微电解絮凝耦合技术处理含重金属铅锌冶炼废水

采用"石灰中和曝气微电解絮凝沉淀法"技术处理含重金属铅锌冶炼废水,考察微电解进水pH值、水力停留时间、铁炭质量比、絮凝pH值和助凝剂用量等反应条件对废水中铅、锌、镉、铜和砷离子去除率的影响。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)等测试手段,研究微电解反应前后铁屑和活性炭的表面形貌及物质组成的变化,分析铁炭微电解原理及铁炭床失效原因。结果表明:在微电解铁炭质量比为1:1.5、进水初始pH值为2.5、水力停留时间为40 min、絮凝pH值为11、助凝剂PAM用量为4×10 6(质量分数)的条件下,微电解絮凝耦合技术对废水中各离子的去除效果最佳,Cd2+出水浓度达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)中的一级标准,Pb2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和总砷的出水浓度满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中Ⅲ类水标准。     

含Cu-EDTA络合配离子废水的铁碳微电解处理(英文)

为了破坏冶炼废水中重金属有机螯合物,例如Cu-EDTA配离子废水,研究一种破络并预处理的新方法。该方法基于铁碳微电解反应原理,.OH在酸性有氧气存在的条件下产生,并在铁碳表面攻击吸附的有机基团导致螯合物的破坏,从而使铜离子将从有机物中剥离下来,然而EDTA将被.OH降解。研究pH值、温度、微电解反应时间、Fe/C质量比对铜离子脱除率及总有机碳(TOC)残余含量的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜分析(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、红外光谱分析(FTIR)研究处理前、后样品的表面官能团变化及形貌推断铁碳微电解反应的机理。并进行工业条件优化,得到最佳工艺条件:pH值为2,温度为常温,Fe/C质量比≥0.02,时间为60min,有氧气存在。在该条件下TOC浓度为200mg/L、铜离子浓度为60mg/L的废水反应完成后TOC和Cu残余浓度分别减低到40.66和1.718mg/L;羟基自由基降解反应机理合理解释了该实验现象。     

高浓度Bi3+离子对Cu电解精炼中阴极过程的影响

采用线性电位扫描法、循环伏安法、电导测定及XRD,XPS法等研究了高浓度Bi3+离子存在于酸性CuSO4电解液中对Cu电解精炼阴极过程的影响.研究表明Bi3+离子的存在减小了电解液的电导率,降低了阴极Cu沉积反应的交换电流密度、极限电流密度和峰电流密度,对Cu沉积反应起极化作用.在通常电流密度200 A·m-2下电解,Bi不会在阴极沉积,但促使Cu沉积的晶面220择优取向更加突出.在高电流密度1000 A·m-2下电解,Bi以Bi2O3形式存在于沉积层中,Cu沉积的晶面择优取向为111.     

小球藻回收电解废液中铜的性能研究

电解废液来源于铜电解过程,其成分和电解液大致相似,但浓度较低.实际生产中由于与其它废水混在一起所以含有杂质,一般是采用化学法净液处理,但这种方法会在电解过程中带入不需要的物质,给电解液净化造成困难.本实验利用小球藻处理电解废液中Cu2+的诸多因素进行了性能研究,并对其吸附本质进行了探索.     

铜离子对银电解的影响

采用电导率仪测定不同Cu2+浓度下AgNO3溶液的电导率,应用扫描伏安法研究Cu2+对阴极极化的影响,通过恒电流电解精炼研究Cu2+浓度对电解银粉含铜量的影响。结果表明:AgNO3溶液的电导率随着Cu2+浓度的增加而逐渐升高;Cu2+对银的析出具有抑制作用,随着其浓度的增加银的析出电位负移;电解液Cu2+浓度超过21.3 g/L时,银粉铜含量便会超标;银电解液中的Cu2+浓度在10~20 g/L范围时,对银粉中其他杂质元素Bi、Fe、Pb、Te的析出具有抑制作用。     

熔炼低品位电子废料中铜的湿法冶金选择性回收

比较从低品位电工电子废料中选择性回收铜的3种湿法冶金方法。首先将废料熔炼成Cu?Zn?Sn?Ag合金,并采用SEM?EDS和XRD进行表征。对合金进行阳极溶解,首先采用氨溶液和硫酸溶液对合金进行电沉积或在氨?硫酸铵溶液中浸出,然后进行电沉积铜。实现了各种金属分离,Pb、Ag 和Sn等沉积在阳极泥中,而铜则转移至电解液中并在阴极上还原析出。最佳的处理条件为在硫酸溶液中浸出,获得的最终产品为高纯Cu(99%),电流效率为90%。采用氨浸出可使Cu离子富集在电解液中,利于后续的电沉积,但是自发溶解的速率较低。在氨?硫酸铵溶液中进行阳极溶解不利于各种金属在阳极泥、电解液和阴极沉积物进行分离。     

氟化物体系中熔盐电解制备金属钛的研究

本方法确定了用NaF-K₂TiF₆熔体中的TiO₂通过熔盐电解法探究直接电解TiO₂制备金属钛的可行性。首先通过比较不同摩尔比NaF-K₂TiF₆体系中的初晶温度,并采用Leco氧分析法测定了TiO₂在NaF-K₂TiF₆体系中的溶解度(饱和浓度),选择较为合适的熔盐体系,并通过恒流电解法研究了四价钛的电还原行为。结果表明在830℃时摩尔比为1.5∶1时TiO₂在熔盐体系中的饱和浓度为10.2%,并对该熔盐体系进行热力学计算,发现当以活性炭作为阳极时钛的氧化物相较于氟化物的理论分解电压低,即氧化物会优先反应,通过恒流电解实验发现在电解温度为830℃,阴极电流密度为1 A/cm²时可以得到金属钛,其中TiO₂的还原机理可能是通过TiO₂→TiO→Ti₂O→Ti三步还原反应还原为金属钛。     

高纯铬电解技术的研究进展

从不同角度分类介绍了高纯铬电解的技术和方法及电化学原理，具体包括溶液电解（三价铬的水溶液电解和有机溶液中的电解）和熔盐电解（熔盐电沉积、高温电精炼和低温电精炼）。重点介绍了熔盐电解法这一领域的最新动态。     

钛管坯铜包套电解回收工艺研究

以硫酸铜/硫酸为介质,电解回收钛管坯铜包套的工作,已进行了实验室和半工业生产试验。研究了电解液的浓度、酸度和温度的变化对电解速度、电解铜质量的影响。在工业可行性试验中,探索了多组并联和串联电解,并设计了结构简单合理的电极夹具。实验表明,本电解法回收钛管坯铜包套工艺合理,方法简便,有较高的经济效益和社会效益。     

离子膜电解还原Eu~(3+)

针对溶液中Eu~(3+)离子难还原等问题,采用离子膜电解法对溶液中Eu~(3+)的还原进行试验研究,考察不同阴、阳电极材料,阳极液、阴极液成份及酸度,电流密度等工艺条件对Eu~(3+)还原的影响,确定最佳工艺参数。结果表明:钌系多元混合物涂层钛阳极、金属钛阴极,阳极液为含1 mol/L盐酸溶液的氯化钙溶液、阴极液为富铕料液,电流密度为500 A/m2时,经过7.5 h,Eu~(3+)的电解还原率大于95.5%,电解还原电流效率大于80%,槽电压稳定,无铕损失;经过工业化连续运行,Eu~(3+)的电解还原率大于94%。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.