A combined SAR Doppler centroid estimation scheme based upon signalphase

This paper describes a complete end-to-end Doppler centroid estimation scheme, which determines the fractional PRF part of the Doppler centroid. It also resolves the Doppler ambiguity. Experiments show that the scheme works successfully over various terrain types, including land, water, and ice, and that it requires only a modest amount of SAR data to perform reliably. The proposed scheme has an added advantage that it is directly applicable to RADARSAT and ENVISAT ScanSAR data. The scheme uses two complementary Doppler estimation algorithms, both utilizing the phase information embedded in the radar signal. In each algorithm, upper and lower parts of the available bandwidth of the received signal are extracted to form two range looks. The first algorithm, called multilook cross correlation (MLCC), computes the average cross correlation coefficient between adjacent azimuth samples for each of the two looks and then takes the difference between the angles of the two coefficients. The Doppler ambiguity is determined from the angle difference. The fractional pulse repetition frequency (PRF) part is also determined from the cross correlation coefficients. In the second algorithm, called multilook beat frequency (MLBF), the two looks are multiplied together to generate a beat signal. The beat frequency is then estimated and the Doppler ambiguity determined from the beat frequency. The MLCC algorithm performs better with low contrast scenes while the MLBF works better with high contrast ones. Although each algorithm works well on its own with sufficient averaging, it is also possible to use quality measures to select the best result from either algorithm. In this way, scenes of different content or contrast can be handled reliably. This paper presents the analysis of the two algorithms, explaining why their performance is affected by scene contrast, which is confirmed by experimental results with ERS-1 and JERS-1 data     

Application of the multiple PRF technique to resolve Dopplercentroid estimation ambiguity for spaceborne SAR

The range correlation technique for resolution of Doppler centroid estimation ambiguity for a spaceborne SAR is reviewed. A new technique using multiple pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) is presented. An algorithm employing simple integer arithmetic for radar systems, such as moving target indicator radar (MTIR) systems, where the PRFs contain a large common divisor, is formulated. For SAR systems, where other performance factors control selection of the PRFs, an algorithm that uses PRFs of arbitrary numerical values is devised to resolve the ambiguity. The performance of this multiple PRF technique is analyzed using a statistical error model. An example is presented for the Shuttle Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C) C-band SAR     

Ambiguity-free Doppler centroid estimation technique for airborne SAR using the Radon transform

In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal processing, the Doppler centroid estimation technique, called the "clutter-lock", is important because it is related to the signal-to-noise ratio, geometric distortion, and radiometric error of the final SAR image. Conventional algorithms have either ambiguity problems or somewhat high computational load. Using the fact that the Doppler centroid and the squint angle are directly related, we propose an ambiguity-free Doppler centroid estimation technique using Radon transform, named geometry-based Doppler estimator. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient and shows good performance of estimating the absolute Doppler centroid.     

Blind deconvolution for Doppler centroid estimation in highfrequency SAR

For high-quality SAR (synthetic aperture radar) processing, the Doppler centroid frequency is needed. However, SAR data are sampled along the azimuth direction at the pulse repetition frequency (PRF); the estimation of the Doppler centroid frequency by means of spectral analysis techniques may produce ambiguous results due to aliases. The mathematical expression of the residual error that occurs when SAR data are focused with an incorrect alias of the PRF is thus derived. Then, a blind deconvolution technique is used to estimate the actual PRF replica from the focused image. Squinted X-band data, corresponding to those that will be generated by the SIR-C mission, have been generated from the JPL-AirSAR L- and C-band data by means of an inversion of the focusing process. Even if the real data may show differences with respect to the simulated data, the blind deconvolution method appears to be more precise and robust than the other conventional techniques tested     

解多普勒中心模糊的一种新方法

在合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像的斜视模式下，多普勒中心频率估计往往会出现重频(PRF)模糊。本文提出的能量重心法可以有效地解决多普勒中心模糊问题。这种算法主要利用距离一多普勒城的距离徙动与多普勒中心的惟一对应关系来确定PRF模糊数。Chirp Scaling算法也是从方位傅里叶变换开始的，所以能量重心法可以与它有机地结合起来，从而大大减少运算量。能量重心法同样适用于经过Dechirp压缩处理后的数据，但此时波长差异法不再适用，因为线性调频信号经过Dechirp脉压后将变成单频脉冲信号。此外，能量重心法对大斜视角情况也是有效的。     

基于压缩感知理论的多普勒解模糊处理

多目标的多普勒解模糊处理是低脉冲重复频率(PRF)雷达的关键技术之一,论文提出一种新的基于压缩感知(CS)理论的多普勒解模糊处理方法,利用多重PRF方式下相参处理间隔内的时域欠采样特性及多普勒频谱的稀疏特性,构造了多普勒解模糊的CS模型,采用正交匹配追踪(OMP)算法直接估计出无模糊多普勒谱的幅度响应,可实现PRF分组参差方式下对多个目标的解多普勒模糊处理,仿真结果验证了算法的有效性。     

基于多普勒谱优化的HRWS SAR系统通道相位偏差估计算法

方位多通道SAR系统通过抑制多普勒模糊,能够实现高分辨率和宽测绘带(HRWS)对地观测。针对通道间幅相偏差会导致成像结果中出现目标模糊分量的问题,该文提出一种通道相位偏差估计算法。该算法利用通道间相位偏差会造成多通道重构方位谱在主瓣内展宽的特性,通过优化多谱勒谱能够实现通道相位偏差的有效估计。该算法在通道相位偏差估计前不需要进行多普勒中心估计,减小了由多普勒中心估计不准引入的误差,并且在低信噪比的情况下仍然具有良好的估计性能。基于仿真数据和实测数据的实验验证了该文算法的有效性。     

一种中重频下联合解距离速度模糊的新算法

脉冲多普勒雷达在中重频下存在距离模糊、速度模糊问题,传统算法先解距离模糊再解速度模糊。在复杂电磁环境（存在杂波、干扰）下,上述算法存在如何选择距离门配对解模糊的难题。本文针对这种情况提出一种新算法,在距离维和速度维联合解模糊,并通过仿真验证了算法的有效性。     

Optimal range and Doppler centroid estimation for a ScanSAR system

This paper presents a new range and Doppler centroid estimation algorithm for a ScanSAR system. This algorithm is based on processing the image data in the overlapped region of two bursts of the same beam or adjacent beams. It leads to highly accurate radar pointing angles that are paramount to achieving good radiometric performance in ScanSAR imagery. The achievable accuracy is derived theoretically and verified by tests performed using SIR-C ScanSAR data and ERS data. This algorithm is computationally efficient and easy to implement. The proposed Doppler centroid estimation algorithm is also an excellent candidate for a strip mode SAR system     

A new Doppler ambiguity resolution technique for SAR data based on SPECAN processing

In this paper, we describe an approach for Doppler ambiguity resolution. This approach adopts the fact that unwrapped Doppler centroid is a linear function of range frequency for a given antenna squint angle. On this basis, an alternative azimuth compression method is addressed and performed in range frequency domain to accumulate target energy in the azimuth direction. The resulting trajectories behave as some straight lines with the average slope proportional to absolute Doppler centroid. This slope can be well estimated by image-contrast methods. Theoretical analysis and real measured SAR data show that the proposed approach works well in high- and relatively low-contrast scenes.     

一种新的机载宽波束SAR前向运动补偿算法

工作于低频段的机载宽波束SAR为了获取高分辨图像,对前向运动误差补偿精度的要求很高。前向运动补偿通常采用方位向重采样或实时PRF调整,前者的计算量较大,而后者又需要额外的硬件设备。文中提出一种新的适用于机载宽波束SAR的前向运动补偿算法,利用信号的时频对应关系,在子孔径距离多普勒域中构造相位补偿因子以消除前向运动误差的影响。算法计算量较小,适合于机载宽波束SAR实时处理。仿真和实测数据处理结果验证了算法的有效性。     

一种新的高速多目标快速参数化检测算法

针对线性调频脉冲压缩雷达参数化检测高速多目标时受到距离徙动、多普勒扩散和速度模糊的影响,该文首先采用联合频域变标脉冲压缩处理与吕方法(2011)实现目标信号的相参积累,然后在其基础上采用基于多普勒频率模糊数搜索的方法完成高速多目标的参数化检测.算法所提出的频域变标脉冲压缩处理可同步完成距离维的徙动补偿与多普勒维的模糊数补偿,降低了实现目标参数化检测的计算复杂度,且由于算法采用相参积累方式,在低信噪比下可以进行精确的目标检测和运动参数估计.相参积累算法运算量分析、计算机仿真以及实测数据处理结果验证了该文所提算法的有效性.     

基于频率变标的调频连续波SAR成像算法

给出了一种改进的频率变标算法,该算法适用于处理距离解线调后的调频连续波SAR数据。对调频连续波SAR回波信号进行了建模,分析了信号的特征,揭示了平台的连续运动在距离向产生了一个多普勒频移的特性,应用频率变标技术,在频域完成补偿。实测数据处理结果表明,该算法能得到较好的成像结果。     

地球同步轨道SAR方位模糊度研究

与低轨合成孔径雷达(SAR)相比较,地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达（GEO SAR）具有重访周期短,观测范围广等优点,在军用及民用领域具有广泛应用。针对地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达多普勒中心频率时变及类滑动聚束工作模式造成常规方位模糊度计算不精确的问题,提出了一种新的方位模糊度计算方法。该方法基于精确的星地几何模型,考虑了地球自转、速度时变、多普勒中心频率时变以及类滑动聚束工作过程中天线指向变化对方位模糊度影响,通过对不模糊区域天线方位角及模糊区域天线方位角的精确求解得到了对应的天线增益值,进而得到方位模糊度的精确值。基于空间坐标系转换及矢量表示法推导了GEOSAR 方位模糊度的表达式。最后结合地球同步轨道SAR轨道参数进行了仿真,验证了该方法的有效性。      

基于最小熵DCFT的双基地SAR多普勒参数估计

多普勒参数估计是SAR成像技术研究中的一项关键技术,多普勒参数估计精度将直接影响机载双基地SAR系统成像质量,为了实现对感兴趣目标区域有效地成像,需要对回波信号的参数进行准确估计。本文提出基于最小熵的离散调频傅里叶法(DCFT),该方法基于线性调频信号,可同时估计多普勒质心和多普勒斜率,并用RD算法对双基地SAR仿真数据成像,通过仿真验证了该方法的性能。     

一种脉冲多普勒雷达解距离模糊的新算法

脉冲多普勒雷达在信号检测时存在距离模糊和速度模糊的问题，为了解决模糊问题，在体制上雷达一般采用多重脉冲重复频率（PRF）的工作方式。对于这种体制的雷达，人们已经给出了多种解模糊算法。本文主要阐述了一种解距离模糊的新方法及其实现步骤，并给出了利用该算法解距离模糊的仿真结果。     

Reconsideration of Azimuth Ambiguities in SAR

The traditional method of specifying and controlling azimuth ambiguities in SAR is through integrated energy balance measures. However, the most frequently observed azimuth ambiguities arise from ensembles of strong point reflectors in the principal sidelobes of the antenna, which in turn are aliased into the processed Doppler bandwidth by the radar PRF. This paper considers the dependence of these ambiguities on radar wavelength and PRF. It is shown that such ambiguous image elements are strengthened in proportion to ? 2 and PRF-1. The theoretical structure is based on orbital SAR geometry, including Earth rotation. The work is applied to a SIR-B L-band radar scene in which azimuth ambiguities are clearly observed. The level and spatial position of these ambiguities are measured in the digital image. The results are extrapolated to higher frequency radars such as ERS-1 and Radarsat. It is concluded that for these C-band radars the point azimuth ambiguity restraint is more relevant (and more binding) than the traditional energy balance method.     

基于坐标变换的合成孔径雷达高精度成像算法

针对当前合成孔径雷达成像算法处理低频大斜视角数据存在的散焦和运算量大问题, 提出了一种新的高精度大斜视合成孔径雷达成像算法.算法首先把数据录取坐标系数据变换到零多普勒坐标系数据, 然后在零多普勒坐标系中采用距离时域非均匀傅里叶变换去除距离、方位的耦合, 进而得到聚焦良好的合成孔径雷达图像.算法运算量与距离多普勒算法在一个量级, 具有较高的成像效率.仿真结果表明算法在低频大斜视角下能很好地聚焦, 从而验证了算法的正确性.     

基于多组重频相参积累的多普勒解模糊方法

脉冲多普勒体制雷达一般需要对多组不同脉冲重复频率(PRF)的脉冲组分别进行处理和检测,该文研究了多组PRF相参积累的方法,将不同PRF的脉冲组作为一组进行处理,使各PRF脉冲组回波能够相参积累,只需要对一帧数据进行检测即可解模糊,改善了传统方法由于分别检测造成低信噪比时检测性能较差的问题。分析了各参数对检测结果的影响并以处理结果的主副瓣比作为适应度评价值,通过遗传算法快速搜索满足需要的参数组合,减少了搜索数目。仿真实例说明了使用遗传算法可有效获得具有优良性能的参数组合,不仅检测性能得到有效提升,还较大幅度地降低了成功解模糊所需的信噪比。     

FDA-SAR高分辨宽测绘带成像距离解模糊方法

由于多普勒模糊和距离模糊的制约,星载合成孔径雷达（SAR）成像方位高分辨率和宽测绘带成像之间存在严重的矛盾.针对这一问题,该文提出了基于频率分集阵列（FDA）SAR系统的高分辨宽测绘带成像距离解模糊方法.该方法基于FDA的距离维可控自由度,利用FDA发射导向矢量的距离和角度二维依赖性,在空间频率域实现距离模糊回波的分离并对不同距离模糊区域分别进行成像处理,解决了星载SAR成像测绘带宽对方位高分辨率的制约问题.仿真实验验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性.