Hydration of cement and pore structure of concrete cured in tropical environment

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of curing on the degree of cement hydration and capillary porosity of concrete in a tropical environment. It provides basic information for the estimation of w/c of hardened concrete using petrographic methods. Concrete with w/c ratios of 0.30 to 0.70 with an increment of 0.05 was investigated. The concrete was cured at 20 and 35 °C and exposed to various durations of moist curing. The results indicated that the concrete cured at 20 °C water for 28 days had a higher degree of cement hydration and lower capillary porosity than did the concrete cured in water of the same temperature for 7 days followed by exposure to outdoor air for 21 days, but had an opposite trend compared to the concrete cured in 35 °C water for 7 days followed by exposure to outdoor air. However, the differences on the degree of cement hydration and capillary porosity for the concrete cured in these different conditions were not significant.     

羧丙基甲基纤维素对原位化学发泡轻集料混凝土性能的影响

以污泥烧胀陶粒为轻集料、羧丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)为稳泡剂、H2O2溶液为化学发泡剂、膨胀珍珠岩为发泡剂载体制备原位发泡轻集料混凝土. 结果表明,HPMC掺量为0.05%~0.125%(?)时具有较好的稳泡和抗离析双重作用,试样密度随HPMC量增加而轻微增大,养护28 d的试样抗压、抗折强度和导热系数均随HPMC量增加而增大,48 h的吸水率随其量增加而降低;HPMC掺量为0.125%~0.15%(?)时,试样性能随其量增加出现相反的变化规律. HPMC掺量为0.125%(?)时,试样密度为1245 kg/m3, 养护28 d的试样抗压强度为31 MPa,抗折强度为6 MPa,48 h的吸水率为6.1%,导热系数为0.33 W/(m?K).     

Effects of mineral and chemical admixtures on high-strength concrete in seawater

The effects of mineral and chemical admixtures namely fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume and superplasticizers on the porosity, pore size distribution and compressive strength development of high-strength concrete in seawater curing condition exposed to tidal zone were investigated. In this study, three levels of cement replacement (0%, 30% and 70% by weight) were used. The total cementitious content used was 420 kg/m³. A water/binder ratio of 0.4 was used to produce concrete having a target compressive strength ranging between 54 and 63 MPa at the age of 28 days. At the age of 364 days, the compressive strength of the specimens produced ranged between 59 and 74 MPa. The pore size distribution of both high-strength concrete (MSS-0 and MSS-40) was significantly finer and the mean volume pore radii (MVPR) at the age of 6 months were reduced about three times compared to NPC concrete. Results of this study indicate that both concrete mixes (30% and 70%) exhibited better performance than the NPC concrete in seawater exposed to tidal zone. Hence, it is believed that both high-strength concrete produced would withstand severe seawater exposure without serious deterioration.     

Sodium silicate activated slag‐fly ash binders: Part I – Processing,microstructure, and mechanical properties

Alkali silicate activated slag and class F fly ash‐based binders are ambient curing, structural materials that are feasible replacements for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). They exhibit advantageous mechanical properties and less environmental impact than OPC. In this work, five sodium silicate activated slag‐fly ash binder mixtures were developed and their compressive and flexural strengths were studied as a function of curing temperature and time. It was found that the strongest mixture sets at ambient temperature and had a Weibull average flexural strength of 5.7 ± 1.5 MPa and Weibull average compressive strength of 60 ± 8 MPa at 28 days. While increasing the slag/fly ash ratio accelerated the strength development, the cure time was decreased due to the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H), calcium aluminum silicate hydrate (C–A–S–H), and (Ca,Na) based geopolymer. The density, microstructure, and phase evolution of ambient‐cured, heat‐cured, and heat‐treated binders were studied using pycnometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Heat‐cured binders were more dense than ambient‐cured binder. No new crystalline phases evolved through 28 days in ambient‐ or heat‐cured binders.     

环氧树脂/空心玻璃微珠泡沫材料性能研究

以高强度环氧树脂为基体,表面改性处理的空心玻璃微珠(HGB)为填料,经高温固化制备了环氧树脂/HGB泡沫材料,并研究了HGB类型、HGB含量和固化剂用量对泡沫材料压缩性能的影响。研究发现,随着HGB填充量的增大,泡沫材料的密度和压缩强度均下降。当固化剂与环氧树脂物质的量比为0.85时,泡沫材料的抗压性能最好,压缩强度为40.19 MPa。偶联剂改性HGB可以有效改善HGB和基体树脂的粘合效果。当改性HGB质量分数为80%时,与未改性环氧树脂相比,环氧树脂/改性HGB泡沫材料压缩强度提高了5.0%,吸水率下降40.6%。     

Mechanical,microstructural and mineralogical evaluation of alkali-activated waste glass and stone wool

Mineral waste wool represents a significant part of construction and demolition waste (CDW) not yet being successfully re-utilized. In the present study, waste stone wool (SW) and glass wool (GW) in the form received, without removing the binder, were evaluated for their potential use in alkali activation technology. It was confirmed that both can be used in the preparation of alkali-activated materials (AAMs), whether cured at room temperature or at an elevated temperature in order to speed up the reaction. The results show that it is possible to obtain a compressive strength of over 50 MPa using SW or GW as a precursor. A strength of 53 MPa was obtained in AAM based on GW after curing for 3 days at 40 °C, while a similar compressive strength (58 MPa) was achieved after curing the GW mixture for 56 days at room temperature. In general, the mechanical properties of samples based on GW are better than those based on SW. The evolution of mechanical properties and recognition of influential parameters were determined by various microstructural analyses, including XRD, SEM, MIP, and FTIR. The type of activator (solely NaOH or a combination of NaOH and sodium silicate), and the SiO₂/Na₂O and liquid to solid (L/S) ratios were found to be the significant parameters. A lower SiO₂/Na₂O ratio and low L/S ratio significantly improve the mechanical strength of AAMs made from both types of mineral wool.     

Development of a High Strength Geopolymer by Novel Solar Curing

Geopolymer is a popular construction material derived from different sources of aluminosilicates known for its environmental benefits and excellent durability in harsh conditions. However, the curing of fly-ash based geopolymer normally requires a thermal treatment that increases the manufacturing cost and carbon footprint. This paper explored a new economical and environmentally-friendly alternative, i.e. solar curing, that harnesses solar radiation to achieve accelerated geopolymerization process. Geopolymer mortars coated in two different greyscales namely solar curing black (SCB) and 40% black (grey, SCG) were prepared to study the effect of solar radiation absorption ability on the strength of the specimens, along with ambient cured specimens (ATC) for comparison. Mechanical properties such as workability, compressive strength, stress-strain relationship from 1 day to 28 days were tested. The SCB specimens that can easily reach 65 °C under the sun showed a substantial improvement of the compressive strength especially at the early age, i.e. 49.2 MPa at 1-day compared with 25.5 MPa for the ATC ones. At 28-day, SCB reached 92 MPa in compressive strength which is 17.8% (13.9 MPa) higher than that of ATC. SCG showed a moderate enhancement in strength. Through in-depth physical and chemical characterizations, the structure and morphology of geopolymers were identified through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). It was found that geopolymer cured by solar radiation had more calcium aluminate silicate content hence leading to a higher mechanical strength. Furthermore, a titration study that determines the conversion rate of the activators inside geopolymers suggested a faster geopolymerization process in the solar cured specimens.     

含酰亚胺基团环氧泡沫的制备及其性能

合成了一种端氨基酰亚胺固化剂MDIA,以其在不同温度、不同发泡剂含量下固化双酚A环氧树脂制备大孔环氧泡沫材料。研究结果表明,在固化剂中引入酰亚胺结构可以提高环氧树脂的耐热性能和力学性能。随发泡温度的提高,孔隙率增加,Tg和5%失重温度(Td5)提高,制备的环氧泡沫材料Tg可达120℃,Td5可达300℃,孔隙率为47%时,压缩强度可达16 6MPa。     

动物蛋白发泡剂制备泡沫混凝土的研究

制备了一种动物蛋白发泡剂,并用其进行泡沫混凝土实验.本文采用表面活性剂发泡与矿物材料发泡相结合的新型模式.探讨了水灰比、粉煤灰、泡沫量以及矿物材料掺量对泡沫混凝土的影响,确定了各组分的最佳掺量.在此条件下制得了一系列泡沫混凝土砌块,其容重为581～772 kg/m3,抗压强度为3.0～6.0 MPa,吸水率为19%～28%.     

不锈钢渣用于制备泡沫混凝土的安全性分析

用不锈钢渣、水泥、粉煤灰、发泡剂与水制备不锈钢渣泡沫混凝土，测试了不锈钢渣及泡沫混凝土的化学成分、微观形貌、矿物组成、结构、游离CaO含量、易磨性、内辐射指数与外辐射指数、活性指数、主要性能指标(抗压强度、干密度和导热系数)和浸出液中重金属浓度，研究了不锈钢渣用于制备泡沫混凝土的可行性与环境风险。结果表明，不锈钢渣的主要矿物组成为Ca2SiO4及含Al和Ti, Cu, Pb, Ta等重金属的矿相，具有一定胶凝活性且易磨，内辐射指数与外辐射指数满足建筑材料放射性元素限量要求。不锈钢渣掺量为25wt%?42wt%时，泡沫混凝土的干密度为597?621 g/cm3，养护28 d后抗压强度为1.83?2.98 MPa、导热系数为0.11?0.12 W/(m?K)，满足泡沫混凝土要求。不锈钢渣所含重金属主要以稳定的金属固熔体存在，浸出浓度远低于危险废物限值。     

Effects of TMPTMA and silane on the compressive strength of low‐temperature cured acrylic polymer concrete

This study addresses the effects of additives on the compressive strength of low‐temperature cured acrylic polymer concrete (PC). Three curing temperatures (0°C, ?10°C, and ?20°C) and five ages (6, 12, 24, 72, and 168 h) with two different types of additives [trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) and silane] were investigated. As a result, the compressive strength tended to decrease as the curing temperature decreased. The compressive strengths at 24 h were approximately 90% of those at 168 h at both curing temperatures of 0°C and ?20°C, indicating that the rate of early age strength development was quite high even at a very low curing temperature range. The results of two‐way variance analysis revealed that silane had a greater impact on the compressive strength than TMPTMA. About 13%–23% strength improvements with a 168‐h compressive strength of over 80 MPa could be obtained at ?20°C by adding silane. Furthermore, this study proposed optimum mixture proportions of acrylic PC that generate a working life of 50–70 minutes with a compressive strength of 80 MPa at subzero temperatures. The findings of this study are expected to be effectively used in field applications of acrylic PC, especially in the cold regions during winter season. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40939.     

海水海砂砂浆力学与毛细吸水性能及微观结构研究

对不同龄期、水灰比的海水海砂砂浆(SSM)试块开展了抗压、抗折强度测试,通过称重法研究了水灰比、龄期及水温对SSM毛细吸水性能的影响,并基于低场核磁共振技术研究了SSM力学、毛细吸水性能与微观结构的关系,最后将基于多孔介质毛细管吸水模型计算的代表性毛细管直径与基于低场核磁横向弛豫时间估算的砂浆孔隙直径进行了对比分析与讨论。结果表明,SSM前3天强度发展较快,水灰比为0.4的SSM试块养护3 d时的抗压、抗折强度分别为养护28 d时的56.2%、70.3%。当水温从20 ℃升至40 ℃时,水灰比为0.4、养护28 d的SSM试件毛细吸水系数增大1.2倍。长期一维吸水过程中,试件单位面积累计毛细吸水量与吸水时间的0.25次幂呈线性关系。随龄期增长,SSM试件孔隙率呈减小趋势。基于毛细管吸水模型得出的代表性毛细管直径与基于低场核磁横向弛豫时间估算的砂浆孔隙直径较为接近。     

Fire resistance of geopolymer concrete produced from Elazığ ferrochrome slag

This paper presents the effect of elevated temperatures up to 700 °C on compressive strength and water absorption of two alkali‐activated aluminosilicate composites (one of them is river sand aggregate geopolymer concrete; the other one is crushed sand aggregate geopolymer concrete) and ordinary Portland cement based concretes. To obtain binding geopolymer material, Elaz?? ferrochrome slag was ground as fine as cement, and then it was alkali activated with chemical (NaOH and Na₂SiO₃). Geopolymer concrete samples were produced by mixing this binding geopolymer material with aggregates. At each target temperature, concrete samples were exposed to fire for the duration of 1 h. Fire resistance and water absorption of geopolymer and ordinary Portland cement concrete samples were determined experimentally. Experimental results indicated that compressive strength of geopolymer concrete samples increased at 100 °C and 300 °C temperatures when compared with unexposed samples. In geopolymer concrete samples, the highest compressive strength was obtained from river aggregates ones at 300 °C with 37.06 MPa. Water absorption of geopolymer concrete samples increased at 700 °C temperature when compared with unexposed samples. However, a slight decrease in water absorption of concrete samples was observed up to 300 °C when compared with unexposed samples. SEM and X‐ray diffraction tests were also carried out to investigate microstructure and mineralogical changes during thermal exposure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recycling of polyurethane foam waste in the production of lightweight cement pastes and its irradiated polymer impregnated composites

This study aimed at using polyurethane foam waste in the production of lightweight white cement pastes by a partial replacement of white cement with different ratios of polyurethane foam waste (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) based on the weight of cement. The lightweight white cement pastes specimens in addition to conventional white cement paste were cured under tap water for 7 and 28 days. The physical, mechanical, and thermal properties were evaluated. The results showed that the specimens cured for 28 days achieved better properties as compared to the specimens cured for 7 days. Furthermore, at each curing age the specimens of lightweight white cement pastes showed relatively lower properties as compared to the conventional white cement paste and as the polyurethane waste content increased, the properties in terms of compressive strength and bulk density decreased while the total porosity percentage increased especially at higher ratios. On the other hand, the effects of styrene–butadiene rubber latex and irradiation dose on the properties of irradiated polymer impregnated lightweight white cement composites have been investigated. The results confirmed that the impregnation of the hardened lightweight white cement pastes with styrene–butadiene rubber latex and their exposure to different doses of gamma rays (50, 100, 150, and 200 kGy) showed a gradual improvement in the mechanical and physical properties up to 150 kGy and then started to decrease at 200 kGy. Characterization of some selected specimens was carried out by the studying of thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:328–338, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers     

不同强度废旧混凝土水泥稳定再生材料路用性能研究

为了研究废旧混凝土强度与再生集料性能及水泥稳定再生基层材料的力学及耐久性能之间的影响规律,采用钻芯法对废旧桥梁T梁、立柱、废旧路面混凝土不同结构部位取样进行抗压强度试验,得出废旧混凝土的强度推定值,分别为25.8 MPa、37.4 MPa、58.1 MPa。对3种不同强度废旧混凝土再生集料的性能进行对比,并分析了不同强度废旧混凝土对再生集料性能及水泥稳定再生材料力学和耐久性能的影响。结果表明:废旧混凝土强度增加,再生集料的压碎值、针片状含量、吸水率减小,塑限指数及相对表观密度增大;废旧T梁、立柱、路面混凝土水泥稳定再生材料最佳含水率及最大干密度分别近似的呈线性减小和增大的趋势;同时,无侧限抗压强度、劈裂强度、抗压回弹模量、抗冲刷性能均表现增大的变化规律,但干缩性能减弱。废旧混凝土强度增加能有效提高水泥稳定再生材料的路用性能。     

Prediction of later-age compressive strength of normal concrete based on the accelerated strength of concrete cured with microwave energy

Microwave energy can accelerate the hydration of cement, resulting in rapid strength development of concrete in an early period. In this paper, prediction of later-age compressive strength of normal concrete, made with rapid-hardening and ordinary Portland cement, based on the accelerated strength of concrete cured with microwave energy was investigated. To accelerate curing properly, the optimal microwave curing process for concrete was first determined and then was applied to concrete. The possible early ages for the strength prediction were found to be at 3.5 and 5.5 h for concrete made with rapid-hardening and ordinary Portland cement, respectively. For each cement type, a formula for the strength prediction was derived from the relationship between accelerated early-age strength of concrete cured with microwave energy and later-age strength of normally cured concrete. Predictions of strength at 7 days for concrete made with rapid-hardening Portland cement and 28 days of concrete made with ordinary Portland cement were within 15% agreement with actual test results.     

利用电石渣和碱性氧化物激发矿渣活性的研究

研究比较了生石灰、电石渣、NaOH、NaOH与电石渣共掺对矿渣的激发作用。结果表明：CaO2矿渣=1：9为最佳掺量,28d抗折强度为515MPa,抗压强度为19．15MPa;电石渣：矿渣：1：9为最佳掺量,28d抗折强度为448MPa．抗压强度为1629MPa。电石渣与矿渣的配合比1：9时,用01％NaOH激发矿渣强度较强,但效果不如未用强碱激发时的强度。     

活性粉末混凝土抗压强度试验研究

通过立方体抗压强度试验研究了活性粉末混凝土的受压破坏过程,并通过单因素对比试验研究了水胶比、石英粉、粉煤灰、纤维掺量和养护条件对活性粉末混凝土抗压强度的不同影响,并对低水胶下获得超高强度的原理进行深入分析;配制出了7d龄期常温养护条件下达105MPa和高温蒸汽养护条件下达193MPa的活性粉末混凝土.     

Hardened alite pastes of various porosities. I. Degree of hydration,compressive strength and total porosity

The alite used in this investigation was synthesised from the stoichiometric mixture at 1550°C. The hardened alite pastes were made using initial water/alite ratios of 0.20, 0.30, 0.45 and 0.60. Degree of hydration, compressive strength and total porosity were estimated at various hydration time intervals of 0.5 h, 2 h, 6 h, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days and 28 days. A meaningful relation between compressive strength and water/alite ratio was established at constant values of degree of hydration, total porosity and Powers' gel-space ratio.     

Properties of cement pastes and mortars cured under different experimental conditions

The effects of water-to-cement ratio, time, and temperature of dry-hot-air treatment on the mechanical properties of cement pastes and mortars, immediately after demolding and after additional 7 and 28-day water curing at 20°C, is discussed. The results obtained are compared to those obtained on samples treated for 1, 7 and 28 days under normal curing conditions at 20°C. The samples were tested for density, compressive strength, porosity, and loss on ignition in the range 100–1000°C.