一种分层Mean Shift目标跟踪算法

针对经典Mean shift (MS)目标跟踪算法的颜色特征鲁棒差、匹配迭代复杂的缺点, 提出一种分层Mean shift (Hierarchical mean shift, HMS)目标跟踪算法. 首先通过MS迭代将目标区域特征空间的数据点聚类于模式点, 使得以简洁的方式描述前景跟踪目标, 建立目标模型与目标候选模型的聚类模式点描述, 进行聚类块匹配. 然后, 导出聚类块模式点匹配下的相似度量函数, 进行像素点匹配, 结合邻域一致性, 计算像素平移量, 分层估计序列帧中跟踪目标质心模式点的位置, 并给出HMS匹配迭代跟踪算法. 实验结果表明, 与其他两种MS跟踪算法相比, HMS既能提高序列帧跟踪目标表达与匹配的鲁棒性, 又无需匹配所有数据点, 算法简洁且有效可行.     

基于自适应状态转移的混合跟踪算法

为提高粒子滤波视觉目标跟踪算法的准确性和实时性,提出一种基于自适应状态转移的混合跟踪算法。首先采用零阶自适应变化模型来获取目标的可能状态,然后利用均值漂移算法的局部优化特性找到后验概率的最大值。在多峰值情况下由粒子滤波随机产生粒子,用新的粒子集来确定目标的最终位置。实验结果表明,这种改进的算法在保证准确性的同时,降低了系统的计算时间。     

一种结合ORB特征匹配的均值漂移目标跟踪算法

针对传统的mean-shift跟踪算法基于单一颜色特征空间,在复杂背景下难以对目标进行准确跟踪这问题,提出了一种结合ORB特征匹配的mean-shift目标跟踪算法。该算法在mean-shift算法的基础上利用改进的ORB特征匹配算法修正目标跟踪窗口并实时更新目标特征模板,通过计算前后两帧图像中目标中心的欧式距离与色彩模板的巴氏距离来判定跟踪是否失败,当目标跟踪失败时,不改变目标模板,继续搜索下一帧图像中的目标。实验结果表明,与均值漂移算法和基于其他同类特征的改进算法相比,该算法提高了在复杂背景下目标跟踪的精度,并能满足实时性要求。     

基于部件的对象实时跟踪

针对视频序列中出现的遮挡等问题,提出了一种基于部件的对象跟踪方法。该方法将目标中的多个部件作为跟踪对象,采用基于核的灰度直方图来描述跟踪对象中的各个部件,通过卡尔曼滤波器预测部件的参数,继而利用直方图进行修正,以完成跟踪。实验证明,基于部件的跟踪方法不但能够有效地克服遮挡问题,而且能克服对象内部存在的相对运动以及非刚体变形等问题,具有良好的实时性和很好的跟踪效果。     

基于颜色-空间二维直方图的目标跟踪技术研究

由于颜色直方图只考虑了目标颜色的统计信息,忽略了目标颜色的空间信息,使得在模板匹配过程中容易收敛到其他位置,从而导致目标丢失。针对这一缺点,提出了一种基于颜色-空间二维直方图的目标跟踪技术,在建立目标模板的过程中融入了目标颜色的空间信息。实验结果表明,与传统的基于颜色直方图的Mean-shift算法相比,基于颜色-空间二维直方图的目标跟踪技术能更准确的对目标进行跟踪,提高了目标跟踪的鲁棒性。     

基于Mean Shift的视觉目标跟踪算法综述

基于Mean Shift的视觉跟踪算法具有计算复杂度低、调节参数少、稳健性较好和易于工程实现等优点,是目前视觉跟踪领域的重要研究方向。首先介绍了经典的Mean Shift跟踪算法,分析了此跟踪框架存在的缺陷。然后从目标模型表达、模型更新、尺度与方向佑计、抗遮挡跟踪和快速目标跟踪等J个方面详细地综述了Mean Shift跟踪算法的发展与改进。针对上述每个方面,对典型方法与最近研究成果进行了介绍与评述。最后展望了Mean Shift跟踪今后的研究方向与发展趋势。     

Multi-scale 2D tracking of articulated objects using hierarchical spring systems

This paper presents a flexible framework to build a target-specific, part-based representation for arbitrary articulated or rigid objects. The aim is to successfully track the target object in 2D, through multiple scales and occlusions. This is realized by employing a hierarchical, iterative optimization process on the proposed representation of structure and appearance. Therefore, each rigid part of an object is described by a hierarchical spring system represented by an attributed graph pyramid. Hierarchical spring systems encode the spatial relationships of the features (attributes of the graph pyramid) describing the parts and enforce them by spring-like behavior during tracking. Articulation points connecting the parts of the object allow to transfer position information from reliable to ambiguous parts. Tracking is done in an iterative process by combining the hypotheses of simple trackers with the hypotheses extracted from the hierarchical spring systems.     

Reprint of: Multi-scale 2D tracking of articulated objects using hierarchical spring systems

This paper presents a flexible framework to build a target-specific, part-based representation for arbitrary articulated or rigid objects. The aim is to successfully track the target object in 2D, through multiple scales and occlusions. This is realized by employing a hierarchical, iterative optimization process on the proposed representation of structure and appearance. Therefore, each rigid part of an object is described by a hierarchical spring system represented by an attributed graph pyramid. Hierarchical spring systems encode the spatial relationships of the features (attributes of the graph pyramid) describing the parts and enforce them by spring-like behavior during tracking. Articulation points connecting the parts of the object allow to transfer position information from reliable to ambiguous parts. Tracking is done in an iterative process by combining the hypotheses of simple trackers with the hypotheses extracted from the hierarchical spring systems.     

Multi-dimensional visual tracking using scatter search particle filter

Multi-dimensional visual tracking (MVT) problems include visual tracking tasks where the system state is defined by a high number of variables corresponding to multiple model components and/or multiple targets. A MVT problem can be modeled as a dynamic optimization problem. In this context, we propose an algorithm which hybridizes particle filters (PF) and the scatter search (SS) metaheuristic, called scatter search particle filter (SSPF), where the optimization strategies from SS are embedded into the PF framework. Scatter search is a population-based metaheuristic successfully applied to several complex combinatorial optimization problems. The most representative optimization strategies from SS are both solution combination and solution improvement. Combination stage enables the solutions to share information about the problem to produce better solutions. Improvement stage makes also possible to obtain better solutions by exploring the neighborhood of a given solution. In this paper, we have described and evaluated the performance of the scatter search particle filter (SSPF) in MVT problems. Specifically, we have compared the performance of several state-of-the-art PF-based algorithms with SSPF algorithm in different instances of 2D articulated object tracking problem and 2D multiple object tracking. Some of these instances are from the CVBase’06 standard database. Experimental results show an important performance gain and better tracking accuracy in favour of our approach.     

基于RJMCMC的视觉多目标跟踪算法

研究了基于MCMC的多目标跟踪算法。针对MCMC迭代过程中抽样置信度低以及不能进行有效迭代的问题,提出一种新的基于RJMCMC的视觉多目标跟踪算法。给定观测量,将跟踪问题建模为状态量的最大后验估计(MAP)、关于MAP的先验与似然的估计。借助匹配阵给出了目标先验建议分布,设计了4种马氏链可逆运动方式;似然度量采用随空间加权的颜色直方图匹配衡量。MCMC抽样过程中的状态由MS迭代产生,而不是随机走生成。基于似然度量导出了MS迭代式。实验结果及定量分析评估结果说明了本算法的有效性。     

视觉目标跟踪方法研究综述

目的 随着军事侦察任务设备的发展,红外与可见光侦察技术成为军事装备中的主要侦察手段。研究视觉目标跟踪技术对提高任务设备的全天候目标侦察、目标跟踪、目标定位等战场情报获取能力具有重要意义。目前,对视觉目标跟踪技术的研究越来越深入,目标跟踪的方法和种类也越来越丰富。本文对目前应用较为广泛的4种视觉目标跟踪方法进行研究综述,为后续国内外研究者对目标跟踪相关理论及发展研究工作提供基础。方法 通过对视觉目标跟踪技术难点问题进行分析,根据目标跟踪方法建模方式的不同,将视觉目标跟踪方法分为生成式模型方法与判别式模型方法。分别对生成式模型跟踪算法中的均值漂移目标跟踪方法和粒子滤波目标跟踪方法,判别式模型跟踪算法中的相关滤波目标跟踪方法和深度学习目标跟踪方法进行研究。首先分别对4种跟踪算法的基本原理进行介绍,然后针对4种跟踪算法基本原理的不足和对应目标跟踪中的难点问题进行分析,最后针对目标跟踪的难点问题,给出对应算法的主流改进方案。结果 针对视觉目标跟踪相关技术研究进展,结合无人机侦察任务需求,对跟踪算法实际应用中存在的重点解决问题与相关目标跟踪的难点问题进行分析,给出目前的解决方案与不足,探讨研究未来无人机目标侦察跟踪技术的发展方向。结论 视觉目标跟踪技术已经取得了显著的进展,在侦察任务中的应用越来越广泛。但目标跟踪技术仍然是非常具有挑战性的问题,目标跟踪中的相关理论有待进一步完善和改进,由于实际应用中的场景复杂,目标跟踪的难点问题的挑战性更大,因此容易导致跟踪效果不佳。针对不同的应用环境,结合具体不同军事装备的特点,研究相对精确和鲁棒并且满足实时性要求的视觉目标跟踪算法,对提升装备的全天候侦察目标信息获取能力具有重要意义。     

基于SIFT 特征的目标多自由度mean-shift 跟踪算法

传统的mean-shift跟踪算法不能跟踪目标的旋转、缩放运动,且常常因此造成定位不准.鉴于此,将尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）特征检测融入到mean-shift跟踪过程,提出SIFT特征点的尺度变化与目标的尺度变化成正比,特征点主方向变化与目标旋转角度一致,给出了基于SIFT特征的自适应目标尺度、方向计算方法,且利用带方向、可变带宽的椭圆核改进传统的mean-shift跟踪方法.实验表明,该算法能够较好地跟踪目标的旋转、缩放运动,定位也更准确.     

基于均值漂移和边缘检测的轮廓跟踪算法

实时的轮廓跟踪算法可以为视频监控系统提供物体的轮廓信息以供对物体类别、物体行为等进行识别.提出一种基于均值漂移和边缘检测的轮廓跟踪算法.方法中,首先利用均值漂移算法跟踪得到目标物体的中心位置,同时用高斯统计模型进行背景更新,从前景图像和背景图像中分别得到具有相同位置和大小的前景矩形区域和背景矩形区域,然后用背景分割的方法得到目标物体区域,再对目标物体区域进行边缘检测就得到了目标物体的轮廓,进而实现了对目标物体的轮廓跟踪.实验表明,可以实时、准确、稳定地对目标物体进行轮廓跟踪.     

基于信息熵的Mean-shift目标跟踪

视频目标跟踪在交通、军事等领域具有重要的应用价值。基于信息熵理论,提出了一种视频特征相关匹配的视频目标跟踪算法。首先引入信息熵概念,以信息熵描述视频目标特性,结合Mean—shift算法,针对不同的两个颜色空间RBG与HSV,用特征相关匹配法设计跟踪算法。试验结果表明,所提跟踪算法跟踪具有较好的实时性,取得较好的跟踪效果。     

利用视觉显著性和粒子滤波的运动目标跟踪

针对运动目标跟踪问题,提出一种利用视觉显著性和粒子滤波的目标跟踪算法.借鉴人类视觉注意机制的研究成果,根据目标的颜色、亮度和运动等特征形成目标的视觉显著性特征,与目标的颜色分布模型一起作为目标的特征表示模型,利用粒子滤波进行目标跟踪.该算法能够克服利用单一颜色特征所带来的跟踪不稳定问题,并能有效解决由于目标形变、光照变化以及目标和背景颜色分布相似而产生的跟踪困难问题,具有较强的鲁棒性.在多个视频序列中进行实验,并给出相应的实验结果和分析.实验结果表明,该算法用于实现运动目标跟踪是正确有效的.     

A novel algebraic method for kernel-based object tracking

In the present paper, a new tracking method based on kernel tracking is proposed. The proposed method employs a novel algebraic algorithm to get the kernel movement. In contrast to the mean-shift method which uses a weighted kernel to reduce the effect of the background, the algebraic algorithm of the proposed method allows dividing the candidate area into two parts in order to identify the object and background regions. To detect the object and background regions, we propose measuring the similarity of weighted histogram for each part. The experiments show the superiority of the proposed method for the removal of the background. The effect of noise and background clutter is reduced by segmentation of the object which produces the narrow histogram. In conclusion, the ability of the proposed method for tracking in crowded and cluttered scenes is demonstrated.     

Study on Bhattacharyya Coefficients within Mean-Shift Framework and its Application

The classic mean-shift tracker has no integrated scale adaptation, which limits its performance in tracking variable scale object as wel l as the object with severe motions. Based on the variation analysis of Bhattacharyya coefficient within mean-shift framework, the sufficient conditions for accurate tracking of object with scale changes are presented. We propose that the changes of object scale and position within the region of previous tracking window will not impact the localization accuracy of mean-shift tracker. Based on our findings, a novel backward tracking method is introduced to solve scaling problem, and the solution of dealing with the severe object motions is also discussed by integrating mean-shift tracker into the low-resolution matching scheme.     

Online adaptive radial basis function networks for robust object tracking

Visual tracking has been a challenging problem in computer vision over the decades. The applications of visual tracking are far-reaching, ranging from surveillance and monitoring to smart rooms. In this paper, we present a novel online adaptive object tracker based on fast learning radial basis function (RBF) networks. Pixel based color features are used for developing the target/object model. Here, two separate RBF networks are used, one of which is trained to maximize the classification accuracy of object pixels, while the other is trained for non-object pixels. The target is modeled using the posterior probability of object and non-object classes. Object localization is achieved by iteratively seeking the mode of the posterior probability of the pixels in each of the subsequent frames. An adaptive learning procedure is presented to update the object model in order to tackle object appearance and illumination changes. The superior performance of the proposed tracker is illustrated with many complex video sequences, as compared against the popular color-based mean-shift tracker. The proposed tracker is suitable for real-time object tracking due to its low computational complexity.     

Adaptive Mean-Shift Tracking With Auxiliary Particles

We present a new approach for robust and efficient tracking by incorporating the efficiency of the mean-shift algorithm with the multihypothesis characteristics of particle filtering in an adaptive manner. The aim of the proposed algorithm is to cope with problems that were brought about by sudden motions and distractions. The mean-shift tracking algorithm is robust and effective when the representation of a target is sufficiently discriminative, the target does not jump beyond the bandwidth, and no serious distractions exist. We propose a novel two-stage motion estimation method that is efficient and reliable. If a sudden motion is detected by the motion estimator, some particle-filtering-based trackers can be used to outperform the mean-shift algorithm, at the expense of using a large particle set. In our approach, the mean-shift algorithm is used, as long as it provides reasonable performance. Auxiliary particles are introduced to cope with distractions and sudden motions when such threats are detected. Moreover, discriminative features are selected according to the separation of the foreground and background distributions when threats do not exist. This strategy is important, because it is dangerous to update the target model when the tracking is in an unsteady state. We demonstrate the performance of our approach by comparing it with other trackers in tracking several challenging image sequences.     

Tracking people in video sequences using multiple models

This paper presents a multiple model real-time tracking technique for video sequences, based on the mean-shift algorithm. The proposed approach incorporates spatial information from several connected regions into the histogram-based representation model of the target, and enables multiple models to be used to represent the same object. The use of several regions to capture the color spatial information into a single combined model, allow us to increase the object tracking efficiency. By using multiple models, we can make the tracking scheme more robust in order to work with sequences with illumination and pose changes. We define a model selection function that takes into account both the similarity of the model with the information present in the image, and the target dynamics. In the tracking experiments presented, our method successfully coped with lighting changes, occlusion, and clutter.