城市垃圾气化制气的研究

在实验室研究阶段,确定了垃圾的分类、成份,发热量等基本特性,在内径400mm的流化床气化炉内,进行了工艺开发单元的研究,气化温度为785℃时,燃气产率为1.17m~3/kg,燃气的高热值为5.65MJ/m~3,气化效率75％,碳转化率95％。     

天然气改制工艺[火用]分析及优化方向

从[火用]平衡的角度分析了天然气改制工艺系统的能量转换与利用过程，计算了各项[火用]收入、[火用]支出及[火用]效率，指出了天然气改制工艺系统运行参数优化的方向。     

粉煤加压流化床气化试验与模拟的比较

粉煤在直径为１００ｍｍ的加压流化床试验装置上进行了试验，取得了不同煤种、不同工艺条件下的试验结果。根据物料平衡、能量平衡和化学平衡的原理，建立了粉煤加压流化床气化的平衡组成计算模型，并在试验条件下，进行了模拟计算。试验结果与模拟计算结果进行了比较，二者基本符合。     

生物质固定床气化过程的研究

本文确定了城市生活垃圾、木块等生物质的成分,发热量,灰熔点等基本特性。在截面为７１０ｍｍ＊３４５ｍｍ的固定床气化炉内,采用空气作为气化剂,对垃圾、木块等生物质进行了气化试验研究。生成煤气的成分为：ＣＯ１５．８％,Ｈ２ ７．５％,ＣＨ４ ２．９％,煤气的热值为４５０８．８ｋＪ／ｍ＾３。气化效率可达７３％。测定并分析了炉内温度分布和各气化层的厚度,研究了物料的物理化学性质,气化过程的操作条件和煤气发生     

煤气化过程热力学平衡组成的理论计算

在一个封闭系统中,经一定时间后组分之间的转化反应会达到平衡状态。平衡组成的计算原理主要系化学热力学。化学热力学只研究平衡问题,而不研究达到平衡的速度。尽管化工过程完全达到平衡的现象很少,研究平衡过程但仍有着重要意义。 首先,平衡确定某个反应所能达到的界限;其次,从平衡角度考虑,可以预示当反应条件(如温度、压力等)变化时,产品组成的变化趋势,也即可提供所要求产品的工艺条件。 煤具有很复杂的分子结构,但对于煤的气化反应平衡状态的计算可据煤的元素组成及气化剂的组成而进行。     

粉煤加压流化床气化试验与模拟的比较

粉煤在直径为100mm的加压流化床试验装置上进行了试验,取得了不同煤种、不同工艺条件下的试验结果。根据物料平衡、能量平衡和化学平衡的原理,建立了粉煤加压流化床气化的平衡组成计算模型,并在试验条件下,进行了模拟计算。试验结果与模拟计算结果进行了比较,二者基本符合。     

好氧生物堆肥中温度、氧气和水分模型的研究进展

研究堆肥过程中温度、氧气浓度和水分含量动态变化的数学模型,对于提高堆肥效率和改进工艺具有重要的指导意义。在模拟堆体温度变化时,大多数研究者未考虑堆体温度的空间差异,进行均匀性假设而建立能量平衡方程,仅有少数模型描述了堆体内的传热过程。温度模型对温度—时间曲线的模拟效果与有机质降解模型有关,其中经验模型和一级反应模型的模拟效果较好,Monod模型的模拟效果则较差。氧气模型可分为反应、反应-对流、对流-挥发和反应-对流-扩散等4种模型,现有的氧气模型对氧气浓度—时间曲线的变化趋势预测较好,但对氧气浓度值模拟相对较差。水分模型可分为对流、反应-对流、反应-蒸发和反应-对流-扩散等4种模型,前两种模型对堆肥最终含水率的模拟效果较好,但缺乏过程数据。在总结现有模型的基础上,提出了好氧生物堆肥过程中温度、氧气和水分模型未来的研究方向。     

生物质焦与煤焦二氧化碳气化特性实验研究

在设计搭建的气化实验装置上对生物质焦(小麦秸秆焦和松木屑焦)和大同烟煤焦分别进行单独气化及不同生物质焦比例混合焦样的二氧化碳气化特性实验。对比不同工况下的气化特性曲线发现:3种焦样单独气化时,随着反应温度升高,平均比气化速率提高;由于内部结构原因,平均比气化速率由大到小分别为麦焦、松焦、煤焦;不同生物质焦比例的混合焦样平均比气化速率介于纯煤焦和纯生物质焦之间,随着生物质焦比例的增大,平均比气化速率提高;通过比较某一温度下混合焦样气化完成率的计算值与实验值发现,气化反应未发生协同作用,反而对气化反应有一定的抑制作用。     

预分解窑系统的[火用]分析

分析比较了[火用]分析法与热平衡法,指出[火用]分析法比热平衡法更能深入、科学地阐述能的本质,更真实地反映系统能量的量和质的转化及损失情况,为系统节能指明方向．通过对乌兰2500t／d预分解窑系统进行的热平衡及[火用]平衡计算,分析了造成系统[火用]损失的原因及其影响程度,确定了系统耗能的薄弱环节,找出了节能途径,并指出余热发电是现阶段减少[火用]损失最有效的方法．     

关于热泵一次能源利用率的计算与分析

发电环节按燃煤电厂考虑,针对空气源热泵热水供热系统进行了一次能源热效率和[火用]效率的计算和分析,结果表明:热泵机组COP分别为3和4时,其一次能源热效率均大于100%,但热泵机组的一次能源[火用]效率、热泵供热系统的一次能源[火用]效率都远小于100%。热泵供热系统的一次能源[火用]效率表征了热泵供热系统对一次能源[火用]价值的利用程度,可称为热泵供热系统的一次能源利用率。而热泵机组的COP及其一次能源热效率虽然不能直接反映一次能源价值的利用程度,但它们都与热泵供热系统的一次能源[火用]效率呈正比关系,所以也都可以用于对热泵供热系统进行能效比较和评价。合理降低热泵机组输出水温可以提高机组的COP,从而提高热泵供热系统的一次能源[火用]效率,实现相同供暖目标的一次能源消耗量减少。     

预分解窑系统的炯分析

分析比较了分析法与热平衡法,指出分析法比热平衡法更能深入、科学地阐述能的本质,更真实地反映系统能量的量和质的转化及损失情况,为系统节能指明方向.通过对乌兰2500 t/d预分解窑系统进行的热平衡及平衡计算,分析了造成系统损失的原因及其影响程度,确定了系统耗能的薄弱环节,找出了节能途径,并指出余热发电是现阶段减少损失最有效的方法.     

利用罐式煅烧炉烟气余热进行发电的分析

罐式煅烧炉被广泛应用于炭素厂、铝用炭素厂和焦炭行业中。论文对利用煅烧炉烟气余热进行发电的系统进行了介绍。以某年产500kt煅后焦的焦炭企业为例,对其利用罐式煅烧炉烟气余热发电进行了分析,包括排烟温度的确定,余热锅炉和汽轮发电机组的选择及效益分析。结果表明,利用烟气余热年发电量可达8．1×10^7 kW·h,经济效益显著,实现企业节能减排,又符合国家发展循环经济和环境保护的要求。     

天然焦制半水煤气工艺的特性研究

介绍了准北天然焦在Φ2400mm固定床半水煤气炉上的工业性气化试验结果，淮北张庄天然气化运行过程稳定，产气量高，可以代替焦炭或无烟煤作固定床气化炉的气化原料，生产合格的合成用半水煤气。     

固定床煤炭加压气化过程的模拟与优化

介绍了固定床煤气化过程反应动力学及反应活性数据的测定原理；利用“三传(动量、能量、质量传递)-反(反应工程)”的原理，建立了固定床加压气化过程的数学模型；通过模拟计算，得到了气化炉温度沿高度的分布，并讨论了固定床加压气化过程操作参数的优化问题。     

Development and application of a simulation model for the thermophilic oxic process for treating swine waste

The thermophilic oxic process (TOP) is a composting process that enables simultaneous complete decomposition and evaporation of organic waste under high temperature conditions supported by well-balanced calorific value control. To develop the simulation model for TOP, three-dimensional relationships among decomposition rate constant, temperature (20-70 °C) and moisture content (30-70%) were determined for swine waste and cooking oil based on the oxygen consumption rate during a thermophilic oxic decomposition reaction.The decomposition rate of swine waste and cooking oil under various moisture contents was described by the Arrhenius equation. The optimal temperature and moisture content were 60 °C and 60% for swine waste and 60 °C and 50% for cooking oil, respectively. The simulation model for TOP was constructed on the basis of the carbon, heat, and moisture balance. The validation of the simulation model was examined by comparing the measured temperature in the TOP reactor to that estimated by the simulation. The simulation model was proven by comparing experimental and calculated values. The relationship between the injection calorific value and the process mechanism of TOP was interpreted by the simulation model. On the basis of their relationship during TOP, the appropriate process conditions were discussed.     

医疗垃圾外热式固定床热解气化技术

介绍了垃圾热解气化的原理,进行了医疗垃圾外热式固定床热解实验,对热解产物进行了取样监测。提出了外热式固定床医疗垃圾处理工艺流程,探讨了在设计中对外热式固定床热解气化炉的炉形、密封、物料破料、传热、气化、焦油、烟气处理等问题的解决措施。     

煤气发生炉用热管预热空气的气化

介绍了煤气发生炉的热鼓风技术的研究,采用分离型热管回收温度为５５０℃的发生炉煤气余热,用于预热作为煤气气化剂的空气,提高气化剂的饱和温度和炉内氧化层的温度,改善煤气发生炉内的反应过程。通过运行表明煤气的热值和产量分别提高了７％和３０％。     

Thermodynamic analysis of compression ignition engine using neat Karanja oil under varying compression ratio

Exergy analysis method has been widely used to evaluate the energy utilisation efficiency and potential of waste heat energy. The objective of the present investigation is to analyse the exergy efficiency, destruction of exergy, mean gas temperature, exhaust temperature, brake thermal efficiency and brake-specific fuel consumption of a single cylinder diesel engine using diesel and neat Karanja oil blends at different compression ratios (CRs) at full load and at different loads with a CR of 18. It is observed that 10% neat Karanja oil blend (K10) shows similar performance to diesel and better than 20% neat Karanja oil blend (K20). But K20 shows better performance at a CR of 18 as compared to 16. At higher loads, exergy efficiency and destruction of exergy are found more at a CR of 18 for all fuels. Destruction of exergy decreases and exergy efficiency increases at CR 18.     

Exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of a municipal waste-to-energy steam reheat power plant for Port Harcourt city

This paper presents the exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of a proposed steam reheat power plant powered by the municipal waste of Port Harcourt city in Nigeria, latitude 4°45′ N and longitude 7°00′ E. The projected municipal waste generation of the city for the year 2020 was employed for this work to ascertain the amount of power obtainable via a waste incineration plant, taking into consideration the cost effectiveness of the plant. The thermodynamic analysis of the plant showed that 117?MW could be generated from the projected waste, with plant's first and second law efficiencies of 36.91% and 31.36%, respectively. The plant equipment cost was calculated to be US$326,460,000 with a payback period of about six years. The exergy and exergoeconomic analysis was used to estimate the plant’s unit cost of electricity and evaluate the exergy destruction and cost rates, with respect to the prevalent ambient temperature.     

Exergetic performance optimization of an endoreversible intercooled regenerated Brayton cogeneration plant. Part 2: Exergy output rate and exergy efficiency optimization

The exergy output rate and exergy efficiency performances of an endoreversible intercooled regenerative Brayton cogeneration plant are optimized based on the model which is established using finite time thermodynamic in Part 1 of this paper. It is found that the optimal heat conductance allocation of the regenerator is almost zero. When the total pressure ratio and the heat conductance allocation of the regenerator are fixed, it is shown that there exist two optimal intercooling pressure ratios, and two optimal groups of the heat conductance allocations among the hot-, cold- and consumer-side heat exchangers and the intercooler, which correspond to a maximum dimensionless exergy output rate and a maximum exergy efficiency. When the total pressure ratio is variable, there exist two optimal total pressure ratios which correspond to a double-maximum dimensionless exergy output rate and a double-maximum exergy efficiency, also the corresponding exergy efficiency and exergy output rate are obtained. The effects of the total heat exchanger conductance and the consumer-side temperature on the double-maximum dimensionless exergy output rate and the double-maximum exergy efficiency are discussed. It is found that there exists an optimal consumer-side temperature which correspond to a thrice- maximum dimensionless exergy output rate, and the intercooling process is not necessary by taking exergy efficiency as the objective when the consumer-side temperature is high.