卵菌病害化学防治的最新进展

卵菌是真菌门中较低等的藻菌纲中一个亚纲,大多数属于霜霉目,少数属于水霉目;其余水节霉和链壶菌两个目中呈有好几个在水生生物上寄生的种,但居于次要的地位。卵菌的特点是:卵孢子为有性孢子型,游动孢子有鞭毛形成,菌体细胞壁的组成包括纤维素,但无甲壳质和缺少甾醇的合成能力。高级卵菌不形成游动孢子,而是直接萌发的分生孢子。     

嘧菌酯对几种植物病原真菌的室内活性测定

试验结果表明,嘧菌酯对供试8种植物病原真菌具有很高的活性,既可抑制病菌菌丝生长又能抑制孢子萌发。水稻纹枯病菌的菌丝对嘧菌酯最敏感,EC50为0．0185mg／L;嘧菌酯对辣椒根腐病菌孢子萌发的抑制作用最明显,EC50达到0．0104mg／L。     

恶臭假单胞菌铜抗性操纵子生物信息学分析

用生物信息学方法对恶臭假单胞菌铜抗性操纵子基因相似性,蛋白质的亲疏水性,蛋白质高级结构,蛋白质的功能进行分析。结果表明:恶臭假单胞菌铜抗性操纵子与丁香假单胞菌有较高的同源性,而与大肠杆菌距离较远,这意味着该操纵子可能来源于丁香假单胞菌。     

宠物香波中的抗真菌成分对宠物真菌皮肤病的防治

真菌性皮肤病是猫和狗常见的一种皮肤病,其主要病原体属于小孢子菌属、毛癣菌属和马拉色菌属。由于其具有传染性并且属于人畜共患病,因此对于这类皮肤病的预防和治疗非常必要。文章从宠物真菌性皮肤病的来源和相应的香波有效成分进行文献综述,使宠物洗护从业人员及消费者对于宠物香波中有效抗真菌成分有一个较为全面的了解,进而达到以防代治的目的。     

落地生根叶乙醇提取物的抑真菌作用

采用菌丝生长速率法研究了落地生根叶乙醇提取物对9种植物病原真菌的抑制作用,同时采用菌丝生长速率和孢子萌发2种方法测定其对番茄早疫病菌的抑菌活性.结果表明:在200 g/L的质量浓度下,对9种植物病原真菌均有一定的抑制作用,抑制率达50%以上,其中对番茄早疫病菌抑制作用最强,抑制率达93.80%,对其孢子萌发的抑菌活性高于对其菌丝生长的抑菌活性,EC50值分别为38.70、28.97 g/L.     

漂白体系在织物洗涤剂中的消毒杀菌作用

现在,各国的洗衣温度越来越普遍地低于60℃。这对洗衣过程中如何改善消毒杀菌性能提出了更高的技术要求。细菌和真菌可以在低于60℃的洗涤温度下存活,并可能导致在洗衣机槽内成衣物织物上形成臭味,甚至导致人类受到细菌感染。本文通过对漂白活化剂TAED（四乙酰乙二胺）和HDOBA（4-癸讯耀苯甲酸）或者二者复配在洗农粉中与过碳酸钠（SPC）一起使用的效果进行研究,来了解其对细菌、酵母菌和真菌的杀菌作用。结论是：在实验室悬浮液测试应用中,憎水漂白活化剂DOBA在所有选定的微生物中的表现都要超过TAED,尤其是对白色念珠菌和红色毛癣菌的作用更为明显。在洗衣粉中如使用DOBA与TAED二者的复配物,同时与过碳酸钠（SPC）一起使用,则表现出更强的增效作用,因此对致病微生物显示出了强大的攻击力。     

杀菌剂HNPC-A14401杀菌作用机理初步研究

研究了HNPC-A14401菌丝浓度抑菌活性及其对孢子萌发的影响,以及其对琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制活性,初步探究了HNPC-A14401的杀菌作用方式和机制。HNPC-A14401对病原菌菌丝扩展以及孢子萌发有较强抑制作用,对琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制活性影响不明显。与啶酰菌胺相比较,HNPC-A14401具有不同的作用位点。     

无患子皂苷的生物活性与生产开发

无患子果皮中含有丰富的皂苷和倍半萜糖苷,是天然的非离子表面活性剂,其提取液具有非常强的表面活性以及杀菌、消炎、抗肿瘤等生物活性。本研究以无患子皂苷浓缩液为原料,采用生物发酵法纯化无患子皂苷,皂苷纯度提高到75.50%;同时评价其对炭黑污布、蛋白污布、皮脂污布的去污能力,去污值分别达到99.1%、54.1%、63.2%;此外,还考察了其对埃希氏大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、红色毛癣菌、痤疮丙酸杆菌这4种常见皮肤致病菌的抑制效果。实验结果表明,无患子发酵液对红色毛癣菌、痤疮丙酸杆菌表现出较强的抑菌活性,二者的最低抑制浓度(MIC)分别为0.39 mg/mL、1.29 mg/mL。本研究结果表明无患子皂苷具有良好的表面活性和抑菌性,为进一步开发利用无患子资源提供了基础信息。     

肟菌酯对9种植物病原真菌室内活性测定

室内测定结果表明，50％肟菌酯WG对供试的9种重要植物病原真菌均有较强的抑制活性。孢子萌发法及对黄瓜霜霉病和黄瓜白粉病的活体试验测得其EC50值均低于3．6008μg／mL，EC50值均小于801ag／mL，但对水稻恶苗病菌孢子萌发的影响较小。除灰霉病菌外，药剂对供试病原菌菌丝生长具抑制作用，尤其对水稻稻瘟病菌和水稻稻曲病菌有特效，其EC90值分别为0．0246μg／mL和0．0446μg／mL，但对番茄早疫病菌、辣椒炭疽病菌、水稻恶苗病菌的抑制作用不随药剂浓度的提高而增强。     

广西珊瑚姜精油成分GC-MS分析及抑菌活性研究

以广西珊瑚姜精油为实验材料,测定该产区珊瑚姜精油的成分以及对巨大芽孢杆菌、球毛壳霉菌等8种菌的抑菌性能。采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对精油的成分进行测定并分析,通过纸片扩散法测定抑菌能力,利用试管稀释法测定最小杀菌浓度和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果显示,该产区珊瑚姜精油中共检测出36种化学成分,其主要成分包括桧烯(27.87%)、松油烯-4-醇(22.57%)、1,4-双(甲氧基)-三戊并烯(10.67%)等,其它微量成分有萜品油烯、α-松油醇等;珊瑚姜精油对本实验中的8种菌的抑菌能力有差别,珊瑚姜精油对于细菌的抑制效果不如阳性药物,但对真菌的抑制效果优于阳性药物,其中,对大肠埃希氏菌、球毛壳霉菌、红色毛癣菌的抑制能力较强,MIC为1μL/mL,对黄曲霉菌的抑制能力相对较弱,MIC为15μL/mL,对巨大芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、普通变形杆菌、白色念珠菌的MIC为3μL/mL。广西珊瑚姜精油对于实验用菌具有一定的抑菌性能且具备广谱性,有较好的开发前景。     

几种杀菌剂对芦荟黑斑病菌室内活性测定

通过供试的7种药剂对芦荟黑斑病菌体外抑制作用测试结果表明,所有药剂对其孢子萌发都有不同程度的抑制作用,其中异菌脲、咪鲜胺、嘧霉胺的抑制效果要优于氟硅唑、代森锰锌、百菌清、苯醚甲环唑;7种药剂对芦荟黑斑病菌菌丝体的抑制作用测定结果显示,所有药剂对菌丝生长都有显著的抑制作用,其中咪鲜胺锰络合物可湿性粉剂对菌丝体抑制效果最好,抑菌率达84.24%;异菌脲、氟硅唑、苯醚甲环唑次之。     

Antimicrobial Activities of Hexane Extract and Decussatin from Stembark Extract of Ficus congensis

Ficus congensis (Moraceae) is used traditionally in the treatment of various diseases including infectious diseases, infertility, and gastrointestinal disorders. Investigation of hexane extract of the stem bark using chromatographic techniques led to isolation of a xanthone, 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone (Decussatin). The compound was elucidated based on spectroscopic methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), UV, IR, and mass spectrometry (MS). Decussatin and the hexane extract were screened in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activities using broth microdilution (MHB) and disc Agar diffusion (DAD) techniques against Escheichia coli, Bacilus substilis, Klebsiela pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans. Hexane extracts showed potent antibacterial activity against E. coli and B. subtilis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 8 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL, respectively, while Decussatin of the highest concentration (8 mg/mL) used in this study showed no appreciable antimicrobial activity. Only hexane extract was active against C. albicans with a MIC of 1 mg/mL.     

1,3-Diacyl derivatives of imidazolidine and hexahydropyrimidine: II. Antimycotic activity

Series of 1,3-diacylated derivatives of imidazolidine and hexahydropyrimidine have been screened for antimycotic activity. Optimum activity was found for the 1,3-dihexanoyl derivatives in the imidazolidine series, with the higher and lower derivatives being much less active. In the hexahydropyrimidine series the 1,3-dipentanoyl, -dihexanoyl,-diheptanoyl and -dioctanoyl derivatives all exhibited a high degree of inhibition against all four of the test organisms. The latter wereTrichophyton rubrum, T violaceum, Microsporum gypseum andAspergillus flavus. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Chicago, September 1970. So. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Self-germination inhibitors fromColletotrichum fragariae

The conidial germination ofColletotrichum fragariae in water was dependent on population, size germination was inhibited at higher concentrations of conidia in water. The inhibition was considered to be caused by some germination-inhibiting substances exuded from conidia, since the germination did occur after washing the conidia repeatedly. The germination-inhibiting substances were searched for in the acetone extract of potato-sucrose-agar (PSA) cultures of the fungus and five active compounds were isolated. Their structures were characterized spectroscopically. HPLC analysis indicated that one of the isolated compounds among these was exuded not only from mycelia but also from the conidia in water under crowded conditions. We suggest that these compounds control the conidial germination of the fungi.     

Preparation of amphiphilic chitosan and their antimicrobial activities

Two anionic soluble monomers, mono(2‐methacryloyl oxyethyl)acid phosphate and vinylsulfonic acid sodium salt, were grafted onto chitosan to obtain copolymers with zwitterionic property. Graft reaction improved the antimicrobial activities of chitosan. Antimicrobial activities of chitosan and graft copolymers depended largely on the amount and type of grafted chains as well as changes of pH, against Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton violaceum. The most excellent antimicrobial activity among tested samples was shown at pH 5.75 with demonstrating strain selectivity against Candida albicans and Trichophyton violaceum due to the difference in affinity between cell wall of fungi and chitosan or its derivatives. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 1713–1719, 1999     

SiO_2表面环氧改性及其吸附天然胶乳中蛋白质的研究

用带有环氧基的硅烷偶联剂KH-560对SiO2粒子进行表面修饰改性,并用其对天然胶乳中的蛋白质进行吸附分离。结果表明,KH-560通过化学键牢固地结合在SiO2粒子表面,并通过环氧基与蛋白质反应,达到降低天然胶乳氮含量的目的。当pH=8~9,改性SiO2粒子的质量分数为1%,处理时间为6 h时,胶乳中氮含量(质量分数)降低到0.229 3%。     

杀菌剂对诺氏虫疠霉和块耳霉孢子萌发的影响

为探讨杀菌剂与病原真菌的相容性，试验研究了10种杀真菌剂在致死浓度和次亚致死浓度下对诺氏虫疠霉和块耳霉孢子萌发的影响。发现杀菌剂对诺氏虫疠霉和块耳霉孢子萌发均有不同程度的抑制，浓度愈高，抑制作用愈强。此外，杀菌剂对诺氏虫疠霉的抑制作用明显大于块耳霉，相对而言，诺氏虫疠霉对杀菌剂较为敏感，而块耳霉的耐药性相对较强。在测试的杀菌剂中，丙酰胺对两种虫生真菌孢子的抑制作用最小，在两种浓度下均与块耳霉表现出良好的相容性；在次亚致死浓度水平下与诺氏虫疠霉的相容性良好。咪酰胺、代森锰锌、百菌清3种杀菌剂对两种虫生真菌孢子的杀伤力最大，经两种浓度药剂处理后，孢子萌发率均为0；其余杀菌剂对两种虫生真菌孢子萌发的影响随浓度和处理时间不同，表现出不同程度的抑制作用。更为重要的是，发现次亚致死浓度的丙酰胺、嘧霉胺可在一定程度上刺激诺氏虫疠霉孢子萌发。     

BUTYL ACETATE AND YEASTS INTERACT IN ADHESION AND GERMINATION OF Botrytis cinerea CONIDIA IN VITRO AND IN FUNGAL DECAY OF GOLDEN DELICIOUS APPLE

Butyl acetate is a volatile aroma and flavor compound in apple. Conidia of three strains of Botrytis cinerea, a fungus that causes decay of apple fruit in postharvest storage, had greater adhesion to and greater germination on polycarbonate membrane filters on water inside sealed 500 cc glass jars that were injected with 4 l butyl acetate than conidia not so exposed. Conidial germination was highly correlated with conidial adhesion. The yeasts Sporobolomyces roseus and Cryptococcus laurentii, but not Saccharomyces cerevisiae, reduced the adhesion and germination promoting effect of butyl acetate. Conidia did not readily utilize butyl acetate as a food source, as shown by lack of tetrazolium violet reduction, whereas S. roseus and C. laurentii, but not S. cerevisiae did. Butyl acetate added to suspensions of conidia increased the electrical conductivity of the suspensions and increased the loss of ¹⁴C from ¹⁴C-labeled conidia compared to conidia unexposed to butyl acetate. Uptake of [¹⁴C]glucose by conidia was not increased by butyl acetate. Wounds of Golden Delicious apples inoculated with conidia (strain F-J-4) in a dilute solution of butyl acetate had greater decay than unexposed wounds. S. roseus and C. laurentii, but not S. cerevisiae, added with the conidia decreased the incidence or size of decay. Results indicated that butyl acetate increased conidial adhesion, stimulating conidial germination, and some yeasts can reduce this effect.     

硅烷偶联剂对白炭黑填充溴化丁基橡胶/天然橡胶并用胶性能的影响

试验研究硅烷偶联剂Si69,Si75和KH560对白炭黑填充溴化丁基橡胶(BIIR)/天然橡胶(NR)并用胶性能的影响。结果表明:随着硅烷偶联剂Si75或KH560用量的增大,胶料的挤出膨胀率呈增大趋势,门尼粘度和F;减小,Payne效应减弱,定伸应力和拉伸强度呈增大趋势,拉断伸长率和撕裂强度呈减小趋势,加工性能和老化后耐屈挠性能改善;硅烷偶联剂Si75和KH560能够明显改善白炭黑填充BIIR/NR并用胶的加工性能和老化后的耐屈挠性能。     

Evaluation of Stable LifeAct-mRuby2- and LAMP1-NeonGreen Expressing A549 Cell Lines for Investigation of Aspergillus fumigatus Interaction with Pulmonary Cells

Inhaled Aspergillus fumigatus spores can be internalized by alveolar type II cells. Cell lines stably expressing fluorescently labeled components of endocytic pathway enable investigations of intracellular organization during conidia internalization and measurement of the process kinetics. The goal of this report was to evaluate the methodological appliance of cell lines for studying fungal conidia internalization. We have generated A549 cell lines stably expressing fluorescently labeled actin (LifeAct-mRuby2) and late endosomal protein (LAMP1-NeonGreen) following an evaluation of cell-pathogen interactions in live and fixed cells. Our data show that the LAMP1-NeonGreen cell line can be used to visualize conidia co-localization with LAMP1 in live and fixed cells. However, caution is necessary when using LifeAct-mRuby2-cell lines as it may affect the conidia internalization dynamics.