响建筑热环境的实验

针对城市建筑物外墙墙面反照率变化，建立两个建筑物理模型，在不同反照率墙面材料的条件下，对夏季建筑室内热环境进行了分析研究，验证了采用高反照率的墙面材料是一种有效的、主动的隔热节能方式；采用积分拟合方法对墙面材料的反照率进行了拟合，其结果为实际情况下城市建筑外墙墙面材料的选择及其隔热性能分析、反照率的计算及其对建筑热环境的影响评价提供了一条有效的途径。     

建筑体形与防热

为了减少建筑物夏季所得的太阳辐射热同时又不影响冬季日照，需要对建筑体形进行优化设计。对于南北朝向的长方体形建筑，控制其外表面的太阳辐射量最小，可以得出建筑物的最佳长宽比和高宽比，按照这种方法，该文推荐了我国南方城市建筑防热的合理长宽比和高宽比。     

高寒地区乡村住宅的节能设计研究

气温低、风速大、太阳辐射强度及日照率大等,是乡村与城市建筑气候的明显区别。我国北方地区乡村住宅建筑主要采用火墙、火炕采暖。因此,高寒地区乡村住宅建筑的设计,必须以有效地抵御风寒、保温、节能为基本出发点。设计乡村住宅时:既要保温、节能、利用太阳辐射热,又要有效地防止冷风吹袭及过量的冷风渗透;既要确保主要使用房间有足够的温     

Projecting performance of reintroduced direct sunlight based on the local meteorological features

An increase in the design of buildings with glass and metal to achieve architectural aesthetics and outdoor views is beginning to receive more attention, claimed by some as a second revolution in glass architecture. The benefits of daylight through the transparent envelopes are unquestionable. When sunlight is introduced into a space, its role in general illumination is what is of interest in this study. Results show that sunlight received in the interior of a building after refurbishment can serve a useful purpose as an additional source of natural illumination.     

Modeling additional solar constraints on a human being inside a room

Sun fluxes induce additional heterogeneous thermal constraints in buildings and may also lead to discomfort for the inhabitant. To calculate the local thermal sensation of a human being totally or partially situated in the sunlight, the solar radiation inside a room and its detailed distribution on parts of the human body are modeled. The present study focuses on the solar gains part of a complete modeling tool simulating an occupied building.The irradiated areas are calculated with a ray tracing method taking shadow into account. Solar fluxes are computed. Fluxes can be absorbed by each surface or reflected. The reflected fluxes are then absorbed at the next impact. A multi-node thermoregulation model (MARCL) represents the thermal behavior of the human body and all its heat exchanges with the environment. The thermal transient simulation of the whole occupied building is performed in TRNSYS simulation software. In the case presented here, the results show that, when a person is inside the building, the skin and clothing temperatures of the irradiated segments increase more or less depending on the segments but the global thermal equilibrium of the body is maintained thanks to strong physiological reactions.     

Illumination of interior spaces by bended hollow light guides: Application of the theoretical light propagation method

To ensure comfort and healthy conditions in interior spaces the thermal, acoustics and daylight factors of the environment have to be considered in the building design. Due to effective energy performance in buildings the new technology and applications also in daylight engineering are sought such as tubular light guides. These allow the transport of natural light into the building core reducing energy consumption. A lot of installations with various geometrical and optical properties can be applied in real buildings. The simplest set of tubular light guide consists of a transparent cupola, direct tube with high reflected inner surface and a ceiling cover or diffuser redistributing light into the interior. Such vertical tubular guide is often used on flat roofs. When the roof construction is inclined a bend in the light guide system has to be installed. In this case the cupola is set on the sloped roof which collects sunlight and skylight from the seen part of the sky hemisphere as well as that reflected from the ground and opposite facades. In comparison with the vertical tube some additional light losses and distortions of the propagated light have to be expected in bended tubular light guides. Recently the theoretical model of light propagation was already published and its applications are presented in this study solving illuminance distributions on the ceiling cover interface and further illuminance distribution on the working plane in the interior.     

Analysis of energy saving optimization of campus buildings based on energy simulation

The energy consumption of campus buildings has specific characteristics, because of the concentrated distribution of people’s working time and locations that change in line with distinct seasonal features. The traditional energy system design and operation for campus buildings is only based on the constant room temperature, such as 25°C in summer and 18°C in winter in China, not taking into consideration the real heating or cooling load characteristics of campus buildings with different functions during the whole day and whole year, which usually results in a lot of energy waste. This paper proposes to set different set-point temperatures in different operation stages of public and residential campus buildings to reduce the heating and cooling design load for energy station and total campus energy consumption for annual operation. Taking a campus under construction in Tianjin, China as an example, two kinds of single building models were established as the typical public building and residential building models on the campus. Besides, the models were simulated at both set-point room temperature and constant room temperature respectively. The comparison of the simulation results showed that the single building energy saving method of the peak load clipping could be used for further analysis of the annual energy consumption of campus building groups. The results proved that the strategy of set-point temperature optimization could efficiently reduce the design load and energy consumption of campus building groups.     

Solar access/shading and building form: Geometrical study of the traditional housing cluster in Sana'a

The study employs three-dimensional computer modeling for visualizing the solar access and shading in the traditional housing cluster of Sana'a historical city. It investigates the geometrical relationships among the building form and the sun location, and motion, in the critical times of the year It also investigates the methods for controlling the different components of the solar energy (solar radiation, sunlight, daylight) and its potential impact on the thermal performance of the houses. It analyzes the results and establishes design rules of thumb that are graphically and textually described. The rules of thumb are valuable design tools in the initial stages of design and for evaluating design alternatives or existing buildings.     

Integration of energy simulation & ventilation design tools via an object oriented data model

In future, the development of more energy efficient buildings will be achieved through better building design. To achieve these improvements in the building design process architects and engineers will require building design software tools that function as part of an Integrated Building Design System (IBDS). In contrast to the stand-alone design tools that are presently employed in the design of buildings, the IBDS will (a) allow better and freer communications between the various design professionals from the earliest stages of building design; (b) enable greater use of current building performance evaluation tools and (c) enable the development of more powerful building services design tools.The task of developing such a Building Design System is been undertaken in the EU COMBINE project. This paper deals with current developments in the IBDS and, in particular, the integration and development of the HVAC design tools within the IBDS.     

Identification of the building parameters that influence heating and cooling energy loads for apartment buildings in hot-humid climates

Identifying the building parameters that significantly impact energy performance is an important step for enabling the reduction of the heating and cooling energy loads of apartment buildings in the design stage. Implementing passive design techniques for these buildings is not a simple task in most dense cities; their energy performance usually depends on uncertainties in the local climate and many building parameters, such as window size, zone height, and features of materials. For this paper, a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the most significant parameters for buildings in hot-humid climates by considering the design of an existing apartment building in Izmir, Turkey. The Monte Carlo method is selected for sensitivity and uncertainty analyses with the Latin hypercube sampling (LHC) technique. The results show that the sensitivity of parameters in apartment buildings varies based on the purpose of the energy loads and locations in the building, such as the ground, intermediate, and top floors. In addition, the total window area, the heat transfer coefficient (U) and the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of the glazing based on the orientation have the most considerable influence on the energy performance of apartment buildings in hot-humid climates.     

THE HIGH-RISE OPPOSING FACADE IN CLEAR SKY CONDITIONS—NOT ALWAYS AN “OBSTRUCTION” TO DAYLIGHT

The opposing building facade is an omnipresent feature for buildings in the urban commercial setting. In clear sky conditions, there are large surfaces of building facades that have the potential of reflecting sunlight incident on them. When the sun is behind a building (so that the solar facade azimuth is greater than 90°), the building opposite potentially acts as a passive daylighting device to it. The work discussed in this paper shows that the performance of this device varies for each floor and for different building densities. Using the ADELINE simulation software, a street with high rise buildings opposite each other is modelled in clear skies, and daylighting is calculated in rooms at different floor levels. Comparisons are made with daylighting of the same rooms without an obstructing building in order to observe the effect of the “obstructing building” to daylighting. Preliminary results indicate that the opposite facade of high rise buildings has the potential to be considered a passive daylighting device in particular contexts. As a passive device, the opposing facade could be given attention by urban designers and planners, as well as by those drawing up building legislation for the urban built environment. It would be desirable and important for users of the built environment, to determine future developments from the point of view of how opposing facades affect daylighting. This approach could have implications for energy efficiency and conservation and would utilise the free resource of solar radiation more effectively.     

On the efficiency of night ventilation techniques for thermostatically controlled buildings

A new, integrated method to calculate the energy contribution of night ventilation techniques to the cooling load of a building is presented in this paper. The method is based on the principle of “Balance Point Temperature” and permits the calculation of the energy required to cool a building to acceptable comfort conditions when night ventilation techniques are used. It also permits the calculation of the energy contribution of night ventilated buildings compared to conventional air conditioned buildings. The proposed method is successfully validated with data from an extended and detailed simulation procedure using the TRNSYS simulation programme to calculate dynamically the thermal performance of buildings using night ventilation techniques. It is found that the method is of sufficient accuracy and can be used during the predesign as well as the design phase of a building to access the performance of night ventilated buildings.     

Influence of infiltration on energy consumption of a winery building

With the wide use of light steel structure in industrial buildings, some problems such as air leakage, water dripping and condensation and so forth occur during the construction and operation phases. Through the onsite testing of a winery building in Huailai County, Hebei Province in China, the influence of infiltration on energy consumption in industrial buildings was studied. The pressurization test method and moisture condensation method were used to test the infiltration rates. The results show that the winery building is twice as leaky as normal Chinese buildings and five times as leaky as Canadian buildings. The energy use simulation demonstrates that the reduction of the infiltration rate of the exterior rooms to 1/3 and the interior rooms to 1/2 could help decrease a total energy consumption of approximately 20% and reduce a total energy cost of approximately $ 225000. Therefore, it has a great potential to reduce the energy consumption in this type of buildings. Enforcement of the appropriate design, construction and installation would play a significant role in improving the overall performance of the building.