国家能源局公布生物柴油产业发展政策

<正>近日,国家能源局网站公布了《生物柴油产业发展政策》。打造原料路线适合国情、产业布局合理、转化技术先进、市场规范有序、可持续健康发展的新型生物柴油产业。政策目标是为了构建适合我国资源特点,以废弃油脂为主,木(草)本非食用油料为辅的可持续原料供应体系。发展废弃油脂生物柴油产业的省份建成比较完善的废弃油脂回收利用体系,健全     

国家能源局公布生物柴油产业发展政策

<正>2015年1月23日,国家能源局网站公布了《生物柴油产业发展政策》,确定要打造原料路线适合国情、产业布局合理、转化技术先进、市场规范有序、可持续健康发展的新型生物柴油产业。政策目标是为了构建适合我国资源特点,以废弃油脂为主,木(草)本非食用油料为辅的可持续原料供应体系。发展废弃油脂生物柴油产业的省份建成比较完善的废弃油脂回收利用体系,健全回收利用法律法规;初步建立能源作(植)物油料供应模式,探索优化微藻养殖及油脂提取工艺,实现微藻生物柴油     

餐厨垃圾资源化利用与生物柴油对接

<正>近来,关于地沟油回炼进入餐桌的报道引起国人震惊,使地沟油、食用油和生物柴油这3个敏感词真实地摆在公众面前。地沟油等餐厨废弃油脂本是生物柴油起步的基石,至今仍是国内生物柴油生产企业的主要原料。随着国家对地沟油的危害     

生物柴油混合物对弹性体性能的影响

生物柴油具有可再生、清洁和安全三大优势,随着石油资源的日益枯竭和人们环保意识的提高,近年来生物柴油以其优越的环保性能受到了各国的重视。生物柴油原料来源广泛,亚麻、大豆、菜籽等油料水生植物及动物油脂、废餐饮油、地沟油等均可作为制造生物柴油的原料。燃料体系中燃料     

中国生物柴油技术开发及应用进展

综述了目前我国制备生物柴油的主要廉价原料资源即基因改造植物油脂、废弃油脂和微生物油脂,并介绍了现阶段我国生物柴油的酯交换技术开发和应用现状,而且对生物柴油的发展前景进行了展望,指出必须走出一条符合我国国情的生物柴油发展道路。     

生物柴油制备的研究进展

介绍了能够制备生物柴油的原材料,植物油脂、废弃油脂、动物油脂、微藻等的可行性,结合我国国情分析了原料的优缺点,最后对我国生物柴油的发展进行了展望。     

地沟油的综合利用现状及今后对策

综述了地沟油生产工业油酸、硬脂酸和工业油脂,制备无磷洗衣粉,制取生物柴油的综合利用现状,并分析了目前地沟油利用中存在的问题。     

新技术将地沟油变生物柴油

正污浊不堪的"地沟油",经过一系列的化学反应,几十个小时后就能变成清澈透明的生物柴油。这种先进的生物柴油生产技术已走出实验室,走向生产线。近日,广东清大智兴生物技术有限公司引进了这项可再生清洁能源生产技术,并即将实现产业化。该技术由清华大学的科研团队历经10余年攻关研发而成,可将潲水油、地沟油等非食用油脂原料转化成生物柴油能源和生物基础材料,与传统工艺相比具有绿色环保、节约能源、转化率高等特点。广东清大智兴生物技术有限公司引进该项技术,并加紧建设生物柴油项目,建成后可实现每年12万t地沟油的再利用。     

固体酸催化剂的制备与合成生物柴油的应用研究(摘要)北大核心

生物柴油作为一种良好的替代燃料,与石化柴油相比,具有含硫量低、不含污染环境的芳香族烷烃、闪点高不易爆炸以及十六烷值高燃烧性能好等优点。欧美国家制备生物柴油多以食用油脂为原料,但我国人口多耕地少,食用油脂的供应还只能用于人们的食用需求,利用非食用油脂制备生物柴油在我国具有现实意义。工业中通过酯化反应生产生物柴油一般采用均相酸催化剂,其具有转化率高、反应速度快等优点,但是也存在设备腐蚀、废液多、催化剂不易回收利用等缺点。本论文在综述了国内外生物柴油研究现状的基础上,以自制固体酸为催化剂,在加压条件下催化脂肪酸甲酯化反应制备生物柴油。对固体酸的制备条件,加压酯化工艺过程及产物油的脱色工艺进行了研究。     

生物柴油原料与反应装置的研究进展

作为一种清洁、可再生的替代能源,生物柴油近年来备受关注。酯交换反应广泛应用于生物柴油制备工艺。为了降低生产成本、提高产品质量,生物柴油研究的关键在于选取低廉的制备原料和优化的反应装置。综述了生物柴油的原料,包括第一代食用植物油、第二代非食用植物油和动物油脂以及第三代微藻油,在此基础上,总结了生物柴油的间歇与连续反应装置,并对生物柴油发展前景进行了展望。     

Optimization of biodiesel production from edible and non-edible vegetable oils

The non-edible vegetable oils such as Jatropha curcas and Pongamia glabra (karanja) and edible oils such as corn and canola were found to be good viable sources for producing biodiesel. Biodiesel production from different edible and non-edible vegetable oils was compared in order to optimize the biodiesel production process. The analysis of different oil properties, fuel properties and process parameter optimization of non-edible and edible vegetable oils were investigated in detail. A two-step and single-step transesterification process was used to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acid (FFA) non-edible oils and edible vegetable oils, respectively. This process gives yields of about 90-95% for J. curcas, 80-85% for P. glabra, 80-95% for canola, and 85-96% for corn using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced were compared with ASTM standards for biodiesel.     

Current scenario and potential of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in Pakistan: An overview

Biodiesel utilization has been rapidly growing worldwide as the prime alternative to petrodiesel due to a global rise in diesel fuel demand along with hazardous emissions during its thermochemical conversion. Although, several debatable issues including feedstock availability and price, fuel and food competition, changes in land use and greenhouse gas emission have been raised by using edible as well as inedible feedstocks for the production of biodiesel. However, non-crop feedstocks could be a promising alternative. In this article, waste cooking oils have been recommended as a suitable option for biodiesel production bearing in mind the current national situation. The important factors such as the quantity of waste cooking oil produced, crude oil and vegetable oil import expenses, high-speed diesel imports, waste management issues and environmental hazards are considered. Moreover, process simulation and operating cost evaluation of an acid catalyzed biodiesel production unit are also conducted. The simulation results show that the production cost of waste cooking oil-based biodiesel is about 0.66USD·L^-1. We believe that the present overview would open new pathways and ideas for the development of biofuels from waste to energy approach in Pakistan.     

Some physical properties and oxidative stability of biodiesel produced from oil seed crops

Biodiesel is a cleaner burning fuel than petrodiesel and a suitable replacement in diesel engine. It is produced from renewable sources such as vegetable oils or animal fats. Biodiesel fuel was prepared from castor (CSO), palm kernel (PKO) and groundnut (GNO) oils through alkali transesterification reaction. The biodiesel produced was characterized as alternative diesel fuel. Fuel properties such as specific gravity, viscosity, calorific (combustion) value, The CSO, PKO and GNO were measured to evaluate the storage/oxidative stability of the oils to compare them with commercial petrodiesel. The biodiesel produced had good fuel properties with respect to ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214 specification standards, except that the kinematic viscosity of castor oil biodiesel was too low. The viscosity of castor oil biodiesel at different temperatures was in the range of 4.12–7.21 mm²/s. However, promising results which conformed to the above specification standards were realized when castor oil biodiesel was blended with commercial petrodiesel. At 28 °C the specific gravity recorded for CSO, PKO and GNO biodiesel was higher than the values obtained for petrodiesel. Commercial petrodiesel had the highest oxidative stability than biodiesel produced from CSO, PKO and GNO oils.     

Life cycle analysis of biodiesel production

Biodiesel has attracted considerable attention as a renewable, biodegradable, and nontoxic fuel and can contribute to solving the energy problems, significantly reducing the emission of gases which cause global warming.The first stage of this work was to simulate different alternative processes for producing biodiesel. The method used for the production of biodiesel is the transesterification of vegetable oils with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The raw materials used were palm oils and waste cooking oil.The second stage was a life cycle analysis for all alternatives under study, followed by an economic analysis for the alternatives that present minor impacts and which are more promising from an economic point of view. Finally, we proceeded to compare the different alternatives from both the point of view of life cycle and economic analysis.The feasibility of all processes was proven and the biodiesel obtained had good specifications.From the standpoint of life cycle analysis, the best alternative was the process of alkaline catalysis with acid pre-treatment for waste cooking oil.The economic analysis was done to the previous mentioned process and to the process that uses raw virgin oils, methanol, and sodium hydroxide. This process has lower investment costs but the process of alkaline catalysis with acid pre-treatment, whose main raw material is waste oil, is much more profitable and has less environmental impacts.     

Optimization of factors affecting esterification of mixed oil with high percentage of free fatty acid

Increased environmental awareness and depletion of resources are driving industry to develop alternative fuels from renewable sources that are environmentally more acceptable. Biodiesel is a non petroleum based fuel that consists of alkyl esters from transestrification of the refined/edible types of vegetable oils alcohol and alkaline catalysts can be used. These catalysts require anhydrous conditions and feed stocks with low levels of free fatty acids (FFAs). Inexpensive feed stocks are used in biodiesel production to reduce its cost and to get rid of waste oils in environmentally friendly way. These oils may contain high levels of FFAs so it cannot be directly used with the base catalysts currently employed. Acid esterification reduces the FFAs content to the desirable level. The major factors that affect the conversion efficiency of the process are molar ratio of alcohol/oil, amount of catalyst, reaction temperature, catalyst type and stirring speed according to reaction duration. For this study, we used a model acid produced by mixing pure oleic acid with mixed oil (50% sunflower + 50% soybean oil). Methanol was used in the experiments due to its low cost. The best conversion efficiency obtained was 96.6% for a molar ratio of 6:1 at a temperature of 60 °C, 2.5% H₂SO₄ and stirring speed of 300 rpm. Finally, different types of waste cooking oil from home and restaurants were used to study the conversion efficiency compared with optimum conditions calculated for model acid oil to be used in biodiesel production with low cost.     

生物燃料生产和技术发展趋势

重点阐述车用燃料乙醇和生物柴油的国内外生产和应用现状,以及技术发展趋势.指出人们在积极探寻清洁汽、柴油燃料生产新工艺的同时,也在努力开发和利用矿物替代燃料,其中经济性好、对大气污染小的乙醇和生物柴油备受青睐.燃料级乙醇和生物柴油生产正在向低成本方向发展.     

Jatropha–Palm biodiesel blends: An optimum mix for Asia

Biodiesel, an alternative renewable fuel made from transesterification of vegetable oil with alcohol, is becoming more readily available for use in blends with conventional diesel fuel for transportation applications. Soybean and Rapeseed are common feedstocks for Biodiesel production in USA and Europe, respectively. However, Asian countries are not self sufficient in edible oil and exploring non-edible seed oils, like Jatropha and Pongamia as biodiesel raw materials. However there is a gestation period of few years before these crops start yielding seeds and oil. On the other hand, South Eastern countries like Malaysia and Thailand have surplus Palm crops. But due to substantial amount of saturated fats in Palm, the Palm biodiesel has poor low temperature properties. In order to exploit the proximity of South Asian and South-East Asian countries, blends of Jatropha and Palm biodiesel have been examined to study their physico-chemical properties and to get an optimum mix of them to achieve better low temperature properties, with improved oxidation stability.     

Extraction,transesterification and process control in biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas

Biodiesel has gained worldwide popularity as an alternative energy source due to its renewable, non‐toxic, biodegradable and non‐flammable properties. It also has low emission profiles and is environmentally beneficial. Biodiesel can be used either in pure form or blended with conventional petrodiesel in automobiles without any major engine modifications. Various non‐edible and edible oils can be used for the preparation of biodiesel. With no competition with food uses, the use of non‐edible oils as alternative source for engine fuel will be important. Among the non‐edible oils, such as Pongamia, Argemone and Castor, Jatropha curcas has tremendous potential for biodiesel production. J. curcas, growing mainly in tropical and sub‐tropical climates across the developing world, is a multipurpose species with many attributes and considerable potentials. In this article, we review the oil extraction and characterization, the role of different catalysts on transesterification, the current state‐of‐the‐art in biodiesel production, the process control and future potential improvement of biodiesel production from J. curcas.     

木本油料脂肪酸组成、提纯及其应用研究进展

木本油料是我国传统工业油料,应用领域广泛,可作为优质的食用植物油的来源,也可作为生产生物柴油的原料,并且还被用于饲料添加剂和化妆品行业。木本油料中C12~C18不饱和脂肪酸含量高,易被人体吸收,不同提取技术(压榨法、水酶法、超声波辅助法、浸出法等)对木本油料的脂肪酸组成及含量的影响较小。本文对橡胶籽油、核桃油、椰子油、山苍子核仁油、牡丹籽油、油茶籽油和棕榈油等7种木本油料的资源量、应用情况做了简单介绍,并综述了7种木本油料的脂肪酸组成及其提取纯化技术,重点介绍了木本油料中的中长碳链不饱和脂肪酸的提纯技术,并对提纯后的月桂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸的应用进行了综述和展望。     

我国餐厨废油资源化利用现状及展望

餐厨废油具有明显的废物与资源两重性,研究开发餐厨废油利用新技术,可有效解决食品安全、废油污染等问题。本文介绍了我国餐厨废油的组成性质及其回收现状,阐述了利用餐厨废油生产第一代和第二代生物柴油、表面活性剂、洗涤剂、脂肪酸、合成气等化工产品的工艺现状。由于餐厨废油组成复杂多样,净化处理难度大,因此以其作为原料生产化工产品时,工艺条件苛刻,生产规模小,短期难以实现工业化,而以餐厨废油生产生物柴油表现出了明显的优势。其中利用餐厨废油制备的第一代生物柴油存在热值低、抗氧化稳定性差等缺点,而加氢裂化、催化裂化、微波极化脂肪酸皂类脱羧成烃等工艺制备的第二代生物柴油产品性质更加优良,经济优势显著,具有很大的发展潜力。在综合对比各类生产工艺及其产品优缺点的基础上,对废油资源化利用的发展前景进行了展望。