偏航工况下风电机组尾流模型与风电场尾流叠加研究

风电场中通过风电机组主动偏航进行尾流优化控制,可以提高风电场发电量。文中根据偏航工况对风电机组尾流和功率输出的影响,建立了偏航工况下单台风电机组尾流模型和输出功率的简化计算方法。而对于全场不同来流风向,对机组位置进行坐标变换以确定风电机组的迎风顺序,并结合尾流叠加模型建立了偏航工况下风电场尾流分布计算方法。最后,以单列6台风电机组为研究对象进行计算分析,验证了该尾流计算方法的适用性及主动偏航控制对风电场发电量提升的可行性。     

采用时间序列预测风电场出力

基于时间序列的方法,采用自回归滑动平均(ARMA)模型进行短期风速预测;考虑风力发电机组排列布置时尾流效应的影响、风电场址地面粗糙程度、空气密度、风向变化以及不同型号风机功率特性的差异等因素,采用Jasen尾流模型建立了大型风电场的综合模型。结果表明,合理的风电场布置方案有利于减小尾流效应的影响,从而提高风电场出力。     

基于偏航尾流模型的风电场功率协同优化研究

为减小风电场尾流效应的影响,提升风电场整体发电量,提出一种基于偏航尾流模型的风电场功率协同优化方法。首先建立风电场偏航尾流模型,该模型包括用于计算单机组尾流速度分布的Jensen-Gaussian尾流模型、尾流偏转模型及多机组尾流叠加模型,对各机组风轮前来流风速进行求解;再根据来流风速计算风电场输出功率,并以风电场整体输出功率最大为优化目标,利用拟牛顿算法协同优化各机组轴向诱导因子和偏航角度。以4行4列方形布置的16台NREL-5 MW风电机组为对象进行仿真研究。结果表明,所提出的基于偏航尾流模型的风电场功率协同优化方法能显著提升风电场整体输出功率。     

考虑尾流效应对风电场机组布局的影响分析

尾流效应的存在会导致风电场下风向风能减少,流场湍流度增加,进而影响风电场中位于下风向风机的效率和风轮的使用寿命。文章对尾流效应研究现状进行了概述,利用WASP软件以及风资源数据进行风电场模拟计算,将上下游风机之间间距以及上下游风机连线与主导风向的偏向角作为风机定位坐标,建立了分别由2台、3台、4台风机组成的模型并进行计算。比较在不同风机布局的情况下,风电场内每台风机和风电场的年净发电量以及尾流损失值随风机布局的变化趋势。对比计算结果得出风电场机组布局中风机之间的最佳间距和偏向角的定量值,确定风机尾流效应分析在风电场内机组布局中的重要性,为优化风电机组布局以及提高风电场风能利用率提供理论依据。     

基于Park-Gauss模型考虑大气稳定性对布局优化的影响

基于Park模型尾流区线性膨胀假设和径向风速呈高斯分布假设,提出一种新的修正型的工程尾流模型Park-Gauss模型,采用小生境遗传算法,并考虑大气稳定性对风电场布局优化的影响。结果表明:对常风速单风向风电场微观选址布局优化结果是风力机组主要布置在垂直风向的第1排和最后1排;大气边界层稳定性对风电场微观选址布局优化影响显著,在大气边界层不稳定状态下,风电场安装机组总数最多、发电总量及风电场利用效率最高,中性状态和稳定状态依次次之。     

考虑尾流效应的风电场优化控制技术研究

针对已建风电场,提出一种考虑尾流效应的风电场优化控制方法,以减少风电场尾流效应,提高风电场整体输出功率。研究机组状态参数变化与输出功率、尾流分布间的量化关系,揭示风电机组状态参数变化与输出功率、尾流分布间的耦合关系;提出尾流与风轮交汇面积的计算方法,建立多台风电机组的尾流叠加模型;以风电场整体输出功率最大为目标函数,轴向诱导因子为优化参数,粒子群算法为优化算法,建立考虑尾流效应的风电场优化控制模型。以丹麦Horns Rev风电场为算例进行计算分析,结果表明:所提出的考虑尾流效应的风电场优化控制方法能够使风电场整体输出功率增加。     

地形图精度对复杂地区风电场计算结果的影响

主要研究了地形图精度对复杂地区风电场年净发电量和尾流值计算结果的影响,通过对典型风电场应用不同精度的地形图和尾流模型的计算分析,得出地形图精度对于风电场年净发电量和尾流值影响的初步规律,通过计算分析得出如下结论：不同的尾流模型对于地形图精度的敏感度不同,利用PARK尾流模型计算出的风电场年净发电量最大;不同精度的地形图对于复杂风电场年净发电量和尾流值的影响都不大。     

基于改进二进制萤火虫算法的风电场微观选址优化研究

风电场微观选址时应合理布置机组位置,减少尾流影响,提高风电场的综合经济效益。首先,针对不同布机方案及不同来流风向、风速下风电场尾流分布的变化,提出了一种基于坐标变换的风电场尾流场快速计算方法以提高计算效率;然后,对传统二进制萤火虫算法进行改进,从而提高寻求全局最优的能力;最后,基于以上工作,以机组总台数和布机方案为决策变量,以单位功率成本为目标函数,完成了3种风况条件下的风电场微观选址优化工作。经过计算对比分析,本方法在3种风况条件下均得到了更优的布机结果,对工程中海上风电场和陆上平坦地形风电场的微观选址工作具有参考价值。     

风电场复杂地形的微观选址

以红牧风电场为例,分析了复杂地形的风电场微观选址,根据主风向上和垂直主风向上的不同间距布置风机,以对比单机平均发电量和尾流影响.结果表明,主风向上单机的平均发电量随风机间距的增加先增后疵,尾流损失不断减小;垂直主风向上随风机间距的增大单机平均发电量不断增大,尾流损失也不断减小.建议在复杂地形的主风向上风机间距的选择比简单地形小,均为风机直径6～7倍;简单地形的风机间距约为风机直径7～8倍.     

计及能量掺混的风电机组尾流叠加模型研究

风电机组可能受上游多台机组尾流共同影响,工程中一般应用叠加模型来模拟这种尾流叠加效应。尾流区与周围大气的能量掺混导致了尾流恢复,目前常用的尾流叠加模型无法体现这个效应。应用一维动量理论计算风电机组尾流区从周围大气吸收的能量,在能量守恒叠加模型的基础上,通过补充这部分掺混能量对其进行修正,从而提高了尾流场模拟精度。在Lillgrund海上风电场应用能量掺混叠加模型,流场模拟结果与实测数据对比表明,该模型可以准确模拟风电场内机组功率变化趋势,且相较于传统模型计算精度更高,对风电场发电量计算具有一定的参考价值。     

风电场风电机组的接地设计

较系统地介绍了风电场风电机组对接地电阻的要求、接地设计思路及方法,并提供实际工程中接地网布置图实例作为参考。     

风 风能 风力发电——21世纪新型清洁能源

一风的一般属性１风的形成风是人们非常熟悉的一种自然现象，人人都能感觉到它的存在。春风和煦，给万物带来生机；夏风吹拂，使人心旷神怡；秋风送爽，带来丰收的喜悦；冬风呼啸，迎来漫天飞雪。那么风是怎样形成的呢？众所周知，人类生活的地球表面被大气所包围，来自太阳的辐射不断传送到地球表面，因太阳辐射受热情况不同，地球表面各处的气温不同。在影响气压高低的因素中，气温起着最重要的作用。温度高的地区空气受热上升，气压减小；温度低的地方，空气下降，气压增大，于是产生了气压差。和水往低处流一样，空气也从气压高处向气压…     

Evaluation of wind farm efficiency and wind turbine wakes at the Nysted offshore wind farm

Here, we quantify relationships between wind farm efficiency and wind speed, direction, turbulence and atmospheric stability using power output from the large offshore wind farm at Nysted in Denmark. Wake losses are, as expected, most strongly related to wind speed variations through the turbine thrust coefficient; with direction, atmospheric stability and turbulence as important second order effects. While the wind farm efficiency is highly dependent on the distribution of wind speeds and wind direction, it is shown that the impact of turbine spacing on wake losses and turbine efficiency can be quantified, albeit with relatively large uncertainty due to stochastic effects in the data. There is evidence of the ‘deep array effect’ in that wake losses in the centre of the wind farm are under‐estimated by the wind farm model WAsP, although overall efficiency of the wind farm is well predicted due to compensating edge effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

分散式风力发电机组的电压控制

风电的分散式开发不同于大规模开发和分布式开发,由于分散风电靠近负荷中心,直接接入配电网,且不加装无功补偿调节装置SVC,配网中较大的电压波动给分散风电的并网运行带来影响。文章讨论了配网对分散风电的电压控制特点和要求,结合风电机组无功控制能力,并推导出满足配网电压调节要求的风电机组无功控制范围和对机组设备的要求。     

Dynamic wind estimation based control for small wind turbines

We introduce a novel scheme for small wind turbines that gives dynamic estimation of wind speed from rotor angular velocity measurements. The estimation proceeds in two different dynamic observers, one giving a valid estimate for higher Tip Speed Ratios (TSRs) and which we call the Upper Wind Estimator (UWE) and the other called the Lower Wind Estimator (LWE) valid for lower TSRs. The meaning of “higher” and “lower”, and the precise regions of validity, are quantified. We further propose a coordinated control scheme using the UWE. Simulations are presented showing closed-loop performance of the turbine and the estimators both in the optimal TSR regulation condition, and the dynamic power-shedding condition caused by a wind gust. An analytic analysis of closed-loop stability and of the convergence and bias properties of the estimator is provided. Empirical data showing performance on a real turbine is also presented.     

适用于特殊风区的风电机组塔架的再设计

由于IECⅠ级机型性能不能满足超Ⅰ类风区的要求,因此以IECⅠ级机型塔架的结构为基础,对其进行了再设计,并利用有限元方法,对再设计后的塔架的静强度、模态、稳定性进行了分析。分析结果表明:再设计后的塔架的强度、固有频率和刚度均满足要求;以满足强度、频率特性和刚度为约束条件,以减轻重量、降低成本为目标的塔架的再设计是可靠的。     

A new formulation for rotor equivalent wind speed for wind resource assessment and wind power forecasting

The spurt of growth in the wind energy industry has led to the development of many new technologies to study this energy resource and improve the efficiency of wind turbines. One of the key factors in wind farm characterization is the prediction of power output of the wind farm that is a strong function of the turbulence in the wind speed and direction. A new formulation for calculating the expected power from a wind turbine in the presence of wind shear, turbulence, directional shear and direction fluctuations is presented. It is observed that wind shear, directional shear and direction fluctuations reduce the power producing capability, while turbulent intensity increases it. However, there is a complicated superposition of these effects that alters the characteristics of the power estimate that indicates the need for the new formulation. Data from two field experiments is used to estimate the wind power using the new formulation, and results are compared to previous formulations. Comparison of the estimates of available power from the new formulation is not compared to actual power outputs and will be a subject of future work. © 2015 The Authors. Wind Energy published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

某风电场风力发电机组故障诊断

为了准确判断风电机组的运行状态及故障,提出了基于常规分析—振动幅值分析—波形频谱分析的故障诊断流程,阐述了针对风电机组的幅值分析方法和波形频谱分析方法,并通过对某机组异响的根源探究实例,准确地诊断出机组异响来源于齿轮箱太阳轮,可为风电机组故障诊断技术提供依据。     

Simulation of hourly wind speed and array wind power

Statistical summaries of wind speed are sufficient to compute many characteristics of turbine-generated power, such as the mean, variance and reliability of various power levels. However, a wind speed time series is necessary to produce a sequence of power values as used for investigating load matching and storage requirements. Since a long historical record of wind speed may not be available at a wind turbine candidate site, it is desirable to be able to generate a simulated numerical sequence of hourly wind speed values. Two such approximate procedures are developed in this paper. One procedure generates sequential wind speed values at a site based on the Weibull parameters of hourly wind speed and the lag-one autocorrelation of hourly wind speed values. Comparison with historical data at a site is made. The second procedure generates sequential hourly wind power values for a regional array of wind turbines. It utilizes the typical site wind characteristics, the spatial and lag-one cross correlation and autocorrelation of hourly wind speed values and an equivalent linearized relationship between array average wind speed and array power. Comparison with results for six different wind turbines in three different regional arrays indicates good agreement for wind power histograms, autocorrelation function and mean persistence.     

Characterization of wind speed data according to wind direction

Knowledge of the wind speed distribution and the most frequent wind directions is important when choosing wind turbines and when locating them. For this reason wind evaluation and characterization are important when forecasting output power. The data used here were collected from eleven meteorological stations distributed in Navarre, Spain. We obtained data for the period extending from 1992 to 1995, with each datum encompassing 10 minutes of time. Wind speed data of each station were gathered in eight directional sectors, each one extended over 45 degrees according to the direction from which the wind blows. The stations were grouped in two blocks: those under the influence of the Ebro valley and those in mountainous areas. For each group the Weibull parameters were estimated, (according to the Weibull probability paper because the Weibull distribution gives the best fit in this region). Kurtosis and skewness coefficients were estimated as well. The Weibull parameters, especially the scale parameter c, depend strongly on the direction considered, and both Weibull parameters show an increasing trend as the direction considered moves to the more dominant direction, while both kurtosis and skewness show a corresponding decreasing trend.