夏热冬冷地区办公建筑降低供暖空调能耗的技术路径

以上海地区某办公建筑为例,基于EnergyPlus能耗模拟,探讨了围护结构性能提升和暖通空调系统优化这2条节能技术路径对夏热冬冷地区办公建筑降低供暖空调全年能耗的有效性.结果 表明:围护结构性能提升的节能潜力较小,经济性较差;单纯提高围护结构保温隔热性能并不能保证降低建筑年耗冷量,应综合分析全年供热供冷能耗确定围护结构...     

低辐射玻璃窗高层住宅建筑能耗计算

在分析住宅建筑热环境模拟计算软件的基础上,以广州穗园小区高层居住建筑单元为例,用住宅建筑热环境模拟计算软件对居住建筑高层的节能情况进行全年能耗模拟计算,结果表明:夏热冬暖地区高层居住建筑中,Low-E玻璃铝合金窗的使用能大幅度降低建筑能耗,达到建筑设计节能效果。     

Climate change impacts on building heating and cooling energy demand in Switzerland

The potential impacts of climate change on heating and cooling energy demand were investigated by means of transient building energy simulations and hourly weather data scenarios for the Zurich–Kloten location, which is representative for the climatic situation in the Swiss Central Plateau. A multistory building with varying thermal insulation levels and internal heat gains, and a fixed window area fraction of 30% was considered. For the time horizon 2050–2100, a climatic warm reference year scenario was used that foresees a 4.4 °C rise in mean annual air temperature relative to the 1961–1990 climatological normals and is thereby roughly in line with the climate change predictions made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The calculation results show a 33–44% decrease in the annual heating energy demand for Swiss residential buildings for the period 2050–2100. The annual cooling energy demand for office buildings with internal heat gains of 20–30 W/m² will increase by 223–1050% while the heating energy demand will fall by 36–58%. A shortening of the heating season by up to 53 days can be observed. The study shows that efficient solar protection and night ventilation strategies capable of keeping indoor air temperatures within an acceptable comfort range and obviating the need for cooling plant are set to become a crucial building design issue.     

夏热冬暖地区绿色建筑性能后评估研究

为了解夏热冬暖地区绿色建筑运行后实际能耗和室内环境品质，文章详细介绍了该气候区内绿色建筑主要技术的应用情况及应用效果。选取位于该气候区内共11个获得绿色建筑认证的办公建筑，通过调研实际能耗，结合用户主观问卷调研，与常规办公建筑的能耗和室内环境品质主观满意度进行了对比研究。结果表明，对于A类办公建筑，绿色建筑与常规建筑无明显差异，均略低于引导值；对于B类而言，绿色办公建筑的总能耗显著低于常规办公建筑，但与能耗指标相比二者能耗均较高，是建筑节能工作的重点。在室内环境品质满意度方面，用户对绿色建筑的满意度明显高于常规建筑，在空气品质和室内环境控制上尤为明显，光环境的差异则更多是归因于天然采光的设计，而非人工照明的优化。最后通过一个案例从节地、节能和室内环境等3个方面全面地介绍了适宜于夏热冬暖地区的绿色建筑设计。     

南方建筑非透明围护结构热工与节能设计

如何兼顾冬夏两季建筑供暖空调负荷和能耗,保证室内热环境质量,确定最适宜的热工特性,是长期困扰中国南方建筑围护结构热工与节能设计的难点。通过对夏热冬冷和夏热冬暖地区建筑在采暖、空调与自然通风条件下动态热过程的分析,研究了这一地区围护结构热特性与能耗的制约关系,以及对室内热环境与建筑热稳定性的作用机理。在兼顾冬季保温与夏季隔热的情况下,将建筑全年能耗作为控制目标,从室内热环境质量、节能效果、围护结构的安全性、可靠性、经济性和实用性等角度评价目前所采用的围护结构节能技术存在的问题,提出一种适宜南方气候的建筑围护结构热特性指标及构造形式。     

新风免费冷却节能研究

采用室外空气干球温度与比焓作为风侧经济器使用与否的判定条件,对新风免费冷却节能状况进行分析,提出了新风免费冷却节能效果评价指标———新风免费冷却节能率。应用该指标分析了我国不同气候条件下6个典型城市的3种不同类型建筑新风免费冷却节能效果,结果表明,北方严寒及寒冷地区节能率较高,夏热冬冷及夏热冬暖地区次之,温和地区节能率较低。宾馆建筑全年新风免费冷却节能率低于同一地区办公建筑和商场建筑。     

夏热冬暖地区商业建筑围护结构节能研究

近年来,夏热冬暖地区的建筑节能研究多集中在住宅建筑和办公建筑,而对单位建筑面积能耗最高的大型商业建筑研究较少。且现有的对商业建筑的节能研究多集中在空调系统,对围护结构的研究基本停留在定性分析的层面。为了更好地了解夏热冬暖地区商业建筑节能设计中围护结构优化设计的节能潜力和重要意义,本研究利用建筑能耗模拟软件DeST,并采用其它软件作为辅助,以广州某大型商业建筑为例,对其围护结构热工性能进行了数值模拟和分析。计算结果表明,遮阳和通风对其节能设计起到了极为重要的作用。在此基础上,对其围护结构优化设计的方向提出了建议。     

绿化遮阳对夏热冬暖地区建筑热环境影响分析

地处夏热冬暖地区的广西大部夏季湿热漫长,建筑空调制冷能耗高。通过对广西南宁市建筑外遮阳使用情况的调研,得到建筑立体绿化遮阳和非绿化外遮阳的使用情况。同时,选择一栋典型建筑,对其进行绿化遮阳及非绿化遮阳外墙表面温度的测试,分析绿化遮阳形式对建筑热环境的影响,探讨建筑绿化遮阳对广西乃至整个夏热冬暖地区建筑节能的作用。     

Energy use and thermal comfort in a rammed earth office building

A two-storey rammed earth building was built on the Thurgoona Campus of Charles Sturt University in Albury-Wodonga, Australia, in 1999. The building is novel both in the use of materials and equipment for heating and cooling. The climate at Wodonga can be characterised as hot and dry, so the challenge of providing comfortable working conditions with minimal energy consumption is considerable. This paper describes an evaluation of the building in terms of measured thermal comfort and energy use. Measurements, confirmed by a staff questionnaire, found the building was too hot in summer and too cold in winter. Comparison with another office building in the same location found that the rammed earth building used more energy for heating. The thermal performance of three offices in the rammed earth building was investigated further using simulation to predict office temperatures. Comparisons were made with measurements made over typical weeks in summer and winter. The validated model has been used to investigate key building parameters and strategies to improve the thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption in the building. Simulations showed that improvements could be made by design and control strategy changes.     

贵州民用建筑围护结构节能技术适应性分析

围护结构的热工性能是影响民用建筑能耗的最重要因素之一,如何正确地应用围护结构节能技术尤为重要。地方标准将贵州划分为四个气候区域,即温和地区、夏热冬暖地区、夏热冬冷地区、夏凉冬冷地区[1]。为了使围护结构节能技术的应用更加有效,根据贵州省四个气候分区特点,对民用建筑围护结构典型节能技术进行研究分析,结合相关建筑节能标准的要求和贵州省经济、环境特点,提出适合贵州不同气候区域民用建筑的墙体、外窗、屋面、遮阳节能技术。     

苏州市商业办公建筑能耗现状分析

基于苏州地区商业办公建筑能源审计统计数据,按照不同建造年代、不同围护结构构造、不同冷热源选取典型商业办公建筑,对比苏州市商业办公建筑单位面积能耗指标和分项能耗指标,分析得出其能耗影响因素,为夏热冬冷地区商业办公建筑的节能技改和运行管理提供针对性建议。     

探究东莞地区民用建筑节能技术措施

根据东莞地区的气候条件和建筑特点,并结合夏热冬暖地区居住建筑节能设计标准,主要从建筑规划设计和围护结构等方面提出了适合于东莞地区民用建筑的节能技术措施,为建筑节能的研究提供了理论依据。     

Opportunities for reversible chillers in office buildings in Europe

Europe with more than 600 millions of square meters of air-conditioned office buildings offers an opportunity to save energy and reduce CO₂ emissions by reconverting chillers into reversible heat pumps in office buildings. One of the questions asked in the framework of the IEA ECBCS Annex 48 is how to assess the energy saving potential and how to identify the most interesting building cases. The methodology proposed here is based on the simulation of office buildings representative of the building stock. The energy consumption has been simulated for different office building types in five European climatic zones on the one hand with boilers for heating and chillers for cooling, and on the other hand with reversible chillers plus back-up boilers. The results of the simulations in terms of energy consumption allow us to assess the primary energy savings and CO₂ emission reduction in Europe by reconverting chillers into reversible heat pumps. The results show that the potential of annual primary energy savings and annual CO₂ emission reduction are about 8 TWh_PE and 3 millions of tons of CO₂ in Europe-15. Even if the temperature level in terminal units can be solved using the cooling coil instead of the heating coil, a back up boiler turns generally out to be required for the coldest days in the year or when simultaneous heating and cooling demands occur.     

Comparison of low-energy office buildings in summer using different thermal comfort criteria

Sustainable low-energy office buildings attempt to harness the buildings architecture and physics to provide a high quality working environment with the least possible primary energy consumption. A promising approach to condition those buildings in summer employs the utilization of the building's thermal storage activated by natural heat sinks (e.g., ambient air, ground water or soil) through night ventilation or thermally activated building systems (TABS). However, a certain room temperature cannot be guaranteed as occupants may influence the room energy balance by window opening, internal heat gains or sun shading control. Between 2001 and 2005, monitoring campaigns were carried out over 2 or 3 years in 12 low-energy office buildings which are located in three different summer climate zones in Germany. These climate zones are defined as summer-cool, moderate and summer-hot. The weather at the building site and the room temperatures in several office rooms were monitored by different scientific teams. The raw data are processed for data evaluation using a sophisticated method to remove errors and outliers from the database and to identify the time of occupancy. The comfort in all office rooms in each building is evaluated separately. For data presentation, these separate comfort votes per office room are averaged using the median instead of the arithmetic mean in order not to overestimate extremely cold or hot room temperatures. A comfort evaluation in these 12 low-energy office buildings indicates clearly, that buildings which use only natural heat sinks for cooling provide good thermal comfort during typical and warm summer periods in Germany. However, long heat waves such as during the extreme European summer of 2003 overstrain passively cooled buildings with air-driven cooling concepts in terms of thermal comfort.     

Camera-based window-opening estimation in a naturally ventilated office

Naturally ventilated offices enable users to control their environment through the opening of windows. Whilst this level of control is welcomed by users, it creates risk in terms of energy performance, especially during the heating season. In older office buildings, facilities managers usually obtain energy information at the building level. They are often unaware or unable to respond to non-ideal facade interaction by users often as a result of poor environmental control provision. In the summer months, this may mean poor use of free cooling opportunities, whereas in the winter space heating may be wasteful. This paper describes a low-cost, camera-based system to diagnose automatically the status of each window (open or closed) in a facade. The system is shown to achieve a window status prediction accuracy level of 90–97% across both winter and summer test periods in a case study building. A number of limitations are discussed including winter daylight hours, the impact of rain, and the use of fixed camera locations and how these may be addressed. Options to use this window-opening information to engage with office users are explored.     

建筑节能优化设计案例分析

文章选择处于夏热冬冷地区和夏热冬暖地区两个不同气候分区的节能建筑作为案例,分析了通过建筑能耗模拟和优化设计,改善建筑节能效果的途径和措施。     

Virtual Building Dataset for energy and indoor thermal comfort benchmarking of office buildings in Greece

The knowledge of building stock energy data of a country is a very significant tool for energy benchmarks establishment, energy rating procedures and building classification boundaries determination, according to the Directive 2002/91/EC and its implementation in EU Member States. The lack of building energy databases in many EU Countries, including Greece, and the difficulties of collecting them lead to the investigation of other potential solutions. The aim of this paper is to present a method of a Virtual Building Dataset (VBD) creation for office buildings in Greece. The philosophy of VBD is based on the creation and simulation of random office buildings that could be found or built in Greece, taking into account the Greek constructional and operational characteristics of office buildings and Greek legislation. The VBD consists of 30,000 buildings (10,000 in each climatic zone) with their detailed constructional and operational data and of their simulation outputs: the annual specific energy consumption for heating, cooling, artificial lighting, office equipment and an indoor thermal comfort indicator. Based on VBD results the energy and indoor thermal comfort benchmarks for office building sector in Greece are assessed and presented.     

Effect of external shading on household energy requirement for heating and cooling in Canada

Shading by neighbouring buildings and trees impacts the energy requirement of a building by reducing the amount of radiant energy absorbed and stored by its thermal mass. This study intends to quantify the magnitude of the effect of site shading on the energy requirement of residential buildings in Canada using a representative two-storey detached house. Site shading effects of neighbouring buildings and trees on annual heating and cooling energy requirements are evaluated using a building energy simulation program. The effects of the orientation, distance and size of the neighbouring object on heating and cooling energy requirement are investigated for four major cities (Halifax, Toronto, Calgary, Vancouver) representing the major climatic regions in Canada (Atlantic, Central, Prairies, Pacific). It is found that the annual heating and cooling energy requirement of a house in Canada may be affected by as much as 10% and 90%, respectively, by the existence as well as the orientation, size and distance of a neighbouring obstruction. Therefore, it is recommended that in building energy simulation studies, external shading should be given due consideration.     

夏热冬暖地区办公建筑节能设计探讨

夏热冬暖地区具有自身的特点，以深圳特区为例，分析夏热冬暖地区办公建筑的耗能现状，提出符合夏热冬暖地区气候、经济、环境条件的办公建筑设计的节能措施。     

夏热冬暖气候区医院门诊楼能耗评价指标研究

医院建筑能耗逐年升高,其中空调能耗占总能耗比例较大。在医院建筑的节能改造或能耗状况分析中,多数以单位建筑面积、门诊人数、床位数的能耗来评价医院能耗的高低。以夏热冬暖气候区医院门诊楼为研究对象,通过理论分析建立建筑负荷分析模型,设计建筑负荷正交模拟实验,利用模拟软件De ST进行负荷模拟,研究建筑面积、床位数、门诊量/床位数、医院类型对建筑全年总负荷的影响,模拟结果表明:建筑面积(床位数)越大,门诊量/床位数越大,未开展预约门诊的医院的年总负荷越大,反之越小。建筑年总负荷影响因素的主次顺序为门诊量/床位数建筑面积(床位数)医院类型,其中门诊量/床位数、建筑面积(床位数)对年总负荷影响显著(P0.05);医院类型对年总负荷影响不显著(P0.05)。建议采用人均单位面积能耗占用床位数指标来评价门诊楼的能耗,更加科学。