Temperature, stress and microstructure in 10Ni5CrMoV steel plate during air–arc cutting process

Although the air–arc cutting process has been widely used in the material processing engineering, little information about temperature, stress and microstructure in the plate air–arc cut is known. A three-dimensional finite element model including the material removal and the thermal effect of the arc is developed to study the temperature and stress fields of 10Ni5CrMoV steel plate during air–arc cutting process in this paper. The microstructures and micro-mechanical properties of the parts near the groove especially in heat affected zone (HAZ) are studied by experimental methods, and they also can be used as a method to verify the numerical results. Effects of stresses induced by air–arc cutting process on the initial residual stress fields of base materials are also researched. The results show that the cooling velocity in HAZ is higher than the one of the welding process for the same base material, and the zone with high temperature is very narrow, which means that the temperature gradients near the groove are very steep during the air–arc cutting process; this special temperature field depresses multiphase transformations and coarse microstructures. The evolution of the stress during the air–arc cutting is described, and the numerical results indicate that the characteristics of the evolution of stresses and the residual stresses distribution in the plate in air–arc cutting process seem to be similar to the ones of the butt welding for flat plates. The influences of air–arc cutting process on initial stress fields present two aspects: thermal effect and material removal effect, and the former plays a primary role. Both numerical temperature and stress fields are compared with the experimental ones. It is very important for researchers to clarify the temperatures, stresses and microstructures in the plate during air–arc cutting process, and understand fully the mechanism of influences of air–arc cutting on the plate; it is also very valuable for engineering application of the air–arc cutting process.     

Temperature and stress fields evolution during spark plasma sintering processes

Numerical modelling of Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) processes is essential to evaluate temperature and stress distributions that can result in sample inhomogeneities. Most of the available literature, however, produced analysis in static conditions. In this work, we focused our attention on the time evolution of current density, temperature and stress distribution during a SPS process using a new approach that includes a PID control in the algorithm, allowing a realistic simulation of experiments performed using a temperature controller. Controlled temperature experiments have been simulated and discussed, with special interest focused on the time evolution of the process. The results showed that stress gradients inside the samples (~40%) are much greater than the temperature gradients (~2%), suggesting that heterogeneities in the microstructure can also be caused by the stress gradient. During the evolution of the process, a peak in stresses is experienced by the alumina sample at the beginning of the cooling stage, caused by differences in contraction between the sample and the die. It has been proved that, using a controlled cooling stage, these peaks in the stresses can be easily eliminated.     

焊接工艺参数对Q345钢平板焊接残余应力的影响

为研究焊接工艺参数对Q345钢平板焊接残余应力的影响,对采用药芯焊丝半自动焊接后的8 mm厚平板焊缝结构进行仿真模拟,在经验数值范围内设置不同的焊接工艺参数值,分析平板在横向和厚度方向的焊接残余应力分布情况。研究结果表明:横向的最大焊接残余应力分布在热影响区,且随着焊接速度的增大和焊接层间温度的降低而降低;沿厚度方向的最大焊接残余应力为115.92 MPa,位于平板中间层,随着焊接速度的增大而先减小后增大;平板焊接在横向的残余应力远大于厚度方向的应力。根据焊接残余应力的变化情况,运用二元回归分析法对横向和厚度方向的最大焊接残余应力进行函数拟合与检验,并开展多因素拟合模型的分析,得到焊接速度和焊接层间温度对焊接残余应力的综合影响规律。通过研究残余应力的变化趋势可选定焊接残余应力最小时的工艺参数范围,实现焊接工艺参数优化。     

Thermal stresses and fracture of thin plates during cutting and welding operations

In many technological processes involving cutting or welding of thin plates there is local thermal heating or cooling at the tip of the cut by a thermal source. In this paper we analytically investigate the stress distribution induced by the point thermal source moving with a constant velocity across an infinite elastic plate. Stress intensity factor for the cut formed by the moving thermal source is calculated. It is shown that for welding the value of the stress intensity factor due to thermal stresses induced by the thermal source is equal to zero. For cutting in the case of positive values of the power of thermal source the stress intensity factors will be negative. This means that the thermal field induced by the point thermal heat source will tend to close the cut in the vicinity of the tip. The opposite situation occurs when the cut tip is cooled by the thermal source. As an example, the theory under development is shown when applied to some strength issues of thermal beam cutting of brittle materials.     

Deformation of a right-angled plate in explosion cumulative cutting

The results are presented of investigations of the effect of various force factors on the level of longitudinal and transverse displacements in explosion cumulative cutting a right-angled plate. Comparison on the calculated and experimental data indicate that they are in satisfactory agreement. The results show that the level of transverse displacements is controlled by the cumulative and gas-dynamic effect of the charge whereas the level of the longitudinal mass velocity and displacements is controlled by the cumulative effect.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, Nos. 5–6, pp. 117–123, May–June, 1995.     

Simulation of multipass welding of a thick plate

Multipass butt welding of a very thick steel plate has been performed. Transient temperatures and residual stresses have been measured. The agreement between calculations and experiments is good. Two different approaches, quiet and inactive elements, for modelling multipass welding are compared. The first approach is straightforward to apply in most finite element codes. The inactive element method requires a code that can regenerate the finite element model automatically or otherwise very tedious manual work is necessary as the elements are added to the model when welds are laid. It is shown that both techniques give the same results but the computational effort is reduced by using inactive elements. It also circumvents the problem in the quiet element approach of choosing properties of elements in the model that represent the case when welds are not laid. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

含焊接残余应力薄圆板结构自由振动近似解

研究焊接残余应力对薄圆板结构振动特性的影响,解决薄圆板结构振动中存在非均匀分布预应力问题.根据含预应力结构的应变-应力方程,建立含预应力薄圆板结构的运动控制方程.基于Rayleigh-Ritz法构造Lagrange能量泛函方程.将预应力和位移试函数展开成三角级数形式,对含预应力薄圆板结构的自由振动问题进行求解.以周边简...     

Temperature stresses in a heat-sensitive ceramic plate

The quasistatic thermoelastic state of a rectangular ceramic plate freely supported around the perimeter is discussed. The problem is reduced to the solution of a system of nonlinear inhomogeneous integrodifferential equations consisting of a nonlinear differential heat-conduction equation with allowance for the temperature dependence of the thermophysical characteristics of the material and an integrobiharmonic equation characterizing the plate's deflection. The expression for the components of the temperature stresses caused by a nonlinear temperature field are derived in the form of ternary series. The thermoelastic state is calculated for a rectangular backing-type plate produced from the commercial ceramic VK 94-1.Translated from Problemy Pochnosti, No. 10, pp. 88–93, October, 1990.     

大尺寸板材滚弯过程应力场特点分析

为了考察滚弯过程中下压量对板材应力应变的影响,建立了10Ni5CrMoV钢大尺寸钢板滚弯过程的二维平面应变动态有限元模型,分析了滚弯过程中板材的应力演变及残余应力的分布规律.结果表明:板材截面内厚度方向周向残余应力成拉-压-拉-压的"N"形分布,并且沿厚度方向可以分为5个应力状态各不相同的区域;随上压量的增加,沿板材厚度方向周向应力先增大后趋于一个定值;对于大尺寸板材的滚弯过程而言,用平面应变问题来处理,仍然能保持相当的精度,从而使得大尺寸板材滚弯过程的有限元模拟成为可能.     

Creep stress concentration during loading and unloading processes in a strip with semi circular notches

The stress concentration during the loading and unloading processes of transient creep is investigated for a strip with semi circular notches by means of the photo-viscoplasticity, using specimens of celluloid at 65C. The relations between the stress concentration factor, the geometries of strips, and time during the loading and unloading processes are derived from the time dependent variations of isochromatic fringe orders. Such trends cannot be analysed by the ordinary photoplasticity in which the time effect is not taken into account.     

Plasticity,fracture and friction in steady-state plate cutting

A closed form solution to the problem of steady-state wedge cutting through a ductile metal plate is presented. The considered problem is an idealization of a ship bottom raking process, i.e. a continuous cutting damage of a ship bottom by a hard knife-like rock in a grounding event A new kinematic model is proposed for the strain and displacement fields and it is demonstrated that the analysis is greatly simplified if the strain field is assumed to be dominated by plastic shear strains and moving hinge lines. Also, it is shown that the present shear model offers the basis for a convenient extension of the presented plate model to include more structural members as for example the stiffeners attached to a ship bottom plating. The fracture process is discussed and the model is formulated partly on the basis of the material fracture toughness. The effect of friction and the reaction force perpendicular to the direction of motion is derived theoretically in a consistent manner. The perpendicular reaction force is of paramount importance for predicting the structural damage of a ship hull because it governs the vertical ship motion and rock penetration which is strongly coupled with the horizontal resistance and thus with the damaged length. The derived expressions are discussed and compared with previously published experimental results and formulas.     

Grain size correction of welding residual stress measurement in a carbon steel plate using the critical refraction of longitudinal waves

In this, a method to measure welding residual stress in butt-welded joints of carbon steel plates using longitudinal critically refracted wave (L_cr wave) is proposed. Cross-correlation was employed to calculate the difference in time of flight between L_cr wave, and the optimal step length for the measurements is discussed. To determine L_cr wave acoustoelastic coefficient of the heat affected zone (HAZ), the relationship between the L_cr wave acoustoelastic coefficient and the grain size is established. The results show that one cycle is the optimal step length for the difference in the time-of-flight calculation, and with increasing grain size increase, L_cr wave acoustoelastic coefficient decreases in the form of a power function. In addition, grain size can be determined by using amplitude of the L_cr wave, so that the measured value of welding residual stress in HAZ can be corrected. The welding residual stress in melted zone (MZ) is corrected by calibrating acoustoelastic coefficient of the MZ. The acoustoelastic coefficient of the MZ is larger than that of parent material (PM). At last, welding residual stress in the butt-weld joint is measured and corrected with the L_cr wave technique. The results are verified by the hole drilling method.     

Microstructure Evolution of a 10Cr Heat-Resistant Steel during High Temperature Creep

The microstructure evolution of a 10Cr ferritic/martensitic heat-resistant steel during creep at 600℃ was investigated in this work.Creep tests demonstrated that the 10Cr steel had higher creep strength than conventional ASME-P92 steel at 600℃.The microstructure after creep was studied by transmission electron microscopy,scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis.It was revealed that the martensitic laths were coarsened with time and eventually developed into subgrains after 8354 h.Laves phase was observed to grow and cluster along the prior austenite grain boundaries during creep and caused the fluctuation of solution and precipitation strengthening effects,which was responsible for the two slope changes on the creep rupture strength vs rupture time curve.It was also revealed that the microstructure evolution could be accelerated by stress,which resulted in the lower hardness in the deformed part of the creep specimen,compared with the aging part.     

低合金高强钢薄板的三维全场焊接变形研究

针对低合金高强钢薄板在焊接过程中变形的不确定性及复杂性,提出一种基于数字图像相关法的测量方法。该文以Q345和Q690薄板对比试验进行分析,得到两块薄板的三维全场焊接变形。试验结果表明:Q690和Q345薄板在焊接过程中总体变形趋势一致,都经历中间凸起,恢复,四周翘起,最终成马鞍形;但强度更高的Q690薄板在焊接过程中变形趋势更缓,变形曲线图中的拐点出现得更迟;冷却到最后,Q690薄板关键点变形比Q345薄板小。研究结果可为揭示低合金高强钢薄板焊接变形机理提供可靠依据。     

State of stress in a patched plate containing a crack

Summary The state of stress and strain is examined for a plate containing a curvilinear crack reinforced by a finite patch. The elastic patch covers the crack completely and is rigidly connected to the infinite plate only along its edge. It is assumed that the plate and patch are in a general state of planar strain. The boundary-value problem is reduced to a system of three singular integral equations, which is solved by mechanical quadrature. Numerical results are given for a plate containing a crack in the form of an arc of a parabola and reinforced with an elliptical patch for various orientations of the tensile forces at infinity. The stress intensity coefficients at the crack vertices have been calculated along with the contact forces at the junction.Translated from Fiziko-Khimicheskaya Mekhanika Materialov, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 33–40, July–August, 1991.