机床电主轴有限元建模与优化设计

根据几何参数和简化原则建立电主轴实体模型。采用滚动轴承拟静力学模型准确计算轴承刚度,建立主轴-轴承系统有限元模型,设计模态测试实验较好地验证了仿真结果。基于主轴有限元模型,以主轴转子外圆直径、内孔直径、悬伸量、支承跨距以及轴承配置形式为设计变量;以主轴转子一阶固有频率最大和质量最轻为优化目标;以主轴转子前端静变形、最大应力、主轴各段尺寸均在限定范围内为约束条件,对电主轴转子进行优化设计。将提出的优化方法应用于某磨齿机电主轴,优化后主轴一阶固有频率提高33%,质量减轻21%,实现了电主轴高刚性和轻质量优化目标,为电主轴数字化设计提供技术支持。     

基于有限元法的电主轴轴承跨距优化设计

以铣削加工中心电主轴为研究对象,利用有限元法对轴承-转子系统进行了参数化建模。以提高主轴的静刚度和一阶固有频率为目标,在保证主轴径向圆跳动的前提下,对支撑主轴的跨距进行了优化设计。以优化设计后的最优支撑跨距对主轴进行了模态分析,利用模态分析后的主轴一阶固有频率对优化设计的结果进行了校核。结果表明,对支撑主轴的轴承跨距进行优化设计后,主轴一阶固有频率和静刚度都有一定程度上的提高。.     

轴承预紧力对电主轴刚度及使用寿命的影响分析

电主轴的静刚度是其主要性能指标,是机床加工零件精度和质量的保证。轴承作为电主轴的核心支撑部件,其预紧力的增加或减小对主轴的刚度有着重要的影响,同时预紧力的变化也会影响轴承的使用寿命。为了确定轴承的最佳预紧力,通过仿真分析了预紧力的变化对主轴静刚度、固有频率以及使用寿命的影响。分析结果表明：随着预紧力的增加,主轴的静刚度和固有频率都有明显的提高,但同时降低了轴承的使用寿命。     

陶瓷球轴承接触角和预紧力对高速磨削电主轴静刚度的影响

陶瓷球轴承作为电主轴的核心部件,其结构参数对电主轴的静刚度有着重要的影响。基于角接触球轴承径向刚度计算公式,通过仿真分析研究了接触角和预紧力对电主轴静刚度的影响。通过建立的主轴-轴承系统三维有限元模型,仿真获得了不同接触角和预紧力下主轴前端径向变形及主轴静刚度,进而根据有限元仿真结果拟合得到了主轴静刚度关于接触角和预紧力的拟合方程及拟合曲线。     

高速电主轴结构的改进

对高速电主轴轴承的配置和预紧方式的选择进行了分析研究,并建立了高速电主轴轴承-主轴系统的参数化有限元模型,运用ANSYS有限元分析软件的优化设计功能,以提高主轴刚度为目标,通过指定参数作为设计变量、状态变量和目标函数来建立分析程序,并以设计变量为自变量,不断改变其数值,迭代计算直至目标函数值达到最小,迭代过程中,状态变量用于控制自变量取值。结果表明:主轴支承跨距优化后,刚度和一阶固有频率得到了一定程度的提高,从而为电主轴结构的改进提供了理论基础。     

高速电主轴动态特性研究

作为数控机床的核心功能部件,高速电主轴的动力学特性直接影响着工件的加工精度。建立了高速电主轴的轴承-转子动力学模型,计算了角接触球轴承的动态支承刚度和轴承-转子系统的固有特性,并且研究了不同转速下轴承支承刚度对系统固有频率的影响。以2GDZ60型高速电主轴为研究对象,测试了系统的1阶固有频率和2阶固有频率,与理论计算值相比较误差较小。     

高速电主轴静刚度仿真与实验研究

主轴静刚度是评价电主轴静态特性的一项重要指标,对保证精密数控机床的加工精度至关重要。基于典型工况下切削力和角接触球轴承径向刚度计算公式,通过建立的主轴-轴承系统三维有限元模型,仿真获得了在指定工况下电主轴前端轴向变形量及主轴静刚度。在搭建的实验平台上对电主轴进行了静刚度实验。通过对比仿真结果和实验结果,间接验证了该有限元模型的有效性。基于可靠的有限元模型,进一步仿真获得了电主轴静刚度随前后端轴承预紧力的变化情况。     

陶瓷-钢复合结构高速电主轴的研究

工程陶瓷具有弹性模量高、密度低、减振性能好等特点。为了提高高速电主轴的性能,采用热压Si3N4工程陶瓷与钢作为主轴材料设计了复合结构高速电主轴,并对其静动态性能进行了有限元分析,具体包括主轴组件的径向刚度分析、模态分析及谐响应分析。结果表明,陶瓷-钢复合结构电主轴比传统的钢质电主轴具有更加优良的静动态性能,静刚度、固有频率、临界转速都得到不同程度提高,更适合于轻载高速应用场合。     

高速陶瓷电主轴设计及性能分析

为了提高高速主轴系统的性能采用热压Si3N4工程陶瓷作为主轴材料设计了高速电主轴,对其静动态性能进行了有限元分析。结果表明,陶瓷电主轴比传统的钢质电主轴具有更加优良的动静态性能,静刚度、固有频率、临界转速都有不同程度的提高,更加适合于高速应用场合。     

多因素影响下高速电主轴系统动态特性分析

以某大功率高速铣削加工中心电主轴系统为研究对象,采用有限元法,综合考虑高速状态下主轴系统阻尼比、陀螺力矩效应和轴承刚度软化3种因素,建立了高速电主轴系统的动力学方程。得到了主轴系统由转速引起的陀螺力矩效应,轴承刚度变化两种因素影响下的前6阶固有频率,并进一步得到了上述3种因素影响下的刀尖处频率响应。结果表明在高速状态下,轴承刚度的软化对固有频率的影响大于陀螺力矩效应;而主轴系统的结构阻尼比会减弱轴承刚度软化对刀尖处频率响应的影响。     

基于球轴承刚度计算的电主轴结构分析与优化

电主轴的结构,动态特性对数控机床的加工效率和精度的影响很大。对角接触球轴承电主轴单元进行了静刚度分析,在有限元软件ANSYS中建立了电主轴球轴承-转子系统的参数化有限元模型,并以提高电主轴的静刚度为优化目标,对电主轴的支承跨距和电机的安装位置进行了优化分析及计算,并对优化前后的电主轴系统进行了模态分析,对比其前三阶频率及振型的变化,得出了相关结论。     

车削中心主轴动静态特性分析

以车削中心主轴为研究对象,采用弹簧阻尼单元模拟动静压轴承支承的方法,建立主轴三维有限元参数化模型。同时进行静力学分析、模态分析,分别得到静刚度、固有频率和振型,并通过谐响应分析,比较了主轴在共振和设计工况下的振型,找出该主轴的危险点并进行了相关验算。     

Centrifugal force induced dynamics of a motorized high-speed spindle

Trend of the high-speed and high efficiency machining has pushed the continuous demand of higher spindle speed and power for the machining center application. Because the extremely high speed produces significant centrifugal force, it creates a need to predict the spindle dynamical characteristics at dynamic states. This work presents analysis results of the spindle dynamic of a motorized high speed spindle with angular ball contact bearings. For a machining center, two major subsystems determining the overall spindle stiffness are the shaft/bearing subsystem and the draw bar mechanism subsystem. Shaft/bearing stiffness as well as the natural frequency decreased at high speeds due to the bearing softening and gyroscopic effect. The bearing softening is the major reason of the reduced spindle stiffness, while the gyroscopic effect plays the secondary effect. Angular contact ball bearing softening at high speed is due to the reduced contact load and increased contact angle at the ball/inner-raceway contact interface caused by the centrifugal force. For the draw bar mechanism, analysis results show that the dynamic draw force at high speeds is significantly increased from that designed at the static state. Because the toolholder/spindle interface stiffness is proportional to the draw force, centrifugal force theoretically contributes a plus to the spindle stiffness at dynamic state. The dynamic draw force, however, is dependent on the friction loss inside the draw bar mechanism. Because of the low friction coefficient, the ball-type mechanism is superior to the wedge type mechanism.     

GDH512电主轴振动特性分析

以GDH512主轴为研究对象,建立了轴和角接触轴承的等效动力学模型。研究了轴承等效刚度和预紧力参数之间的关系及对主轴系统固有频率影响规律,通过模态分析确定主轴部件的固有频率和振型,并对模型进行谐响应分析,最后用试验验证有限元模型。     

Dynamic characteristics of spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings for ultra-precision machine tools

A key component of ultra-precision machine tools is the spindle. The motivation for this study was to improve machining accuracies in precision cutting and grinding by pursuing improvements in the spindle characteristics by designing a sophisticated spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings. The static bearing stiffness of the developed spindle was investigated in previous studies. In addition to the static bearing stiffness, the dynamic characteristics regarding bearing stiffness also affect significantly on the machining results. In this study, dynamic characteristics of the developed spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings were investigated via simulations and experiments. Not only bearing dynamics but also rotor dynamics were considered in this study.In the simulation studies, the spindle dynamic characteristics were analysed based on the transfer matrix method. A spindle rotor supported with hydrostatic bearings was represented by discrete sections of the rotor. The mathematical model of transverse linear vibrations of the spindle rotor was derived with distributed parameters for these discretized rotor sections. As a result of the analysis on the amplitude-frequency characteristic, radial displacements of the rotor due to bearing displacement and bending deformation were defined. Then, the frequency characteristics were represented with Nyquist plots. Resonant frequencies and amplitudes formation in the transverse vibration of the rotor were determined. The influence of rotor bending deformations on spindle compliance was assessed. Furthermore, the study examined the influences of the supply pressure of the lubricating fluid, radial clearance and journal diameter of the hydrostatic bearings on the amplitude of the rotor vibration, and the resonance frequency of the system.Furthermore, the dynamic characteristics of the spindle were examined experimentally. The simulation results were in good agreement with the actual spindle dynamics obtained experimentally. The influence of the structural parameters of the rotor and the operating parameters of the bearings on the spindle dynamic characteristics was also determined. It was verified that the amplitude of the vibration of the rotor overhang part was dominantly affected not by bearing stiffness but by bending stiffness of the bearing journal of the front bearing and the length of the rotor overhang.Then it was verified that the resultant displacement of the rotor in the radial direction due to the influence of the bearing characteristics and the structural effect of the rotor is significantly small. Practical recommendations to improve the spindle design in terms of the dynamic characteristics of the spindle with water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings were also derived.     

精密数控车削中心主轴动态特性仿真

以某型车削中心主轴为研究对象,采用弹簧阻尼单元模拟动静压轴承支承的方法,建立主轴三堆有限元模型,．同时进行静力学分析,模态分析,分别得到静刚度、固有频率和振型。分析了主轴的应变与应力情况,比较了主轴在共振和设计工况下的振型,为该主轴结构改进设计提供依据．     

液体静压主轴油膜滑移现象的分析及试验研究

针对液体静压主轴运动过程中动态特性问题,研究微尺度下油膜滑移对轴承承载力,刚度及动态刚度的影响。把微尺度下发生的速度滑移引入到油膜性能方程中,结合液体静压主轴系统平衡方程推导出了主轴系统承载力、刚度及动态刚度表达式,研究了油膜初期主轴静动态性能及油膜动刚度特性。从仿真结果中得到油膜滑移的发生使得承载力及刚度增大,最大刚度对应油膜厚度减小。最后刚度检测试验间接得出了实际主轴系统油膜流动过程中,存在油膜微滑移现象。本项研究为液体静压主轴微尺度下油膜滑移现象及性能的研究探索了一条新途径。     

主轴单元参数化建模、分析与优化设计

为实现主轴单元静动态特性的快捷分析,本文提出了主轴单元有限元建模基本参数的概念,建立了主轴单元通用有限元简化模型。以某厂新型五面体加工中心主轴单元为研究对象,利用简化模型得到了主轴单元的静刚度和前十阶模态。与简化前的分析结果比较,证明了简化模型的正确性。分析了不同轴承预紧工况下前两阶固有频率的变化,通过对主轴单元进行动态优化设计,使一阶固有频率提高了32.2%,主轴重量减少了42.9%。     

大功率空气静压轴承电主轴

介绍自行研究设计的空气静压轴承高频电主轴设计上的特点：一是空气轴承采用“全支承”结构，显著地提高轴承的承载能力和刚度；二是较国内同类型产品其变频电机的输出功率显著增大，可适应高效磨削的要求。     

主轴的静刚度计算与检测

对主轴单元的径向刚度进行了理论分析,基于赫兹理论计算了支撑主轴的角接触球轴承和精密双列圆柱滚子轴承的刚度,建立主轴轴承-转子系统的有限元模型,进行了有限元分析。同时,对主轴的静刚度进行检测,对检测数据进行处理与分析,得到主轴的静刚度值。试验结果表明：主轴的理论刚度计算与有限元分析方法具有可行性,与检测的结果基本一致,为研究主轴的静刚度提供了理论支撑。