A face‐centred finite volume method for second‐order elliptic problems

This work proposes a novel finite volume paradigm, ie, the face‐centred finite volume (FCFV) method. Contrary to the popular vertex and cell‐centred finite volume methods, the novel FCFV defines the solution on the mesh faces (edges in two dimensions) to construct locally conservative numerical schemes. The idea of the FCFV method stems from a hybridisable discontinuous Galerkin formulation with constant degree of approximation, and thus inheriting the convergence properties of the classical hybridisable discontinuous Galerkin. The resulting FCFV features a global problem in terms of a piecewise constant function defined on the faces of the mesh. The solution and its gradient in each element are then recovered by solving a set of independent element‐by‐element problems. The mathematical formulation of FCFV for Poisson and Stokes equation is derived, and numerical evidence of optimal convergence in two dimensions and three dimensions is provided. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the accuracy, efficiency, and robustness of the proposed methodology. The results show that, contrary to other finite volume methods, the accuracy of the FCFV method is not sensitive to mesh distortion and stretching. In addition, the FCFV method shows its better performance, accuracy, and robustness using simplicial elements, facilitating its application to problems involving complex geometries in three dimensions.     

eXtended hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin for incompressible flow problems with unfitted meshes and interfaces

The eXtended hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (X-HDG) method is developed for the solution of Stokes problems with void or material interfaces. X-HDG is a novel method that combines the hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method with an eXtended finite element strategy, resulting in a high-order, unfitted, superconvergent method, with an explicit definition of the interface geometry by means of a level-set function. For elements not cut by the interface, the standard HDG formulation is applied, whereas a modified weak form for the local problem is proposed for cut elements. Heaviside enrichment is considered on cut faces and in cut elements in the case of bimaterial problems. Two-dimensional numerical examples demonstrate that the applicability, accuracy, and superconvergence properties of HDG are inherited in X-HDG, with the freedom of computational meshes that do not fit the interfaces     

The embedded discontinuous Galerkin method: application to linear shell problems

A new discontinuous Galerkin method for elliptic problems which is capable of rendering the same set of unknowns in the final system of equations as for the continuous displacement‐based Galerkin method is presented. Those equations are obtained by the assembly of element matrices whose structure in particular cases is also identical to that of the continuous displacement approach. This makes the present formulation easily implementable within the existing commercial computer codes. The proposed approach is named the embedded discontinuous Galerkin method. It is applicable to any system of linear partial differential equations but it is presented here in the context of linear elasticity. An application of the method to linear shell problems is then outlined and numerical results are presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A discontinuous Galerkin formulation of non‐linear Kirchhoff–Love shells

Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods provide a means of weakly enforcing the continuity of the unknown‐field derivatives and have particular appeal in problems involving high‐order derivatives. This feature has previously been successfully exploited (Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 2008; 197 :2901–2929) to develop a formulation of linear Kirchhoff–Love shells considering only the membrane and bending responses. In this proposed one‐field method—the displacements are the only unknowns, while the displacement field is continuous, the continuity in the displacement derivative between two elements is weakly enforced by recourse to a DG formulation. It is the purpose of the present paper to extend this formulation to finite deformations and non‐linear elastic behaviors. While the initial linear formulation was relying on the direct linear computation of the effective membrane stress and effective bending couple‐stress from the displacement field at the mid‐surface of the shell, the non‐linear formulation considered implies the evaluation of the general stress tensor across the shell thickness, leading to a reformulation of the internal forces of the shell. Nevertheless, since the interface terms resulting from the discontinuous Galerkin method involve only the resultant couple‐stress at the edges of the shells, the extension to non‐linear deformations is straightforward. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fracture mechanics analysis using the wavelet Galerkin method and extended finite element method

This paper presents fracture mechanics analysis using the wavelet Galerkin method and extended finite element method. The wavelet Galerkin method is a new methodology to solve partial differential equations where scaling/wavelet functions are used as basis functions. In solid/structural analyses, the analysis domain is divided into equally spaced structured cells and scaling functions are periodically placed throughout the domain. To improve accuracy, wavelet functions are superposed on the scaling functions within a region having a high stress concentration, such as near a hole or notch. Thus, the method can be considered a refinement technique in fixed‐grid approaches. However, because the basis functions are assumed to be continuous in applications of the wavelet Galerkin method, there are difficulties in treating displacement discontinuities across the crack surface. In the present research, we introduce enrichment functions in the wavelet Galerkin formulation to take into account the discontinuous displacements and high stress concentration around the crack tip by applying the concept of the extended finite element method. This paper presents the mathematical formulation and numerical implementation of the proposed technique. As numerical examples, stress intensity factor evaluations and crack propagation analyses for two‐dimensional cracks are presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An element‐free method for in‐plane notch problems with anisotropic materials

This study developed an element‐free Galerkin method (EFGM) to simulate notched anisotropic plates containing stress singularities at the notch tip. Two‐dimensional theoretical complex displacement functions are first deduced into the moving least‐squares interpolation. The interpolation functions and their derivatives are then determined to calculate the nodal stiffness using the Galerkin method. In the numerical validation, an interface layer of the EFGM is used to combine the mesh between the traditional finite elements and the proposed singular notch EFGM. The H‐integral determined from finite element analyses with a very fine mesh is used to validate the numerical results of the proposed method. The comparisons indicate that the proposed method obtains more accurate results for the displacement, stress, and energy fields than those determined from the standard finite element method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stress recovery and error estimation for the scaled boundary finite‐element method

The scaled boundary finite‐element method is a novel semi‐analytical technique, combining the advantages of the finite element and the boundary element methods with unique properties of its own. This paper develops a stress recovery procedure based on a modal interpretation of the scaled boundary finite‐element method solution process, using the superconvergent patch recovery technique. The recovered stresses are superconvergent, and are used to calculate a recovery‐type error estimator. A key feature of the procedure is the compatibility of the error estimator with the standard recovery‐type finite element estimator, allowing the scaled boundary finite‐element method to be compared directly with the finite element method for the first time. A plane strain problem for which an exact solution is available is presented, both to establish the accuracy of the proposed procedures, and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the scaled boundary finite‐element method. The scaled boundary finite‐element estimator is shown to predict the true error more closely than the equivalent finite element error estimator. Unlike their finite element counterparts, the stress recovery and error estimation techniques work well with unbounded domains and stress singularities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin method for linear elasticity

This paper describes the application of the so‐called hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method to linear elasticity problems. The method has three significant features. The first is that the only globally coupled degrees of freedom are those of an approximation of the displacement defined solely on the faces of the elements. The corresponding stiffness matrix is symmetric, positive definite, and possesses a block‐wise sparse structure that allows for a very efficient implementation of the method. The second feature is that, when polynomials of degree k are used to approximate the displacement and the stress, both variables converge with the optimal order of k+1 for any k?0. The third feature is that, by using an element‐by‐element post‐processing, a new approximate displacement can be obtained that converges at the order of k+2, whenever k?2. Numerical experiments are provided to compare the performance of the HDG method with that of the continuous Galerkin (CG) method for problems with smooth solutions, and to assess its performance in situations where the CG method is not adequate, that is, when the material is nearly incompressible and when there is a crack. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A unified formulation for interface coupling and frictional contact modeling with embedded error estimation

We present a derivation of a new interface formulation via a merger of continuous Galerkin and discontinuous Galerkin concepts, enhanced by the variational multiscale method. Developments herein provide treatment for the pure‐displacement form and mixed form of small deformation elasticity as applied to the solution of two problem classes: domain decomposition and contact mechanics with friction. The proposed framework seamlessly accommodates merger of different element types within subregions of the computational domain and nonmatching element faces along embedded interfaces. These features are retained in the treatment of multibody small deformation contact problems as well, where an unbiased treatment of the contact interface stands in contrast to classical master/slave constructs. Numerical results for problems in two and three spatial dimensions illustrate the robustness and versatility of the proposed method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A general discontinuous Galerkin method for finite hyperelasticity. Formulation and numerical applications

A discontinuous Galerkin formulation of the boundary value problem of finite‐deformation elasticity is presented. The primary purpose is to establish a discontinuous Galerkin framework for large deformations of solids in the context of statics and simple material behaviour with a view toward further developments involving behaviour or models where the DG concept can show its superiority compared to the continuous formulation. The method is based on a general Hu–Washizu–de Veubeke functional allowing for displacement and stress discontinuities in the domain interior. It is shown that this approach naturally leads to the formulation of average stress fluxes at interelement boundaries in a finite element implementation. The consistency and linearized stability of the method in the non‐linear range as well as its convergence rate are proven. An implementation in three dimensions is developed, showing that the proposed method can be integrated into conventional finite element codes in a straightforward manner. In order to demonstrate the versatility, accuracy and robustness of the method examples of application and convergence studies in three dimensions are provided. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A discontinuous Galerkin finite element method for dynamic and wave propagation problems in non‐linear solids and saturated porous media

A time‐discontinuous Galerkin finite element method (DGFEM) for dynamics and wave propagation in non‐linear solids and saturated porous media is presented. The main distinct characteristic of the proposed DGFEM is that the specific P3–P1 interpolation approximation, which uses piecewise cubic (Hermite's polynomial) and linear interpolations for both displacements and velocities, in the time domain is particularly proposed. Consequently, continuity of the displacement vector at each discrete time instant is exactly ensured, whereas discontinuity of the velocity vector at the discrete time levels still remains. The computational cost is then obviously saved, particularly in the materially non‐linear problems, as compared with that required for the existing DGFEM. Both the implicit and explicit algorithms are developed to solve the derived formulations for linear and materially non‐linear problems. Numerical results illustrate good performance of the present method in eliminating spurious numerical oscillations and in providing much more accurate solutions over the traditional Galerkin finite element method using the Newmark algorithm in the time domain. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A domain decomposition method for discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of Helmholtz problems with plane waves and Lagrange multipliers

A nonoverlapping domain decomposition (DD) method is proposed for the iterative solution of systems of equations arising from the discretization of Helmholtz problems by the discontinuous enrichment method. This discretization method is a discontinuous Galerkin finite element method with plane wave basis functions for approximating locally the solution and dual Lagrange multipliers for weakly enforcing its continuity over the element interfaces. The primal subdomain degrees of freedom are eliminated by local static condensations to obtain an algebraic system of equations formulated in terms of the interface Lagrange multipliers only. As in the FETI‐H and FETI‐DPH DD methods for continuous Galerkin discretizations, this system of Lagrange multipliers is iteratively solved by a Krylov method equipped with both a local preconditioner based on subdomain data, and a global one using a coarse space. Numerical experiments performed for two‐ and three‐dimensional acoustic scattering problems suggest that the proposed DD‐based iterative solver is scalable with respect to both the size of the global problem and the number of subdomains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

变截面变曲率梁振型的有限元超收敛拼片恢复解和网格自适应分析

该文提出变截面变曲率梁振型的有限元后处理超收敛拼片恢复方法,建立各阶振型的超收敛解,并基于振型超收敛解进行变截面曲梁面内和面外自由振动的自适应分析。在位移型有限元后处理阶段,引入超收敛拼片恢复方法和高阶形函数插值技术,得到振型(位移)的超收敛解。利用振型超收敛解估计当前网格下振型有限元解的能量模形式下的误差,并指导网格进行自适应细分加密分析,获得优化的网格和满足预设误差限的高精度解答。数值算例表明该算法适于求解不同曲线形态、多类边界条件、变截面、变曲率形式的曲梁面内和面外自由振动连续阶频率和振型,解答精确、分析过程高效可靠。     

粘弹流动的间断有限元模拟

针对传统有限元法求解Oldroyd-B本构方程时需加入稳定化方案的缺点,本文基于非结构网格给出了统一间断有限元求解框架.该框架包含采用IPDG(interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin)求解质量方程和动量方程,与采用RKDG(RungeKutta discontinuous Galerkin)求解本构方程这两个核心.数值结果表明:该方法在求解Oldroyd-B本构方程时无需加入稳定化方案,实施比有限元法简便,且具有较高的计算精度,可有效地模拟包含应力奇异点的复杂粘弹流动问题,进而揭示非牛顿粘弹流动的基本特征.     

Phase‐field modelling of solidification microstructure formation using the discontinuous finite element method

This paper presents a discontinuous Galerkin finite element computational methodology for solving the coupled phase‐field and heat diffusion equations to predict the microstructure evolution during solidification. The phase‐field modelling of microstructure formation is briefly discussed. The discontinuous Galerkin finite element formulation for the phase‐field model systems for solidification microstructure formation is described in detail. Numerical stability is performed using the Neumann method. The accuracy of the discontinuous model is verified by the analytic solution of a simple 1‐D solidification problem. Numerical calculations using the discontinuous finite element phase‐field model have been performed for simulating the complex 2‐D and 3‐D dendrite structures formed in supercooled melts and the results are compared well with those in literature using the finite difference methods. Parallel computing algorithm is presented and results show that the minimization of the intercommunication between microprocessors is the key to increase the effectiveness in parallel computing with the discontinuous finite element phase‐field model for solidification microstructure formation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Treatment of slip locking for displacement‐based finite element analysis of composite beam–columns

In the conventional displacement‐based finite element analysis of composite beam–columns that consist of two Euler–Bernoulli beams juxtaposed with a deformable shear connection, the coupling of the transverse and longitudinal displacement fields may cause oscillations in slip field and reduction in optimal convergence rate, known as slip locking. This locking phenomenon is typical of multi‐field problems of this type, and is known to produce erroneous results for the displacement‐based finite element analysis of composite beam–columns based on cubic transverse and linear longitudinal interpolation fields. This paper introduces strategies including the assumed strain method, discrete strain gap method, and kinematic interpolatory technique to alleviate the oscillations in slip and curvature, and improve the convergence performance of the displacement‐based finite element analysis of composite beam–columns. A systematic solution of the differential equations of equilibrium is also provided, and a superconvergent element is developed in this paper. Numerical results presented illustrate the accuracy of the proposed modifications. The solutions based on the superconvergent element provide benchmark results for the performance of these proposed formulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An enriched element‐failure method (REFM) for delamination analysis of composite structures

This paper develops an enriched element‐failure method for delamination analysis of composite structures. This method combines discontinuous enrichments in the extended finite element method and element‐failure concepts in the element‐failure method within the finite element framework. An improved discontinuous enrichment function is presented to effectively model the kinked discontinuities; and, based on fracture mechanics, a general near‐tip enrichment function is also derived from the asymptotic displacement fields to represent the discontinuity and local stress intensification around the crack‐tip. The delamination is treated as a crack problem that is represented by the discontinuous enrichment functions and then the enrichments are transformed to external nodal forces applied to nodes around the crack. The crack and its propagation are modeled by the ‘failed elements’ that are applied to the external nodal forces. Delamination and crack kinking problems can be solved simultaneously without remeshing the model or re‐assembling the stiffness matrix with this method. Examples are used to demonstrate the application of the proposed method to delamination analysis. The validity of the proposed method is verified and the simulation results show that both interlaminar delamination and crack kinking (intralaminar crack) occur in the cross‐ply laminated plate, which is observed in the experiment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

二维泊松方程问题Lagrange型有限元p型超收敛算法

该文针对二维泊松方程问题的Lagrange型有限元法提出了一种p型超收敛算法。该法受有限元线法对二维问题降维思想的启发,基于网格结点位移的天然超收敛性,通过从网格中取出一行对边相邻的单元作一子域,将子域内各单元另一对边解答取为原有限元解答,在子域上建立真解近似满足的局部偏微分方程边值问题,对该局部边值问题,沿对边方向单向提高单元阶次进行有限元求解获得单元对边上的超收敛解。单元另一对边上的超收敛解可通过另一方向的单元行类似获得。在单元边超收敛解的基础上,依次取出各个单元,以单元边位移超收敛解为Dirichlet边界条件,双向提高单元阶次对原泊松方程问题进行有限元求解即可获得全域超收敛解。数值算例表明,通过简单的后处理计算本法可显著提高解答的精度和收敛阶。     

A three‐dimensional surface stress tensor formulation for simulation of adhesive contact in finite deformation

A three‐dimensional surface adhesive contact formulation is proposed to simulate macroscale adhesive contact interaction characterized by the van der Waals interaction between arbitrarily shaped deformable continua under finite deformation. The proposed adhesive contact formulation uses a double‐layer surface integral to replace the conventional double volume integration to compute the adhesive contact force vector. Considering nonlinear finite deformation, we have derived the surface stress tensor and the corresponding tangent stiffness matrix in a Galerkin weak formulation. With the surface stress formulation, the adhesive contact problems are solved in the framework of nonlinear continuum mechanics by using the standard Lagrange finite element method. Surface stress tensors are formulated for both interacting bodies. Numerical examples show that the proposed surface contact algorithm is accurate, efficient, and reliable for three‐dimensional adhesive contact problems of large deformations for both quasi‐static and dynamic simulations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Discontinuous Galerkin methods with plane waves for the displacement‐based acoustic equation

Several special finite element methods have been proposed to solve Helmholtz problems in the mid‐frequency regime, such as the Partition of Unity Method, the Ultra Weak Variational Formulation and the Discontinuous Enrichment Method. The first main purpose of this paper is to present a discontinuous Galerkin method with plane waves (which is a variant of the Discontinuous Enrichment Method) to solve the displacement‐based acoustic equation. The use of the displacement variable is often necessary in the context of fluid–structure interactions. A well‐known issue with this model is the presence of spurious vortical modes when one uses standard finite elements such as Lagrange elements. This problem, also known as the locking phenomenon, is observed with several other vector based equations such as incompressible elasticity and electromagnetism. So this paper also aims at assessing if the special finite element methods suffer from the locking phenomenon in the context of the displacement acoustic equation. The discontinuous Galerkin method presented in this paper is shown to be very accurate and stable, i.e. no spurious modes are observed. The optimal choice of the various parameters are discussed with regards to numerical accuracy and conditioning. Some interesting properties of the mixed displacement–pressure formulation are also presented. Furthermore, the use of the Partition of Unity Method is also presented, but it is found that spurious vortical modes may appear with this method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.