A backup wide‐area protection technique for power transmission network

This paper proposes a wide‐area backup protection technique for transmission lines using a limited number of synchronized phasor measurement units. A binary integral linear programming is used for optimal placement of phasor measurement units to achieve fault observability. The positive‐sequence voltage and current components are utilized for the detection and location of transmission lines faults. The proposed technique considers the randomness of faults on the transmission grid, different fault types, frequency fluctuations, synchronization and measurement errors, different fault inception angles, and different fault resistances, as well as various loading conditions. The proposed scheme is applied to the Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) 9‐bus test system and the New England 39‐bus test system. Simulation results prove that the proposed protection scheme can detect and locate all transmission line faults correctly. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

An spatiotemporal information system based wide-area protection fault identification scheme

The paper presents a synchronized phasor measurement based fast and accurate comprehensive wide area back-up protection scheme for transmission lines. The proposed scheme uses Koopman Mode Analysis (KMA) technique on fault current data obtained from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) for fault identification in back-up protection. The principal advantage of Koopman operator is that it is based on spatiotemporal information system (STIS). In real world applications, often time and space exists together and hence, dealing with spatial aspect without considering temporal aspect is of limited use. The wide area back-up protection scheme is developed using STIS for fault identification and classification including wide variations in operating conditions of the power network. The New England 39 bus system is used as the test system which is developed on Dig-Silent power factory commercial software (PF4C) platform for evaluating the performance of proposed technique. Further, the efficacy of the proposed scheme is also tested for stressed conditions such as symmetrical fault during power swing and load encroachment and found to work effectively.     

A new adaptive PMU based protection scheme fortransposed/untransposed parallel transmission lines

This paper proposes a brand-new adaptive phasor measurement unit (PMU) based protection scheme for both transposed and untransposed parallel transmission lines. The development of the scheme is based on the distributed line model and the synchronized phasor measurements at both ends of lines. By means of eigenvalue/eigenvector theory to decouple the mutual coupling effects between parallel lines, the fault detection and location indices are derived. The two proposed indices are used in coordination such that the internal and external fault events can be distinguished completely. By on-line estimation of the line parameters under the actual power system conditions, the proposed scheme will respond more accurately to power system faults. Extensive simulation results using EMTP have verified that the accuracy of the fault location achieved is up to 99.9%. The proposed protection system responds well and fast with regard to dependability and security. All the results show that the performance of the proposed detection/location indices is independent of fault types, locations, resistance, source impedance, fault inception angles, and load flows     

Phasor measurement unit based transmission line protection scheme design

This paper presents an adaptive transmission line protection scheme based on synchronized phasor measurement units. This scheme uses the positive-sequence voltage and current phasors at both ends of a transmission line to determine the parameter of the transmission line and the location of a fault on the transmission line. This scheme can be used for the protection of both single- and double-circuit transmission lines. This scheme is also robust against power swing conditions. A novel adaptive single pole auto re-closer is introduced based on the proposed scheme due to its capability of differentiating transient and permanent faults. System simulation studies show that the proposed scheme is able to operate fast and accurately for transmission line protection.     

快速工频量高频方向保护的新方案

本文针对相电压补偿方向元件的不足,提出了两种新型的方向元件－－负序电压补偿式方向元件和相电压故障分量补偿方向元件,通过大量的ＥＭＴＰ仿真验证了其优良性能,并在此基础上,提出了实现快速工频量高频方向保护的新方案,即：对于各种不对称故障采用负序电压补偿式方向元件,对于三相故障采用相电压故障分量补偿式方向元件,对于非全相状态下的故障采用和电压补偿式方向元件。     

一种基于固有频率的超高压线路相间保护方案

在分析影响固有频率因素的基础上,提出了一种利用固有频率的超高压输电线路相间故障保护方案。理论分析表明,故障后产生的各种频率信号中,固有频率信号是明确的,且信号较强,便于采集。该方案利用线路两侧的固有频率主频差和阻抗判据区分区内、外相间故障,可以有效提高区内故障时保护的动作速度,同时保证区外故障时保护不误动。该方案不受系统振荡、负荷电流、故障时刻、过渡电阻、故障点位置和系统运行方式的影响,受电流互感器饱和的影响较小。ATP仿真和MATLAB分析验证了该方案的有效性。     

基于离散小波分析与K-means聚类算法的 MMC-HVDC输电线路保护方案

随着以风电、光伏为代表的可再生能源的持续发展,柔性直流输电系统由于能够清洁高效的对其进行远距离大容量输送而得到了大力的发展。快速、准确的识别故障区域并判别故障类型,实现兼具选择性、速动性、灵敏性和可靠性的直流线路保护方案是柔性直流输电系统发展的迫切需要。理论分析表明,MMC-HVDC输电系统直流线路故障时,线路平波电抗器两侧的暂态电压存在明显差异。采用离散小波分析提取线路平波电抗器两侧的暂态电压有效值进行比较,从而对区内、区外故障进行判别。随后采用K-means聚类算法,利用不同故障类型、不同故障位置,直流线路故障发生后较短的时间窗口采集得到的单侧保护单元电压、电流数据,对其进行聚类分析,获取这些数据的质心与阈值,经过训练,确定相应的保护判据,实现故障选极。PSCAD/EMTDC的仿真结果表明,该保护方案不受故障位置、过渡电阻的影响,能够快速准确地检测MMC-HVDC输电线路故障,识别出故障类型。     

基于故障分量的有功功率极性比较式纵联保护

根据故障附加网络中有功功率的极性特征,提出了基于故障分量的有功功率极性比较式纵联保护原理。其主要思想是:发生内部故障时,附加网络中线路两端有功功率的极性相同;外部故障时两端有功功率的极性相反;正、反向出口处故障时不存在死区问题。借助PSCAD/EMTDC电磁暂态仿真软件,搭建500 k V输电线路模型,对所提方案的动作性能进行了仿真和验证。在此基础上,进一步对比分析了分相保护方案和三相保护方案,并提出了基于故障分量有功功率幅值特征的选相方法。理论分析和仿真结果表明,所提方案能够正确判别区内、外不同类型的故障,抗过渡电阻能力较强,出口故障无死区,两端数据无需严格同步,且不受无功因素影响。     

基于暂态功率的高压直流线路单端量保护

针对传统高压直流单端量保护存在可靠性较低的问题,通过计及直流边界、线路频变等因素影响,研究了高压直流线路暂态功率故障特性,提出了基于暂态功率的单端量保护方案。根据暂态功率在正方向区内外故障的频率段差异性,利用高低频段暂态能量比值,构成边界保护元件;针对利用暂态功率频率衰减特征无法区分正反方向故障的局限性,利用暂态功率极性构造方向辅助判据。结合保护启动元件和故障选极元件构成基于暂态功率的单端量保护方案。仿真结果表明,该保护方案能够快速有效地区分直流线路区内外故障,具有一定的抗过渡电阻性能及抗干扰能力,可靠性较高。     

一种抗暂态超越的集群风电送出线时域方程模型误差修正距离保护

双馈风电系统谐波含量高、频率偏移、弱馈性等故障特征造成传统工频距离保护存在适应性问题;时域距离保护在风电短距离送出线路中适应性较好,但在风电长距离送出线中受分布电容的影响易发生距离I段暂态超越现象。提出一种抗暂态超越的集群风电送出线时域方程模型误差修正距离保护。从长距离送出线距离保护适应性角度出发,分析基于集中参数线路模型的时域方程模型误差,提出基于时域方程模型误差的时域距离保护测量电抗修正方法,并考虑过渡电阻参数的影响,构建适用于集群风电长距离送出线距离保护动作判据。通过新疆某地区集群双馈/直驱集群风电送出线发生故障时的实验数据,测试验证了所提出的时域方程模型误差修正距离保护能较好地适用于各类型集群风电长距离送出线,有效地避免距离I段区外发生故障时的暂态超越现象,并且抗过渡电阻性能良好。     

A transient current based double line transmission system protection using fuzzy-wavelet approach in the presence of UPFC

This paper presents a wavelet fuzzy based protection scheme for a double line transmission system with unified power flow controller. The protection scheme makes use of current signals at both the ends of transmission line which are synchronized with the help of global position system clock. A wavelet based multiresolution analysis is used to find the detailed coefficients of these signals which are utilized to calculate fault index. These fault indexes are compared with a threshold value to detect and classify faults on transmission system. The approximate decomposition of the current signals is utilized to locate the fault using Fuzzy logic from their respective terminals. The proposed algorithm has been tested successfully for various faults at different locations.     

基于波形相似度因子的双馈风电场送出线路单相接地保护

提出了一种基于波形相似度因子的双馈风电场送出线路单相接地保护方法。推导出电网故障下的风力发电机端口短路电流表达式,分析风电送出线路故障后故障电流的暂态特性。在此基础上,建立了风电送出系统的0模瞬时值模型。然后,利用区内外故障时模型差异特征构造0模电压波形相似度因子,进行故障定位。最后,通过仿真验证了该方法在各种单相接地故障情况下,均能正确识别区内外故障,不受过渡电阻和频率偏移影响。     

基于神经网络的自适应距离保护研究

超高压输电线路的距离保护必须具备足够的对过渡电阻的反应能力。在双侧电源条件下,过渡电阻可能造成保护范围的伸长或缩短。提出了神经网络距离保护算法,通过对样本的学习来获得保护的动作特性,具有内在的对过渡电阻和系统运行方式的自适应性。该算法已在一实际的５００ｋＶ系统输电线路上仿真实现,考虑单相接地故障和Ｉ段保护,在设计的９０％保护范围内具有稳定良好的保护性能。     

基于母线关联出线暂态频谱信息的UPFC线路纵联保护

统一潮流控制器(UPFC)作为新一代柔性交流输电系统元件在输电线路中逐渐应用,需要对含UPFC线路的保护原理进行深入研究。通过分析UPFC对线路故障暂态影响,得出高频分量经其串联侧时发生严重衰减,使仅利用单端暂态量的保护可靠性下降。分析母线关联出线的故障暂态特征可知,同一母线的故障侧线路与非故障侧线路的电流频谱分布存在明显差异。通过采用小波能量熵提取母线各出线暂态信息,提出一种适用于含UPFC线路的方向纵联保护方案。仿真结果表明,该方案可准确识别区内、外故障及母线故障,在不同过渡电阻、故障初始角等故障情况下,均具有较好的灵敏性和可靠性。     

基于测量波阻抗相位特征的三端混合直流线路纵联保护

线路的后备保护在混合直流输电系统中至关重要,但现有后备保护受分布电容和过渡电阻的影响较大,严重影响保护的可靠性和快速性。为解决上述问题,提出一种基于测量波阻抗相位特征的混合三端直流线路纵联保护方案。通过分析混合直流输电线路区内、外故障时线路两端测量波阻抗的差异性,利用S变换提取单频率的电压、电流初始行波,根据测量波阻抗相位差异构造判据区分区内、外故障。PSCAD 仿真表明,所提保护方案能可靠快速地识别区内外故障,具有较强的耐受过渡电阻的能力,并且不受故障电阻和分布电容的影响,有效提高了线路后备保护的可靠性和快速性。     

A new principle for high resistance earth fault detection duringfast power swings for distance protection

The combined effects of a high impedance ground fault condition and a fast power swing condition cause the apparent impedance `seen' by power system distance protection schemes to vary over a wide range. Previous research work has shown that the detection and location of high impedance faults during power swings is very difficult. A new principle for high impedance fault detection during fast power swings is presented which overcomes these deficiencies. This method forms a part of a complete power swing relaying scheme and can be implemented on standard relaying hardware. Results are presented based on extensive simulation studies carried out on a typical 400 kV transmission system, using the Electromagnetic Transient program (EMTP)     

考虑一二次耦合多重故障的电力系统风险评估

为了综合评估恶劣天气下输电线路故障与二次系统隐性故障导致的多重故障风险,提出了考虑一二次耦合多重故障的电力系统风险评估方法。首先,分析了气象灾害导致输电线路故障的特点,总结了一二次设备耦合多重故障的特点。其次,综合考虑输电线路及保护装置的失效概率,建立了一二次耦合多重故障模型。然后,应用拉丁超立方抽样实现初始故障集的快速生成,进而评估系统失负荷、节点电压越限、支路潮流越限等风险指标。最后,采用IEEE39节点系统对所提方法进行测试。研究结果表明：考虑一二次耦合的多重故障,系统面临的风险更为严重;使用拉丁超立方抽样,可兼顾不同气象分区内线路故障概率分布差异,提高计算效率;通过多维度风险指标排序,能够有效筛选灾害天气落区内影响电网风险的关键线路和母线,为电网风险防控和薄弱环节治理提供决策依据。     

Transmission lines differential protection based on the energy conservation law

This paper proposes a differential protection scheme for transmission lines using the energy conservation law. The real power signals at both ends (sending and receiving) of the line are compared with a pre-specified value, if the resultant is more than this value, an internal fault is indicated in the transmission line zone.The proposed technique is evaluated using PSCAD/EMTDC program configurated to model the effect of faults on typical 500 kV transmission line. Extensive simulation studies show that this protection scheme has the ability to discriminate internal faults fast and accurately, and is more reliable than conventional biased differential protection scheme, and suitable for all types of lines. Details of the proposed relay design are given in the paper; also results of some performance studies are given.     

基于虚拟能量调节偏差的MMC-HVDC输电线路保护方案

柔性直流输电对继电保护的速动性及可靠性提出了更高的要求。为实现直流故障的快速可靠识别,文中分析了模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的控制参数在系统发生故障时的响应特性,并提出了一种MMC型高压直流输电线路保护新方案。根据MMC控制参数定义了虚拟能量调节偏差,利用虚拟能量调节偏差对系统故障时的响应特性识别直流线路故障,并结合虚拟能量调节偏差的比值进行故障类型的判别。该保护方案融合了交直流侧的故障信息,提高了保护的可靠性,保护判据利用了换流器控制参数信息,无须测量线路的电气量。仿真结果表明,所提保护方案可以快速准确动作且具有较强的耐过渡电阻能力。     

An adaptive supervised wide-area backup protection scheme for transmission lines protection

Maloperation of conventional relays is becoming prevalent due to ever increase in complexity of conventional power grids. They are dominant during power system contingencies like power swing, load encroachment, voltage instability, unbalanced loading, etc. In these situations, adaptive supervised wide-area backup protection (ASWABP) plays a major role in enhancing the power system reliability. A balance between security and dependability of protection is essential to maintain the reliability. This paper proposes multi-phasor measurement units (MPMU) based ASWABP scheme that can function effectively during faults besides power system contingencies. MPMU is an extended version of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU). It is an intelligent electronic device which estimates the synchronized predominant harmonic phasors (100Hz and 150Hz) along with the fundamental phasors (50Hz) of three phase voltages and currents with high precision. The proposed ASWABP scheme can detect the fault, identify the parent bus, determine the faulty branch and classify the faults using MPMU measurements at System Protection Center (SPC). Based on these MPMU measurements (received at phasor data concentrator (PDC) at SPC) the appropriate relays will be supervised to enhance the overall reliability of the power grid. Numerous case studies are conducted on WSCC-9 bus and IEEE-14 bus systems to illustrate the security and dependability attributes of proposed ASWABP scheme in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Also, comparative studies are performed with the existing conventional distance protection (Mho relays) for corroborating the superiority of the proposed scheme regarding security and dependability. Comparative studies have shown that the proposed scheme can be used as adaptive supervised wide-area backup protection of conventional distance protection