公共建筑的多样性及其能效理论的初探

本文分析既有公共建筑的用能特点及其多样性。即地域的用能差异、不同类型公共建筑用能的特点和同类公共建筑运行能耗的差异性。试图对建筑负荷公式按建筑功能的特点加以变量划分和扩展,以变量理论指导各类公共建筑提高运行能效。,最后．提出当前建筑能耗统计中存在的问题,建筑智能化在提高建筑能效中不可替代的作用。     

寒冷气候区的居住建筑的节能设计措施

随着世界能源问题的日益严重,尤其是建筑节能方面引起了全球的广泛关注。目前,世界各国均对建筑节能进行了深入的研究,在许多方面都有了一定的成果,例如建筑新材料、新工艺、新的建筑构件及构造方式、以及采用新能源等。但是缺少在考虑太阳辐射因素对能耗影响的情况下,对建筑的节能体型设计的研究。本文就寒冷气候区的居住建筑的节能设计的问题进行了讨论,举出一些有效措施。     

Energy, comfort and indoor air quality in nursery and elementary school buildings in the cold climatic zone of Greece

Schools are the most suitable type of building for the application of energy efficiency and good indoor air quality measures. This is justified by the fact that such measures can promote sustainability to the future citizens, and even more, ensure a comfortable and healthy environment for educational purposes. Unfortunately, in practice school buildings face the same, or even more intense, energy performance and indoor air quality problems as any other building. The purpose of this study is to investigate the energy efficiency, thermal environment and indoor air quality in public nursery and elementary school buildings in the city of Kozani, located at the cold climatic zone of Greece. The survey, conducted both by in-field measurements and by questionnaires, reveals the main parameters affecting the overall performance of the investigated buildings. The problematic building envelope, the improper control of heating and lighting systems, the absence of proper legislative measures and, above all, the lack of interest concerning the efficiency of such buildings are the main factors in the reported efficiency.     

居住建筑中的生态节能技术分析——以厦门蓝湾国际为例

21世纪是我国建筑业的鼎盛时期,99%为高耗能建筑,能耗问题越来越严重,建筑节能已是国家的重大战略问题。厦门蓝湾国际设计在开发建设过程中注重"节地、节能、节水、节材、环境保护"五大方面的综合实践,形成一整套较为完整的绿色节能建筑技术实施体系。     

红外热像技术在建筑节能诊断中的应用研究

随着发展低碳经济和建设节约型社会日益受到重视,节能减排也成为社会关注的热点。而建筑节能又是节能减排的一个重要领域,发展空间巨大。由于我国建筑节能起步较晚,许多建筑没有做节能措施或措施不到位,需要对其进行节能诊断,为建筑的节能改造提供依据。对于新建建筑往往由于施工或设计的不合理,会产生一些围护结构的热工缺陷,导致保温、隔热效果不能达到要求,此时也需要对其进行节能诊断,判断节能效果是否满足要求,指导建筑的设计和施工等。目前,建筑节能检测和诊断有许多方法,红外热像技术是其中最为简单、直接、方便的。本文主要介绍红外热像技术的原理和在建筑节能诊断中的应用,结合现场检测的温度分布情况,对测量建筑进行热工分析和节能诊断,判断其节能效果。     

夏热冬冷地区高校既有办公楼热舒适性实测与分析——以湖南城市学院办公楼为例

为了研究湖南省高校办公楼室内热环境,达到优化湖南省高校既有办公楼节能（改造）设计的目的,对湖南省高校办公楼（以湖南城市学院为例）进行了冬夏季两季温度现场测试,对测试结果分析,显示了湖南省高校办公楼室内热环境在不同楼层之间存在差异,整体来说夏季室内热炎热,冬季寒冷,针对此现状采取运用计算机软件DEST对湖南城市学院办公楼的节能改造方案进行节能性能的模拟分析,提出满足建筑节能要求的改造方案措施。     

Enhancing the sustainability and energy conservation in heritage buildings: The case of Nottingham Playhouse

Today, there is a growing interest in developing energy efficient buildings since it is estimated that buildings account for about 40% of the total primary energy consumption in the world. In relation to existing buildings, energy efficiency retrofits have become an important opportunity to upgrade the energy performance of commercial, public and residential buildings that may reduce the energy consumption, demand and cost. In this paper we cover the energy efficiency deep retrofit process that has been carried out for Nottingham Playhouse theatre building for the aim of enhancing its environmental performance and analysing the energy efficiency gained after implementing certain proposed modifications. It is a nationally protected historic building, listed as Grade II1 on The National Heritage List for England (NHLE). The building has had insulation enhancement, doors modifications, solar energy installations, energy-saving lights, in addition to improved heating and air conditioning system. The paper presents a novel methodology; and its results indicate significant improvements in the building's energy performance which is demonstrated using infrared thermographic images and data logger sensors where significant energy savings to the building's thermal performance are obtained. The energy saving measures have been completed while maintaining the heritage building's general appearance and architectural features, which have received a Commendation Certificate from The Nottingham Civic Society for this achievement.     

计算机模拟在建筑节能设计中的应用

依据DBJ13—62—2004《福建省居住建筑节能设计标准实施细则》,从节能率、成本、建筑热舒适性、节能方案适宜性等方面对比分析了规定性指标节能设计法与动态权衡计算设计法的优劣。得出计算机仿真模拟技术在建筑节能设计中应用的重要性。     

Energy modeling of two office buildings with data center for green building design

Energy simulation models are developed with EnergyPlus for two office buildings in a R&D center in Shanghai, China to evaluate the energy cost savings of green building design options compared with the baseline building. As a R&D center of an international IT corporation, there are data centers in the two buildings, which make them different from typical office buildings. The data centers house high energy consuming IT equipments and need 24 h air-conditioning every day all year round. In order to achieve energy cost savings, multiple energy efficiency strategies are employed for design proposed building, encompassing high performance building envelope, lighting system, and HVAC system. Through energy modeling, the design proposed options are compared to an ASHRAE 90.1-2004 compliant budget model to highlight energy cost savings versus “standard practice” and show the potential LEED™ Credit EA1—Optimize Energy Performance. Meanwhile, they are also compared to China Code model to figure out the energy cost savings versus the most popular practice conforming to China Public Building Energy Saving Design Standard. The whole building energy simulation results show that the yearly energy cost saving of the proposed design will be approximately 27% from China Code building and 21% from ASHRAE budget building, which can achieve 4 points for LEED credit due to energy performance optimization.     

Life cycle inventory of buildings: A contribution analysis

A companion paper presented the life cycle inventory (LCI) calculation model for buildings as a whole, developed within a global methodology to optimise low energy buildings simultaneously for energy, environmental impact and costs without neglecting the boundary conditions for thermal comfort and indoor air quality. This paper presents the results of a contribution analysis of the life cycle inventory of four typical Belgian residential buildings. The analysis shows the relative small importance of the embodied energy of a building compared to the energy consumption during the usage phase. This conclusion is even more valid when comparing the embodied energy of energy saving measures with the energy savings they realise. In most studied cases, the extra embodied energy for energy saving measures is gained back by the savings in less than 2 years. Only extremely low energy buildings might have a total embodied energy higher than the energy use of the utilisation phase. However, the sum of both remains small and the energy savings realised with these dwellings are large, compared to the energy consumption of average dwellings.     

中英合作完成的节能建筑示范工程

中英合作开展并完成了两幢节能示范工程,一幢为新建节能建筑,一幢为已有建筑的节能改造.实测表明,该新建节能建筑已能满足我国采暖居住建筑第二阶段节能标准的要求;经过节能改造的原有建筑,在对采暖系统加以控制后,节能效果也非常显著;此外,门窗密封也取得了良好的节能效果.本文着重介绍了该示范工程所采取的具体节能技术措施及热工性能检测结果.     

Benchmarking the energy efficiency of government buildings with data envelopment analysis

Constructing an indicator to measure the effectiveness of energy management is important for energy agencies and authorities. This paper uses multiple linear regression method and data envelopment analysis to examine the effectiveness of energy management. First, the regression method using environmental factors is used to calculate the predicted energy usage intensity of each evaluated building. Data envelopment analysis is then employed to calculate overall energy efficiency, using the predicted energy usage intensity as output and the observed energy usage intensity as input. Data envelopment analysis can be further applied to measure the overall energy efficiency in details by examining environmental factors and management factors. Finally, the energy consumption of buildings can be measured to evaluate the effectiveness of energy management. Buildings examined as a case study in this paper are government office buildings in Taiwan. The results show that most of the buildings evaluated to report a higher predicted energy usage intensity have successfully used efficient energy management methods in energy saving.     

浅谈南方住宅建筑节能

以可持续发展的观点，审视南方地区住宅建设，建筑节能滞后于建设发展，当引起定足够重视。应提高节能意识，按照地区气候特点，有针对性地采取有效措施以实现建筑节能。强调对自然条件的充分利用；提高围护结构热工性能，采用较高档的节能技术与产品；外窗是夏季隔热最薄弱的环节；活动式外遮阳的效果最为显著；空调设备应选 用能效比较良好的产品等。评价南方地区住宅建筑节能的最终效果是建筑物耗冷量指标等，尚待专门研究。     

Comparison of energy efficiency between variable refrigerant flow systems and ground source heat pump systems

With the current movement towards net zero energy buildings, many technologies are promoted with emphasis on their superior energy efficiency. The variable refrigerant flow (VRF) and ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems are probably the most competitive technologies among these. However, there are few studies reporting the energy efficiency of VRF systems compared with GSHP systems. In this article, a preliminary comparison of energy efficiency between the air-source VRF and GSHP systems is presented. The computer simulation results show that GSHP system is more energy efficient than the air-source VRF system for conditioning a small office building in two selected US climates. In general, GSHP system is more energy efficient than the air-source VRV system, especially when the building has significant heating loads. For buildings with less heating loads, the GSHP system could still perform better than the air-source VRF system in terms of energy efficiency, but the resulting energy savings may be marginal.     

历史保护建筑的生态节能更新——同济大学文远楼改造工程

具有包豪斯建筑风格的同济大学文远楼是我国现代保护建筑的典范之一,2005年同济大学与德国节能技术专家合作,运用当代最新的建筑节能技术,建立一套综合节能技术系统,为我国保护建筑的节能更新改造提供了范例,本文重点介绍一些改造技术的实践情况。     

A review of benchmarking, rating and labelling concepts within the framework of building energy certification schemes

Energy certification schemes for buildings emerged in the early 1990s as an essential method for improving energy efficiency, minimising energy consumption and enabling greater transparency with regards to the use of energy in buildings. However, from the beginning their definition and implementation process were diffuse and, occasionally, have confused building sector stakeholders. A multiplicity of terms and concepts such as energy performance, energy efficiency, energy ratings, benchmarking, labelling, etc., have emerged with sometimes overlapping meanings. This has frequently led to misleading interpretations by regulatory bodies, energy agencies and final consumers.This paper analyses the origin and the historic development of energy certification schemes in buildings along with the definition and scope of a building energy certificate and critical aspects of its implementation. Concepts such as benchmarking tools, energy ratings and energy labelling are clarified within the wider topic of certification schemes. Finally, a seven steps process is proposed as a guide for implementing building energy certification.     

Automatic generation of energy conservation measures in buildings using genetic algorithms

Building energy simulations are key to studying energy efficiency in buildings. The state-of-the art building energy simulation tools requires a high level of multi disciplinary domain expertise from the user and many technical data inputs that curb the usability of such programs. In this paper an IT tool is presented, which has the capability of predicting a building's energy utilization configuration based on the reported annual energy and a few non-technical inputs from the user; and correspondingly generates cost effective energy conservation measures for the intended savings.The approach first identifies the system variables that are critical to a building's energy consumption and searches for the combination of these parameters that would give rise to the annual energy consumption as reported by the facility. Genetic algorithms are utilized to generate this database. A statistical fit is formulated between the system variables and the annual energy consumption from the database. Using this correlation, system configuration for the target energy efficiency is determined with corresponding energy conservation measures. A cost analysis is carried out to prescribe the most cost effective energy conservation measures. Competency of the tool is demonstrated in the paper through case studies on three geographies with different climate conditions.     

Policy options towards an energy efficient residential building stock in the EU-27

The EU-27 residential building stock offers high potential for energy efficiency gains. The policies already in place or proposed to improve the energy efficiency and thus the environmental performance focus on new buildings and major renovations of existing buildings. However, there might be additional measures that could lead to further energy efficiency improvements. In particular, the installation of roofs or windows that show a high thermal efficiency outside major renovations offer a large improvement potential. In this study, the potential environmental and economic impacts of two types of such policy options were analysed: first, measures that require high energy efficiency standards when roofs or windows have to be replaced; and, second, measures that accelerate the replacement of building elements. The results suggest that the two policies offer the potential for substantial additional energy savings. In addition, the installation of energy efficient building elements comes at negative net cost. When the replacement of building elements is accelerated, however, the additional costs do not outweigh the energy cost savings.     

建筑节能与高新技术

建筑节能是全世界都普遍关注的问题 ,行之有效的建筑节能措施离不开高新技术 ,这些技术包括提高能源利用效率、减少建筑物能耗以及开发利用新能源等 ;通过一些成功的建筑工程实例介绍了一些建筑节能的新技术     

Efficiency of energy recovery ventilator with various weathers and its energy saving performance in a residential apartment

The energy recovery ventilator (ERV) is an effective method, which can transfer heat and moisture from the exhaust air into the outdoor fresh air to save energy in buildings. Nowadays, ERV has been widely used in the commercial, industrial and residential buildings in China. Its energy saving performance depends on a lot of factors, such as the outdoor environmental conditions, the enthalpy efficiency of the exchanger, and so on. Based on the relationship among sensible heat, latent heat and enthalpy efficiency, we analyzed the weighted coefficient equations for describing the performance of ERV in different climatic zones in China. According to China weather data, enthalpy efficiency of the exchanger mainly depends on sensible heat efficiency in winter and latent heat efficiency in summer. The energy simulations of a sample apartment in a residential building were made under different operation conditions to study the performance of ERV. The energy saving performances of the ERV were studied with five different outdoor climatic conditions, the enthalpy efficiency, fan power consumption of ERV and fresh air change rate. To improve energy saving performance, better efficient enthalpy exchange material and higher effiencient fans must be explored, while reasonable fresh air change rate as well as proper operation period according to local climate should also be carefully considered.