探地雷达频率波数域速度估计和成像方法的实验研究

探地雷达的分辨率和地下电磁波的速度估计是探地雷达应用中两个重要研究课题,类似地震信号处理中的频率波数域偏移处理,本文提出将频率波数域偏移方法应用到探地雷达的成像和速度估计中来,并用实验数据验证了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

基于非恒Q衰减模型探地雷达的回波仿真

电磁波在地下介质层中的传播特性及回波仿真技术对于反演地下介质层结构具有十分重要的意义。文中研究了探地雷达信号在有耗介质层中传播的回波仿真问题,基于Debye色散模型定义介质层电磁参数,讨论电磁波在地下介质层中的非恒Q衰减特性和模拟回波信号,得到了探地雷达脉冲在层状介质中传播的回波信号模型和反射回波曲线。仿真结果与当前通用的探地雷达数据仿真软件GprMax进行对比,证明了该方法的有效性。     

多相离散随机介质探地雷达三维数值模拟

沥青混凝土是典型的多相离散随机介质, 为了研究探地雷达波在这种介质中的传播特征, 基于随机介质模型理论与统计学方法, 研究了沥青混凝土芯样的空间随机分布统计特征、各组成物质体积百分比、自相关函数及其特征参数(如自相关长度、自相关角度等), 基于量化约束多相离散随机介质模型建模算法, 构建了与之对应的多相离散随机介质三维模型.采用时域有限差分法建立了商用探地雷达蝶形天线的三维模型, 开展了多相离散随机介质探地雷达三维数值模拟.研究结果表明:多相离散随机介质模型不仅能全面、准确地描述沥青混凝土的介质特征, 而且可用于描述其他的复杂非均质混合物, 其模拟剖面与实测剖面相符, 有利于指导探地雷达沥青混凝土质量无损检测实测剖面的数据解译.     

基于F-K偏移及最小熵技术的探地雷达成像法

地下目标位置和形状的确定是探地雷达实际工程应用中需要解决的主要问题之一,地震信号处理技术中的偏移方法是比较有效的地下目标图像归位方法,介质中的波速度是影响目标图像归位精度的最主要因素。该文在利用图像最小熵方法对介质中波速度进行估计基础上,借助于频率-波数域偏移技术对探地雷达图像进行了处理。分别通过数值模拟图像和探地雷达系统实际探测图像验证了该文方法的有效性。     

前视探地雷达合成孔径成像方法的研究

根据前视探地雷达波斜入射,并且经过空气和地下两层介质的特点,提出了基于等效波场和全息成像的频率波数域前视探地雷达合成孔径成像方法。该方法对地面以上的记录剖面用基于全息成像的频率波数域成像方法成像,对地面以下记录剖面的成像,则用地面测线处的等效波场。所提方法把两层介质中的成像问题简化成单层介质中的合成孔径成像问题。对实验数据的处理结果表明,所提方法能有效地提高信杂比,提高目标的方位分辨率。     

一种探地雷达目标参数估计方法的研究

在探地雷达应用中,确定地下目标的介质参数具有重要意义.为了对探地雷达地下目标参数进行估计,提出了将探地雷达偏移处理和时域目标参数反演结合起来的方法,该算法首先通过偏移处理,确定目标的位置和分布范围,然后采用FDTD和随机逼近优化法进行迭代运算估计目标参数.与传统基于频域的方法相比,该方法具有易于实现、处理速度快等优点.并且通过对模拟数据的处理,验证了该方法的可行性.     

探地雷达在地下管线探测中的应用

探地雷达技术是如今适应快速、准确、无损地探测地下障碍物而迅速发展的电磁技术。文中介绍了探地雷达的工作原理及工作方式，并通过结合工程实例来探讨探地雷达在地下管线探测中的广泛应用。     

探地雷达探测干旱区潜水埋深研究

结合探地雷达技术理论与包气带土壤水分分布特性分析了探地雷达测定潜水埋深的技术原理,并对天线频率、地下水埋深、毛细水带等影响探测结果精度的客观因素进行了误差分析。为验证探地雷达技术应用于干旱区潜水埋深探测的有效性,选取神东矿区松散层为第四系风积沙覆盖的两个工作面,潜水位平均埋深分别为41m和10m,采用探地雷达对区域的潜水埋深进行了野外探测,并利用工作面上方测线附近水井的水位实测值进行验证。结果表明利用探雷达能有效地测定该工作面处地下潜水埋深,探测精度与水位埋深和采用的天线主频等因素有关。在确定潜水位埋深时,还需考虑土壤毛细水带高度的影响。     

激光点云实现探地雷达图像地形校正的研究

探地雷达在地形起伏条件下采集数据时,必须考虑因地形变化产生的图像畸变和精确定位问题。本文采用车载激光扫描系统可快速获取研究区高精度的地形数据,通过探地雷达测量线上均匀分布的离散点,实现测量区地形数据与探地雷达图像之间的同步。根据时间移位原理和线性差值方法,选择某一标准的水平基准面作为参考平面,将探地雷达各道数据的双程传播时间进行校正,从而实现探地雷达图像的地形校正。校正后图像跟校正前相比,不仅显示出复杂地形下介质真实分布形态,而且有助于探地图像的解译和地下目标物及介质层的精确定位。     

有问有答

问1:用什么仪器或设备能够将埋入地下1米到1.5米深处的金属物和非金属物探测出来?(福建肖月德等问)答:用探地雷达探测地表面以下的金属物或非金属物体的位置和深度是一种快速、有效而价廉的方法。探地雷达是利用电磁波逆散射原理设计制造的,它适用于市政建设、交通、农业、矿产、能源及考古等各部门以判明埋于地下的管道、电缆等金属物体以及尸体等非金属物体。探地雷达与普通雷达的区别是:1.普通雷达探测距离以千米计算,而探地雷达则以米计算,相差三个数量级。2.普通雷达信号在大气层空间传播时,其衰减主要取决于能量的扩散;而探地雷达的信号衰减则主要取决于传播介质的损耗。     

Subsurface structures detection by combining L-band polarimetricSAR and GPR data: example of the Pyla Dune (France)

The authors investigate the penetration capabilities of microwaves, particularly at L-band, for the mapping of subsurface heterogeneities such as lithology variations, moisture or sedimentary structures. The experiment site, the Pyla Dune, is a bare sandy area allowing high signal penetration and presenting large subsurface structures (paleosoils) at varying depths. Several radar data sets over this area are available. A polarimetric analysis of airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data as web as the ground penetrating radar (GPR) sounding experiment show that subsurface scattering occurs at several places. The SAR penetration depth is estimated by inverting a scattering model for which the subsurface structure geometric and dielectric properties are determined by the GPR data analysis. These results suggest that airborne radar systems in a lower frequency range (P-band) should be able to detect subsurface moisture down to several meters, leading to innovative Earth observation systems for hydrogeology in arid regions     

Filtering Soil Surface and Antenna Effects From GPR Data to Enhance Landmine Detection

The detection of antipersonnel landmines using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is particularly hindered by the predominant soil surface and antenna reflections. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to filter out these effects from 2-D off-ground monostatic GPR data by adapting and combining the radar antenna subsurface model of Lambot with phase-shift migration. First, the antenna multiple reflections originating from the antenna itself and from the interaction between the antenna and the ground are removed using linear transfer functions. Second, a simulated Green's function accounting for the surface reflection is subtracted. The Green's function is derived from the estimated soil surface dielectric permittivity using full-wave inversion of the radar signal for a measurement taken in a local landmine-free area. Third, off-ground phase-shift migration is performed on the 2-D data to filter the effect of the antenna radiation pattern. We validate the approach in laboratory conditions for four differently detectable landmines embedded in a sandy soil. Compared to traditional background subtraction, this new filtering method permits a better differentiation of the landmine and estimation of its depth and geometrical properties. This is particularly beneficial for the detection of landmines in low-contrast conditions     

探地雷达在地下介质中传播路径的计算

由于地下介质和空气的电磁特性不一致,探地雷达的发射信号在不同介质中传播时,传播速度和传播路径会发生改变,传播速度不再保持恒定,而且传播路径也不再是沿直线传播.当地下介质由单一均匀介质组成时,理论计算传播路径需要求解一个四次方程,计算量大,特别是地下介质由多个单一均匀介质组成时,无法得到解析的理论计算结果.根据电磁波的传播特性,给出了电磁波在地下单层介质传播时的简易计算方法.并以此为基础,首次给出了地下多层介质时的简易计算方法和解析结果.实际计算结果表明:简易计算结果与理论结果保持一致,比工程化计算方法的精度更高,计算量基本不变.     

Foreword to the Special Issue on Subsurface Sensing Using Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR)

The 17 papers in this special issue focus on subsurface sensing using ground-penetrating radar (GPR). These papers describe new approaches to subsurface sensing, including developments in electromagnetic wave propagation imaging/inversion of GPR data and antenna/radar technologies. Associated applications range from glaciology to pavement evaluation to landmine detection.     

探地雷达图中地下管径尺寸的SVM识别方法

在用探地雷达对地下管道进行探测时,地下管道的雷达图像呈现明显的双曲线特征,但地下管道的管径大小却无法在雷达图中直接反映出来。为了能够同时测量地下管道管径,本文首先采用一种改进的小波包阈值去噪法对雷达图进行去噪预处理,然后采用Hough变换对特征双曲线进行拟合,确定管道的位置,从而实现管道的检测,最后采用支持向量机的方法对拟合的双曲线进行分类,将双曲线分类结果对应到管径分类上,从而间接地实现地下管道管径的识别。实验结果表明:该方法对地下管道管径大小的正确识别率达到90%。该方法能够满足工程应用的实际需要。     

Minimum entropy regularization in frequency-wavenumber migration to localize subsurface objects

Optimized versions of frequency-wavenumber (F-K) migration methods are introduced to better focus ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data in applications of shallow subsurface object localization, e.g., landmine remediation. Migration methods are based on the wave equation and operate by backpropagating the received data into the earth so as to localize buried objects. Traditional F-K migration is based on an underlying assumption that the wavefields propagate in a homogeneous medium. The presence of a rough air-ground interface in the GPR case degrades the localization ability. To overcome this problem in the context of the F-K algorithm, we introduce lateral variations in the velocity of waves in the medium. An optimization approach is employed to choose that velocity function that results in a well-focused image where an entropy-like criterion is used to quantify the notion of focus. Extension of the basic method to lossy medium is also described. The utility of these techniques is demonstrated using field data from a number of GPR systems.     

基于支持向量机的浅地层探地雷达目标分类识别研究

对于探地雷达用于探测地雷情况下的目标识别,从实用性上说只需识别地雷或非地雷两类目标即可,而通常的支持向量机正是用于两类分类.本文结合浅地层探地雷达数据的特点,提出了一种基于支持向量机的浅地层探地雷达目标分类识别方法,并分析了时域,傅立叶谱,及离散小波变换三种特征数据用于所提方法时的效果.通过对实测数据进行处理,结果表明三种特征数据用于所提方法都能取得较好的效果.     

频率步进探地雷达的SAR成像处理方法

由于冲激脉冲探地雷达平均功率低,限制了其作用距离和探测深度,多用于近地表和浅低层探测。为了提高系统的作用距离和探测深度,常采用频率步进探地雷达。利用频率步进信号的大带宽和高平均功率的特点,不但可以提高作用距离和探测深度,而且成像分辨率可以大为改善。由于介质与空气的介电特性不一致,电磁波的传播路径和传播速度会发生相应的改变,常用的回波模型和合成孔径成像方法不再使用。本文推导出了频率步进探地雷达的回波信号模型,并结合SAR成像理论,针对地下目标探测的特点,提出了分层聚焦的SAR成像处理方法,取得了良好的效果。     

水体的探地雷达成像数值模拟与实验比较研究

对中心频率为1.6GHz的探地雷达(GPR)进行水箱管线成像研究,获得了金属和聚氯乙烯(PVC)管线在不同深度、不同管径组合以及不同介质损耗等情况下的雷达剖面。建立了二维时域有限差分程序对实验进行数值模拟对比研究,该程序能对薄壁管线进行高精度建模。相同模型下的数值模拟结果与实验符合较好。从图像解释的角度重点讨论了实测与数值模拟的雷达剖面的异同,分析了电磁波多次反射造成的一系列双曲线现象,并探讨了高损耗介质的GPR数值模拟与实测结果略有不同的原因及解决对策。     

Modeling of ground-penetrating Radar for accurate characterization of subsurface electric properties

The possibility to estimate accurately the subsurface electric properties from ground-penetrating radar (GPR) signals using inverse modeling is obstructed by the appropriateness of the forward model describing the GPR subsurface system. In this paper, we improved the recently developed approach of Lambot et al. whose success relies on a stepped-frequency continuous-wave (SFCW) radar combined with an off-ground monostatic transverse electromagnetic horn antenna. This radar configuration enables realistic and efficient forward modeling. We included in the initial model: 1) the multiple reflections occurring between the antenna and the soil surface using a positive feedback loop in the antenna block diagram and 2) the frequency dependence of the electric properties using a local linear approximation of the Debye model. The model was validated in laboratory conditions on a tank filled with a two-layered sand subject to different water contents. Results showed remarkable agreement between the measured and modeled Green's functions. Model inversion for the dielectric permittivity further demonstrated the accuracy of the method. Inversion for the electric conductivity led to less satisfactory results. However, a sensitivity analysis demonstrated the good stability properties of the inverse solution and put forward the necessity to reduce the remaining clutter by a factor 10. This may partly be achieved through a better characterization of the antenna transfer functions and by performing measurements in an environment without close extraneous scatterers.