Effective strain of RC beams strengthened in shear with FRP

The failure modes of Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams strengthened in shear with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sheets or strips are not well understood as much as those of RC beams reinforced with steel stirrups. When the beams are strengthened in shear with FRP composites, beams may fail due to crushing of the concrete before the FRP reaches its rupture strain. Therefore, the effective strain of the FRP plays an important role in predicting the shear strength of such beams. This paper presents the results of an analytical and experimental study on the performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened in shear with FRP composites and internally reinforced with conventional steel stirrups. Ten RC beams strengthened with varying FRP reinforcement ratio, the type of fiber material (carbon or glass) and configuration (continuous sheets or strips) were tested. Comparisons between the observed and calculated effective strains of the FRP in the tested beams failing in shear showed reasonable agreement.     

Performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by hybrid FRP laminates

In the last two decades, the use of advanced composite materials such as Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP) in strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) structural elements has been increasing. Research and design guidelines concluded that externally bonded FRP could increase the capacity of RC elements efficiently. However, the linear stress–strain characteristics of FRP up to failure and lack of yield plateau have a negative impact on the overall ductility of the strengthened RC elements. Use of hybrid FRP laminates, which consist of a combination of either carbon and glass fibers, or glass and aramid fibers, changes the behaviour of the material to a non-linear behaviour. This paper aims to study the performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by hybrid FRP laminates.

This paper presents an experimental program conducted to study the behaviour of RC beams strengthened with hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (HFRP) laminates. The program consists of a total of twelve T-beams with overall dimensions equal to 460 × 300 × 3250 mm. The beams were tested under cyclic loading up to failure to examine its flexural behaviour. Different reinforcement ratios, fiber directions, locations and combinations of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminates were attached to the beams to determine the best strengthening scheme. Different percentages of steel reinforcement were also used. An analytical model based on the stress–strain characteristics of concrete, steel and FRP was adopted. Recommendations and design guidelines of RC beams strengthened by FRP and HFRP laminates are introduced.     

Prediction of the behavior of RC Beams Strengthened with FRP Plates

Epoxy-bonding a composite plate to the tension face is an effective technique to repair reinforced concrete beams since it increases their strength and rigidity. In this paper, the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) plates is studied numerically. For it, a numerical damage model is used in order to predict their strength, stiffness and failure modes observed in experimental tests taking into account the influence of different variables such as the amount of steel reinforcement, the type and amount of external reinforcement, the plate length, etc. The consideration of concrete cracking and the yielding of the steel rebars allows to predict in a realistic way the behavior of the strengthened beams and especially the debonding failure mode. In that sense both end and midspan debond can be represented since the model is able to reproduce the tension stiffening phenomenon.     

Failure modes and failure mechanisms of RC members strengthened by NSM CFRP composites – Analysis of pull-out failure mode

The aim of the experimental programme developed in this work was to study the failure modes and the pull-out failure mechanism of RC members strengthened by Near Surface Mounted reinforcement (NSM) technique. The global behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by NSM and subjected to flexure was investigated. The rods were 6- and 12-mm-diameter carbon–epoxy pultruded FRP. Two vibrated concrete compositions were tested: conventional (VC30) and high-strength (VC60), and one filling material: epoxy resin. The study was carried out up to the failure load, and focused on the failure modes of the beams. The experimental results were compared with the analytical model for the pull-out failure mode of FRP rods. Based on the concept of the anchorage length beyond the last crack, the calculation gives a good approximation of the ultimate bond stress in the cross-section located at the last crack.     

A fracture-based model for FRP debonding in strengthened beams

This paper presents an experimental and analytical research study aimed at understanding and modeling of debonding failures in fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams. The experimental program investigated debonding failure modes and mechanisms in beams strengthened in shear and/or flexure and tested under monotonic loading. A newly developed fracture mechanics based model considers the global energy balance of the system and predicts the FRP debonding failure load by characterizing the dominant mechanisms of energy dissipation during debonding. Validation of the model is performed using experimental data from several independent research studies and a design procedure is outlined.     

复杂应力状态对混凝土梁外贴FRP条带抗剪贡献的影响

FRP剥离是外贴FRP抗剪加固混凝土梁主要的破坏模式之一。以往研究中往往简单的将面内剪切试验得到的FRP-混凝土界面粘结滑移关系应用于外贴FRP抗剪加固梁的剥离承载力计算。外贴FRP抗剪加固梁中FRP下的混凝土的应力状态与面内剪切试验情况有较大差别,这对FRP-混凝土界面的力学性能具有较大的影响。因此,以往的方法高估了FRP条带的抗剪贡献。该文研究了混凝土多轴应力状态对FRP-混凝土界面性能的影响,并根据试验研究结果,提出了U形FRP加固混凝土梁中FRP剥离应变的折减系数。与试验结果的对比计算分析表明:使用该折减系数修正后的设计公式更加合理。     

表层嵌贴预应力CFRP-strip加固钢筋混凝土梁的受力性能研究

体外粘贴预应力FRP技术和表层嵌贴FRP加固技术均是FRP应用于混凝土结构加固的重要技术,但存在各自的局限和不足。表层嵌贴预应力FRP技术有望结合上述两种技术的优点,进一步提高FRP加固混凝土结构的优势和效能。该文在研制成功FRP板条夹具的基础上,加固并进行了5根钢筋混凝土受弯构件的试验研究,深入考察了各试件尤其是表层嵌贴加固试件的力学行为与破坏形态,对比了体外与表层嵌贴加固试件的承载与变形性能差异,分析了预应力的存在对表层嵌贴加固构件力学性能与破坏模式的影响。试验结果表明:表层嵌贴预应力FRP板条加固显著提高了受弯构件的承载性能,其改善效果与体外粘贴预应力FRP板加固非常接近;嵌贴方式可使粘结树脂代替机械锚具锚固预应力FRP板条,但该文试验中表层嵌贴加固试件的破坏形态为粘贴端部的树脂-混凝土界面剥离和保护层混凝土撕裂,因此有需要就提高界面粘结能力和抑制保护层混凝土撕裂的构造措施开展进一步研究。     

Behavior of RC T-section beams strengthened with CFRP strips,subjected to cyclic load

This paper presents results of an experimental investigation on T-section reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with externally bonded carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips. Specimens, one of which was the control specimen and the remaining six were the shear deficient test specimens, were tested under cyclic load to investigate the effect of CFRP strips on behavior and strength. Five shear deficient specimens were strengthened with side bonded and U-jacketed CFRP strips, and remaining one tested with its virgin condition without strengthening. The type and arrangement of CFRP strips and the anchorage used to fasten the strips to the concrete are the variables of this experimental work. The main objective was to analyze the behavior and failure modes of T-section RC beams strengthened in shear with externally bonded CFRP strips. According to test results premature debonding was the dominant failure mode of externally strengthened RC beams so the effect of anchorage usage on behavior and strength was also investigated. To verify the reliability of shear design equations and guidelines, experimental results were compared with all common guidelines and published design equations. This comparison and validation of guidelines is one of the main objectives of this work. The test results confirmed that all CFRP arrangements differ from CFRP strip width and arrangement, improved the strength and behavior of the specimens in different level significantly.     

碳纤维布加固复合受力钢筋混凝土箱梁抗扭性能的非线性有限元分析

采用有限元方法对碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土构件进行非线性分析,是对有限的试验研究的有效补充和进一步深入探讨。根据4根碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土箱梁的试验研究结果,建立了合理的三维有限元模型,对碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土箱梁在弯剪扭复合受力下的抗扭性能进行了非线性有限元分析。计算得到的扭矩-扭转角关系曲线、钢筋和碳纤维布的应变曲线以及界面粘接单元的恢复力曲线等与试验结果吻合较好,可以较好地模拟碳纤维布加固箱梁的受扭性能。进一步通过对7根数值梁的计算结果分析,提出碳纤维布加固钢筋混凝土箱梁在复合受力下的剪扭相关性符合直线方程。     

Sensitivity analysis of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP laminates

Numerical procedures are proposed to predict the failure of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened in flexure with fiber-reinforced polymeric (FRP) laminates. The framework of damage mechanics was used during the modeling. Numerical results were validated against experimental data obtained from 19 beams strengthened with different types of FRP. These beams failed by concrete crushing, cover failure and plate debonding. The numerical models were capable of predicting the experimentally observed load–deflection, failure load and failure modes. The sensitivity of the numerical results was studied. In particular, the effect of the concrete constitutive behavior and different modeling considerations was evaluated. It was found that the fracture energy of the concrete–repair interface plays a central part in predicting plate-debonding failures.     

Shear capacity of reinforced concrete members strengthened in shear with FRP by using strut-and-tie models and genetic algorithms

Substantial research has been performed on the shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams with externally bonded fibre reinforced polymers (FRP). However, referring to shear, many questions remain opened given the complexity of the failure mechanism of RC structures strengthened in shear with FRP. This paper is concerned with the development of a simple automatic procedure for predicting the shear capacity of RC beams shear strengthened with FRP. The proposed model is based on an extension of the strut-and-tie models used for the shear strength design of RC beams to the case of shear strengthened beams with FRP. By the formulation of an optimization problem solved by using genetic algorithms, the optimal configuration of the strut-and-tie mechanism of an FRP shear strengthened RC beam is determined. Furthermore, unlike the conventional truss approaches, in the optimal configuration, compressive struts are not enforced to be parallel, which represents more consistently the physical reality of the flow of forces. The proposed model is validated against experimental data collected from the existing literature and comparisons with predictions of some design proposals are also performed.     

Assessment of CFRP strengthened RC beams through dynamic tests

The use of Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) for strengthening damaged RC beams has become common practice over recent years. Two methods adopted for repairing or strengthening such beams are FRP plates/sheets glued onto their concrete surface and FRP rods or strips inserted into grooves.This paper investigates experimental vibration monitoring of strengthening according to the two aforementioned methods through dynamic tests on six RC beam models strengthened using carbon FRP. Three beams were strengthened applying CFRP sheets on the tensile cracked surface after loading and three beams were strengthened by near surface mounted (NSM) CFRP rods. The experimental results include both the static tests to create damage and the dynamic tests of strengthened, measuring natural vibration modes and frequency values for free end beams.Comparison between experimental dynamic response and static behavior established that vibration monitoring is a convenient, non-destructive method for assessing strengthened beams under service loads. Further studies and tests must be developed in order to solve the issues that emerged following the analysis of the experimental data obtained.     

高延性混凝土加固钢筋混凝土梁抗震性能试验研究

为研究高延性混凝土(HDC)加固钢筋混凝土(RC)梁的抗震性能,设计了8个RC梁试件,采用HDC和碳纤维布(CFRP)条带加固,通过低周反复荷载试验,研究剪跨比、加固方式对其破坏形态、变形和耗能能力等的影响。试验结果表明:采用HDC围套加固RC梁,HDC面层良好的拉伸应变硬化和多裂缝开展特性能有效控制剪切裂缝发展,明显改善构件的脆性破坏特征;HDC加固层与原构件协同工作良好,加固层对内部混凝土形成良好的约束作用,HDC加固梁的承载力、变形和耗能能力明显提高,其加固效果明显优于CFRP条带加固;剪跨比较大时,在HDC加固层配置钢筋网,试件的变形和耗能能力明显提高,但对承载力贡献较小。基于桁架-拱模型理论,提出HDC加固梁的抗剪承载力计算方法,计算结果与试验值吻合较好。     

Experimental study on RC beams with FRP strips bonded with rubber modified resins

This paper presents the effects of adhesive properties on structural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) strips. The epoxy adhesives modified with liquid rubber of different content were used to bond the CFRP strips, and four point bending experiments were carried out on RC beams. The experimental results show that different CFRP strip thickness of 0.22 and 0.44 mm resulted in a transition of failure mechanism from interfacial debonding along the CFRP-concrete interface to concrete cover separation starting from the end of CFRP strips in the concrete. Moreover, it is suggested that no matter interfacial debonding or concrete cover separation, the rubber modifier enhanced the structural performance by increasing the maximum load-carrying capacity and the corresponding ductility, compared with the beams bonded with a neat epoxy resin. The improvement of structural performance due to modified adhesive was associated with the modification of stress profiles along the CFRP-concrete interface especially the stress concentration at the end of FRP, and the enhanced interlaminar fracture toughness. Rubber modified epoxy therefore is worth further studying in practical repair applications.     

化爆作用下FRP加固RC板的试验研究及动力响应分析

我国20世纪60年代、70年代修建的大量防护工程抗力等级较低,急需进行加固补强。进行了化爆作用下,外贴FRP条带加固钢筋混凝土(RC)双向板抗爆性能的试验研究。按介质-结构相互作用理论确定结构的爆炸冲击荷载,建立了加固板的三折线弯曲抗力模型,利用虚功原理建立了加固RC板的运动微分方程,按数值方法求解了外贴FRP加固双向板在化爆冲击波作用下的动力响应时程,分析结果与试验结果吻合较好。研究结果表明:外贴FRP条带加固可以有效延缓混凝土的开裂、限制裂缝的开展,提高RC双向板的刚度,减小结构位移,减轻结构破坏程度,外贴FRP加固RC双向板的抗爆炸冲击波能力得到了明显提高,外贴FRP条带在极限状态时发生了剥离破坏和断裂破坏。     

RC two-way slabs strengthened with CFRP strips: experimental study and a limit analysis approach

This paper deals with strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) two-way slabs with carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) strips bonded to the tensile face. The first part deals with an experimental study. The fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) strengthened slab test presents a failure mode with debonding of the external FRP strips from the slab. The second part deals with a limit analysis modelling. The strengthened slab is designed as a three-layered plate. A simplified laminated plate model is used to describe the behaviour of three-layered plate supported in four sides, which is subjected to a load in the centre. The upper bound theorem of limit analysis is used to approximate the ultimate load capacity and identify the different collapse mechanisms. Experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions.     

Ductile strengthening using externally bonded and near surface mounted composite systems

Externally bonded fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) has been established as an effective technique for strengthening concrete members. Other techniques, like near surface mounted (NSM) FRP bars, and steel reinforced polymers (SRP) have emerged as viable alternatives. In this study, four composite-based strengthening systems were used to provide equivalent flexural performance, namely: externally bonded CFRP sheets, NSM prefabricated CFRP strips, externally bonded SRP sheets and NSM stainless steel bars. The strengthening design was based on achieving approximately 38% increase in flexural capacity over the unstrengthened control beams. The mode of failure by design was brittle failure controlled by concrete crushing at 0.003 strain. However, the experimental program was designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of transverse anchoring reinforcement to control premature debonding failure modes and fully utilize the high strength of the composite systems. A more ductile behavior was also observed as a result of transverse strengthening and concrete confinement effects. Accordingly, an increase of approximately 50% in flexural strength is accomplished.     

Effect of variations in the plate modulus of elasticity on the failure modes of FRP plated R.C. beams

In the absence of FRP plate/glue/concrete interface bond failure (i.e. interfacial debonding), eight possible flexural modes of failure are identified for reinforced concrete beams experiencing lateral loading, and strengthened in flexure with external FRP or steel plates glued to their soffits. All possible changes in such modes of failure, as a result of variations in the modulus of elasticity of the FRP material (assuming an associated constant value of ultimate tensile strength for the FRP plate in a given beam design), have been addressed in some detail, with a quantitative treatment of the critical values of the FRP modulus of elasticity associated with various failure mode transitions (i.e. changes).     

侵蚀环境下FRP条带加固锈蚀钢筋混凝土圆柱轴心受压试验

通过侵蚀环境下碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)复合材料条带和玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)复合材料条带加固锈蚀钢筋混凝土圆柱试验,分析了侵蚀环境对混凝土强度、纤维增强聚合物基复合材料加固锈蚀柱的极限荷载和荷载-轴向位移曲线的影响。结果表明,混凝土强度受冻融环境影响较大,受干湿环境影响较小;纤维增强聚合物(FRP)复合材料加固锈蚀柱的轴向极限荷载与冻融循环次数、钢筋锈蚀率及FRP复合材料种类有关,随冻融循环次数分别增加到25次、50次、75次,GFRP复合材料条带和CFRP复合材料条带加固锈蚀钢筋混凝土圆柱的轴向极限荷载分别降低了10.97%、13.37%、16.04%和5.95%、4.66%、4.33%;FRP复合材料加固锈蚀柱的刚度和耗能受侵蚀环境种类、侵蚀环境作用次数、锈蚀率及FRP复合材料种类的影响。在试验研究的基础上,通过理论分析侵蚀环境下混凝土强度损伤系数和锈蚀钢筋强度退化方程,提出了侵蚀环境下FRP复合材料条带加固锈蚀钢筋混凝土圆柱轴心受压承载力计算方法。      

Slip effects in reinforced concrete beams with mechanically fastened FRP strip

This investigation concerns the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with a mechanically fastened pultruded FRP strip (MF-FRP beams). Twelve small size MF-FRP beams and two control RC beams were tested under flexural loading. The main failure mode observed in this experimental program was nail rotation and bearing damage under increasing flexural load, which resulted in FRP slip with respect to the soffit of the RC-beam and loss of stress transfer. Strain gage data and visual observations obtained during the experiments provided useful insight for developing a new procedure for estimating the nominal moment capacity of the MF-FRP beams. The proposed method is guided by experimental evidence pointing to the significance of nail rotation associated with flexural cracking in RC beams. The developed procedure, based on a “strain reduction factor” of 24%, is able to estimate the nominal moment capacity of the MF-FRP beams with good accuracy.