TC4钛合金激光焊缝形貌与残余应力数值分析

针对激光深熔焊特点,采用均匀体热源模型、双椭球热源模型和组合热源模型,对TC4钛合金CO₂激光深熔焊的焊缝形貌和残余应力进行了数值模拟与试验.结果表明,在进行激光深熔焊焊缝形貌与残余应力数值计算中,应根据激光焊接热输入选择激光热源模型,并提出了均匀热源模型适合较大热输入,双椭球热源模型适合中等热输入,而组合热源模型适合较小热输入的选择原则;组合热源模型和双椭球热源模型均能体现热输入随深度的递减变化,焊缝轮廓呈现圆锥形和钉子形;均匀体热源的上下表面的残余应力分布基本一致,而双椭球热源和组合热源模型的下表面残余应力明显低于上表面.     

T型接头激光深熔焊热源建模及温度场数值模拟

为了研究T型接头激光深熔焊热现象,基于激光深熔焊能量分布特点,类比T型接头焊缝几何形貌,抽象出热源模型特征参数,间接考虑小孔效应,建立了新型体积分布式热源模型。应用这一热源模型对T型接头激光深熔焊温度场进行了数值模拟,得到了T型接头激光深熔焊温度场并在三组参数下进行了实验验证,与常用热源进行了比较。结果表明,传统体热源模型不能准确模拟T接头激光深熔焊加工过程,而新型热源模型所得焊缝横截面熔合线轮廓与试验所得T型接头焊缝熔合线吻合良好。新建模型及建模方法对T型接头激光深熔焊热力耦合分析具有一定的指导意义。     

组合热源模型在焊接数值模拟中的应用

对不同焊接热源的特征要素进行分析,焊接数值模拟中采用高斯面热源和双椭球体热源处理焊接加热问题均不能准确地反映焊接熔池形状.文中提出焊缝表面高斯热源和焊缝内双椭球体热源结合的组合热源模型,其熔池与实际焊缝熔合线吻合.应用上述三种热源对马氏体不锈钢平板对接电弧焊的温度场及应力场进行了数值模拟.结果表明,使用组合热源进行数值模拟较之单独使用高斯或双椭球热源的残余应力计算值与实测值吻合度更高.     

钛合金激光焊接大梯度残余应力特征分析

选用可精确描述小孔和熔池形貌的旋转高斯曲面体热源,建立了一个局部细化的钛合金激光深熔焊有限元数值计算模型,研究了激光能量密度与热输入对焊缝、小孔形貌以及焊缝及近缝区大梯度残余应力的分布特征.结果表明,钛合金激光焊接高残余应力位于小孔区域,而焊缝其余区域形成了大梯度残余应力状态;残余应力梯度在能量密度过高或过低,以及热输入过小时均较大;为避免大梯度残余应力的产生,应使焊接时激光能量密度处于中低状态.     

激光深熔焊体积热源模型计算精度的比较

通过激光深熔焊焊缝横断面形状、尺寸进行模拟计算,定量分析比较了目前具有代表性的激光焊体积热源模型的计算精度.研究结果表明,双椭球体热源、高斯旋转体热源和热流峰值线性递增-柱状热源模拟焊缝形状的精度较差:而三维锥体热源和热流峰值指数递增-锥体热源在模拟激光深熔焊焊缝形状和尺寸方面都具有较好的精度,且后者由于考虑了激光热流在焊件厚度方向的分布特征,其热流分布区域更接近实际焊接过程,模拟精度也更高.     

不同热源模型对Q345中厚板焊接温度场的影响

采用ANSYS有限元分析软件,分别以双椭球热源模型和均匀体热源模型对Q345中厚板多层焊的温度场进行模拟,以研究不同热源模型的作用特点及其对焊接温度场的影响。结果表明:在相同的焊接条件下,均匀体热源和双椭球热源的温度场基本一致,采用均匀体热源的焊接熔池也呈椭球形。与椭球热源相比,采用均匀体热源模型的温度场仿真结果更符合实际。但采用均匀体热源时,焊缝起始位置的温度偏低。因此,在焊接温度场仿真过程中,焊接的起始位置采用双椭球热源,其它位置采用均匀体热源,是一种较为理想的焊接能量施加方式。     

焊接理论——一般问题

20095032 组合热源模型在焊接数值模拟中的应用／盖登字…／／焊接学报。-2009,30（5）：61-64,68 对不同焊接热源的特征要素进行分析,焊接数值模拟中采用高斯面热源和双椭球体热源处理焊接加热问题均不能准确地反映焊接熔池形状。提出焊缝表面高斯热源和焊缝内双椭球体热源结合的组合热源模型,其熔池与实际焊缝熔合线吻合。     

细晶粒钢激光深熔焊接残余应力与裂纹关系分析

残余应力是导致细晶粒钢激光深熔焊时裂纹产生的主要机理之一,对焊接质量有较大影响. 文中基于细晶粒钢激光深熔焊实际焊缝金相组织建立热源模型,采用PDA-5500S岛津光谱元素分析仪提取细晶粒钢化学成分,基于吉布斯函数建立细晶粒钢的温度与流变应力耦合本构关系;同时,通过不同焊接参数下焊缝截面试验数据,在热源模型中设置跟踪点,获取焊缝中实时残余应力,研究不同温度下实时残余应力与细晶粒钢流变应力对焊接缺陷的影响. 结果表明,在相同温度下当实时残余应力高于材料流变应力时,焊缝内产生裂纹;合理提高焊接速度,可降低细晶粒钢焊缝实时残余应力,提高激光深熔焊接质量.     

焊接理论——一般问题

20095032 组合热源模型在焊接数值模拟中的应用／盖登字…／／焊接学报。-2009,30（5）：61-64,68 对不同焊接热源的特征要素进行分析,焊接数值模拟中采用高斯面热源和双椭球体热源处理焊接加热问题均不能准确地反映焊接熔池形状。提出焊缝表面高斯热源和焊缝内双椭球体热源结合的组合热源模型,其熔池与实际焊缝熔合线吻合。     

钛合金K-TIG深熔焊热源开发与数值仿真

K-TIG是在传统TIG焊基础上,将焊接电流提高到300 A甚至更高并配合钨极冷却系统形成“匙孔”效应,最终实现大熔深的焊接工艺方法。K-TIG焊缝熔宽相对于等离子和激光焊接等焊接方法较宽,熔池体积较大。传统的热源模型不适合K-TIG焊热源分布特点,基于SYSWELD仿真平台和钛合金K-TIG焊接实验结果,开发钛合金K-TIG深熔焊数值仿真组合热源模型。结果表明,双椭球热源分配系数取0.75,作用深度取4 mm时,仿真熔池与实际接头横截面相符,正面熔宽为12 mm,且背部熔宽为5 mm。温度热循环曲线和残余应力有限元仿真结果与实验结果基本一致,验证了所建立的K-TIG热源模型的准确性。     

数值模拟和实验研究Ti6Al4V合金激光熔透焊接残余应力

采用热-弹塑性三维有限元法研究激光熔透焊接Ti6Al4V合金的残余应力,并采用小孔法测量焊接残余应力以和计算结果进行比较.有限元计算时,建立了以焊缝形貌尺寸为参数的统一锥形热源模型来模拟不同热输入时的焊接温度场,并讨论了边界条件和有限元网格大小的确定.研究结果表明:采用焊缝轮廓尺寸作为热源参数能准确模拟焊缝横截面轮廓;钛合金激光熔透焊接的纵向残余应力分布梯度陡;在焊件表面和内部残余应力分布趋势不同,采用小孔法测量的残余应力分布和计算的焊接件内部残余应力分布相似.     

Laser net shape welding

Over the last 40 years of laser welding practice, weld bead geometry always experiences a section of the weld bead slightly above or below the parent material surface. In this paper, a new concept – net shape welding is introduced, whereby the weld joint fusion zone is flat to the parent material surface. Experimental work was carried out to demonstrate net shape laser square butt welded mild steels sheets. Tensile test results show that the net-shape welds well outperform those with traditional weld bead geometry. Computational fluid dynamic and finite element models have been used to assist in the understanding of net-shape weld geometry formation and the superior mechanical properties.     

Numerical and experimental study of thermally induced residual stress in the hybrid laser-GMA welding process

A model based on a double-ellipsoidal volume heat source to simulate the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) heat input and a cylindrical volume heat source to simulate the laser beam heat input was developed to predict the temperature field and thermally induced residual stress in the hybrid laser-gas metal arc (GMA) welding process. Numerical simulation shows that higher residual stress is distributed in the weld bead and surrounding heat-affected zone (HAZ). Effects of the welding speed on the isotherms and residual stress of the welded joint are also studied. It is found that an increase in welding speed can reduce the residual stress concentration in the as-weld specimen. A series of experiments has been performed to verify the developed thermo-mechanical finite element model (FEM), and a qualitative agreement of residual stress distribution and weld geometrical size is shown to exist.     

Laser beam welding of dissimilar stainless steels in a fillet joint configuration

This paper investigates laser beam welding of dissimilar AISI 304L and AISI 430 stainless steels. Experimental studies were focused on effects of laser power, welding speed, defocus distance, beam incident angle, and line energy on weld bead geometry and shearing force. Metallurgical analysis was conducted on a selected weld only to show various microstructures typically formed at different zones and consequent change in microhardness. Laser power and welding speed were the most significant factors affecting weld geometry and shearing force. All the bead characteristics but radial penetration depth decreased with increased beam incident angle. The focused beam allowed selecting lower laser power and faster welding speed to obtain the same weld geometry. Weld shape factor increased rapidly due to keyhole formation for line energy input ranging from 15 kJ/m to 17 kJ/m. Fusion zone microstructures contained a variety of complex austenite-ferrite structures. Local microhardness of fusion zone was greater than that of both base metals.     

超声滚压加工对X80管线钢焊接残余应力的影响

建立超声表面滚压加工（ultrasonic surface rolling process,USRP）的三维有限元模型,开发了模拟焊接的移动双椭球热源子程序,利用有限元软件ABAQUS模拟了X80管线钢焊缝不同方向的焊接残余应力,在此基础上叠加USRP的超声振动与静载荷的综合作用,模拟了表面塑形变形、应力和应变,耦合后分析了USRP前后残余应力的变化规律.结果表明,经过USRP处理,X80管线钢表面焊缝区由三向残余拉应力变为三向残余压应力,随着USRP次数的增加,残余压应力数值不断增大,残余应力σ_x,σ_y,σ_z变化规律基本相同.     

激光+GMAW复合热源焊接过程热-力耦合数值分析

从宏观的焊接热过程出发,根据激光+GMAW复合热源焊接的特点,提出了适用于复合热源焊接的“双椭球体＋峰值递增圆柱体”组合式体积热源分布模式;建立了激光+GMAW复合热源焊接过程的有限元模型,数值计算了焊接温度场和焊缝横截面的形状尺寸,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,证明了组合式体积热源模型的合理性和适用性. 采用焊接温度场的计算结果,进一步对复合热源焊接和GMAW的焊接变形和残余应力进行了数值模拟和对比分析. 结果表明,在焊缝熔深基本相同的情况下,复合热源焊接的焊接热输入、焊缝熔宽、焊接变形和高应力区域范围等均比GMAW小. 研究结果印证了激光+GMAW复合热源焊接工艺的优越性,并为焊接工艺参数的优化提供了基础理论数据.     

电渣焊接头焊接残余应力与变形的数值模拟

为研究电渣焊接头焊接残余应力的分布规律及变形特征,基于有限元分析软件MSC. Marc,开发了用于模拟电渣焊接头温度场、残余应力与焊接变形的热-弹-塑性有限元计算方法. 在所开发的计算方法中,采用全椭球等密度体积移动热源模型来模拟电渣焊的热输入,并以生死单元技术考虑焊缝成形,数值模拟了箱型柱中的腹板与隔板处电渣焊接头的焊接残余应力与变形. 同时,采用试验方法实测了电渣焊接头的横向收缩及角变形. 结果表明,横向收缩和角变形的计算结果都与试验值比较吻合,验证了所开发的数值计算方法的妥当性. 此外,利用数值模拟方法详细研究了电渣焊接头焊接残余应力的分布特征.     

Welding of ASTM A106 Gr. B steel pipes for high-temperature service – part 1 – residual stress analysis

Welding is the principal process of manufacture used in the fitting and repair of tube sections. However, there is a lack of information about the alterations mechanically/metallurgically caused by the welding heat cycle, especially about the behaviour of the residual stresses. The objective of the first part of this work was to evaluate the welding residual stress in small diameter pipes used in oil refineries. Two-inch diameter pipes were welded using the manual GTAW process. AWS ER 70 S3 filler rods with diameters of 2.5 and 3.25 mm were employed. An electronic power supply was used, together with data acquisition systems to control the welding parameters. Stress measurements were carried out with an X-ray mini diffractometer. The axial residual stress profiles determined in the outer surface of the pipes were formed by compressive stresses in the weld region (the fusion zone and heat affected zone) and for tension stresses in the areas more distant from the weld bead. The evidence suggested that on the inner surface of the pipes, the stress profile is the opposite from that observed for the outer surface, with tension stress in the welding zone and compressive stress in the region further from the weld bead.     

镁合金AZ31B的激光-TIG复合热源缝焊工艺

以AZ31B变形镁合金为主要对象,研究了其激光-TIG复合热源缝焊工艺特点,探讨了缝焊表面成形、缝焊熔深的影响因素以及缝焊缝的抗剪强度变化规律。结果表明,激光-TIG复合缝焊的焊缝为明显的“图钉型”形貌,上部分为TIG电弧焊接成形,下部分为典型的激光焊接成形。镁合金复合热源缝焊具有焊接速度高、焊缝成形美观、焊接参数范围较宽等特点,接头抗剪强度较高,是一种优良的焊接方式。