集成吸收式热泵的超临界CO_2循环聚光太阳能热发电系统

通过研究超临界CO_2工质的特性和循环的特点,提出集成第一类溴化锂吸收式热泵的简单回热循环系统。吸收式热泵驱动热源的温度远低于超临界CO_2循环主加热器热源的温度,可采用较低成本的低聚光比集热器,从而降低聚光集热系统的造价。吸收式热泵的设备成本较高,但其作用十分明显,除冷端优化外,其良好的变工况变负荷性能有利于提高系统在部分负荷工况下的发电效率。集成吸收式热泵的超临界CO_2循环聚光太阳能热发电系统从降低聚光集热系统造价和提高系统发电效率两方面进行设计,有利于提高系统整体的性价比。     

S-CO2布雷顿循环太阳能电力淡水系统火用分析

设计一种使用S-CO₂布雷顿循环的太阳能电力淡水系统,对系统的工作原理和结构组成进行介绍,并对系统开展运行性能和火用分析。结果表明,设计工况下系统的输出电功率为233.8 MW,布雷顿循环效率为37.5%,淡水日产量为3981.6 t。增大太阳辐照度有利于提高系统的电力输出和总的能量效率。定工况下的火用分析结果表明,太阳塔集热器中的火用损最大,为303.99 MW,对应的火用效率为64.45%。海水淡化换热器的火用效率最低,且其火用损值也较大。随着太阳辐照度的增加,太阳塔集热器、海水淡化系统换热器和回热器内的火用损均有不同幅度的增加。因此,对于该S-CO₂布雷顿循环太阳能电力淡水系统的后续优化而言,应重点考虑改进这些部件的性能。     

集成小型堆和可再生能源的超临界CO2循环发电系统

  [目的]  小型模块化压水堆(小型堆)核电站由于温度参数低,其发电效率不到30%,为了提高小型堆的核能利用效率,可将小型堆与可再生能源组合,并以先进的超临界CO₂循环作为热能转换为电能的装置。  [方法]  基于简单回热模式的超临界CO₂循环,并在此基础上增加一次间冷和一次再热,将小型堆与太阳能、生物质能热源集成为新型混合发电系统,对其发电效率进行了分析。  [结果]  结果表明:对于高压透平入口温度390 ℃的系统,发电效率34.13%,对于高压透平入口温度550 ℃的系统,发电效率41.22%。此外,对系统的安全性分析表明:CO₂本身是具备核安全属性的工质,并且超临界CO₂循环还可以作为反应堆的非能动余热排出系统,确保在严重事故工况下,反应堆持续排出衰变热。  [结论]  集成小型堆和可再生能源的超临界CO₂循环发电系统具备良好的发电效率和核安全性。     

二类热泵在利用余热供热中的热力分析

对单级二类吸收式热泵进行热力分析,建立了热泵系统各部分质量守恒、能量平衡和火用分析数学模型。根据火用平衡方程计算了各个部分的火用损失和热泵系统的火用效率。分析了溶液换热器稀溶液温差、热源温差、余热源温度和冷却水温度对火用损失、循环倍率和COP等的影响。对热泵系统进行了火用能质量评定,确定了火用能的薄弱环节。     

地热-高温水源热泵供热系统的分析

运用能量系统的为(火用)分析方法.建立地热-高温水源热泵供热系统的炯分析理论模型.以实际工程项目为例,分析和讨论了系统运行条件下的能量有效利用,并计算了地热-高温热泵供热系统的火甩效率和各部分(火用)损失、(火用)效率.从计算结果看出,板式换热器的火用损失所占比例较大.     

基于太阳能利用的天然气冷热电联供系统热力性能研究

提出了一种基于太阳能利用的天然气冷热电联供系统,利用平板式真空管太阳能集热器制取87.5℃的太阳能热水,在与天然气内燃机发电产生的缸套水混合后协同烟气共同驱动多源吸收式制冷机组制冷,其末端烟气通入余热换热器制热。采用"以电定热"的方式集成配置系统,研究模拟了系统设计工况及变工况下的热力学性能及太阳能与天然气的互补特性。结果表明:将100 kW的内燃机与集热效率59%的太阳能集热器阵列匹配时,系统一次能源效率、火用效率可达71.17%、33.33%;天然气子系统较太阳能子系统对于总系统一次能源效率、火用效率有更大的贡献率。     

新型CPC热管式集热器的设计与模拟分析

基于CPC型集热器的发展现状,设计出新型CPC热管式集热器.介绍了该集热器的聚光面和接收器的结构设计计算过程,并对集热器进行了集热分析.采用MATLAB建模仿真技术对该集热器进行建模和动态仿真来预测该新型CPC热管式集热器的运行情况,得出新型CPC热管式集热器的有效输出能量、出口温度、瞬时集热效率的变化图.通过试验研究证实了新型CPC热管式集热器可以产生蒸汽,可用于制冷,尤其是热源品位要求较高的氨吸收式制冷,同时还可用于汽轮机发电和太阳能海水淡化等场合.     

槽式太阳能集热管热性能评估方法

真空集热管是槽式太阳能聚光集热系统的核心部件之一.集热管工作过程中通过辐射换热、对流换热和热传导的方式将热量传递给环境,这部分传递到环境中的热量称为集热管的热损失.真空集热管的热损失是聚光集热系统热损失或总能量损失的主要组成,在很大程度上决定着聚光集热器的光-热转换效率,因此对集热管热性能的正确评估对聚光集热系统的研究至关重要.本文对槽式太阳能集热管热性能的计算、评估分析方法等进行了分析.     

不可逆中冷回热太阳能布雷顿循环系统的优化分析

建立了由太阳能集热器模型和不可逆中冷回热布雷顿循环模型组成的恒温热源条件下太阳能布雷顿循环系统,以系统总效率为目标函数,考虑了高低温侧换热器、回热器和中冷器的热阻损失以及压缩机和涡轮机的不可逆损失,借助数值计算对太阳能集热器的工作温度进行了优化,并分析了主要特征参数对总效率的影响．结果表明：太阳能布雷顿循环系统中存在一个最佳的太阳能集热器工作温度和相应的最大总效率及最大总输出功率;在此基础上,通过优化中间压比可使循环系统的总效率和相应的总输出功率达到双重最大值;系统总效率随着回热器传热有效度和光学效率的增加而提高;系统运行时存在一个最佳的总压比．     

太阳能海洋热能驱动的冷电联供循环热力分析

基于南海地区渔业冷库的实际需求,结合海洋温差能综合利用技术,提出一种利用太阳能辅热的吸收式双级引射增压OTEC动力-制冷混合循环。该混合循环以太阳集热器加热的表层温海水作为循环热源,同时以深层冷海水作为循环冷源,可兼顾渔业冷库制冷与发电。建立该动力-制冷混合循环模型,并对该循环进行热力学分析。结果表明:混合循环冷库温度可达到-30℃以下,混合循环有效效率为7.82%;与OTEC制冷动力复合循环相比,采用压缩制冷的混合循环制冷量可增加70.5%,制冷温度降低12℃;提高太阳集热器出口温度有助于提升混合循环热力性能,而过高的发生器压力则会降低混合循环热力性能。     

Energy and exergy analyses of a solar driven Mg–Cl hybrid thermochemical cycle for co-production of power and hydrogen

Analysis and performance assessment of a solar driven hydrogen production plant running on an Mg–Cl cycle, are conducted through energy and exergy methods. The proposed system consists of (a) a concentrating solar power cycle with thermal energy storage, (b) a steam power plant with reheating and regeneration, and (c) a hybrid thermochemical Mg–Cl hydrogen production cycle. The results show that higher steam to magnesium molar ratios are required for full yield of reactants at the hydrolysis step. This ratio even increases at low temperatures, although lowering the highest temperatures appears to be more favorable for linking such a cycle to lower temperature energy sources. Reducing the maximum cycle temperature decreases the plant energy and exergy efficiencies and may cause some undesirable reactions and effects. The overall system energy and exergy efficiencies are found to be 18.8% and 19.9%, respectively, by considering a solar heat input. These efficiencies are improved to 26.9% and 40.7% when the heat absorbed by the molten salt is considered and used as a main energy input to the system. The highest exergy destruction rate occurs in the solar field which accounts for 79% of total exergy destruction of the integrated system.     

海洋热能利用进展

海洋热能储量巨大,随时间变化相对稳定,具有广阔的开发利用前景。当前,海洋热能利用技术主要包括海洋温差能发电技术、海洋温差能制淡技术以及海水源热泵技术。发电技术要求海水温差不小于20℃,制淡技术要求海水温差不小于10℃,海水源热泵技术则在不同纬度地区、不同季节均能应用。本文重点分析了海洋温差能发电技术的3种循环方式,针对低温差导致低发电效率的问题,提出了利用太阳辐射加热温海水以提高温差和利用波浪能驱动泵以降低系统能耗两种提高发电效率的方法。     

太阳能驱动的有机朗肯-喷气增焓（带二次吸气的增效）蒸汽压缩制冷系统性能分析

为有效利用太阳能,以有机朗肯−喷气增焓（带二次吸气的增效）蒸汽压缩式制冷系统为研究对象,建立了系统的热力学模型,分别选取R236fa、R245fa、RC318和R141b作为系统工质,研究了发生温度、凝结温度、冷凝温度、蒸发温度、膨胀机等熵膨胀效率及压缩机等熵压缩效率对系统性能的影响,并以系统性能最佳为目标对工质进行了优选。计算结果表明：对整个系统而言,R141b是最合适的工质,凝结温度和冷凝温度对系统性能有重要影响。以R141b为例,当发生温度在85℃、凝结温度为40℃、冷凝温度为40℃、蒸发温度为 −15℃时,系统COP_s达到0.2528,采用喷气增焓技术对于环境温度很低、太阳能资源丰富的北方地区具有很大的优势。     

Performance assessment of a solar hydrogen and electricity production plant using high temperature PEM electrolyzer and energy storage

This paper investigates the performance of a high temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer integrated with concentrating solar power (CSP) plant and thermal energy storage (TES) to produce hydrogen and electricity, concurrently. A finite-time-thermodynamic analysis is conducted to evaluate the performance of a PEM system integrated with a Rankine cycle based on the concept of exergy. The effects of solar intensity, electrolyzer current density and working temperature on the performance of the overall system are identified. A TES subsystem is utilized to facilitate continuous generation of hydrogen and electricity. The hydrogen and electricity generation efficiency and the exergy efficiency of the integrated system are 20.1% and 41.25%, respectively. When TES system supplies the required energy, the overall energy and exergy efficiencies decrease to 23.1% and 45%, respectively. The integration of PEM electrolyzer enhances the exergy efficiency of the Rankine cycle, considerably. However, it causes almost 5% exergy destruction in the integrated system due to conversion of electrical energy to hydrogen energy. Also, it is concluded that increase of working pressure and membrane thickness leads to higher cell voltage and lower electrolyzer efficiency. The results indicate that the integrated system is a promising technology to enhance the performance of concentrating solar power plants.     

Energy and exergy analysis of novel solar bi‐ejector refrigeration system with injector

Energy and exergy balances were done on a novel solar bi‐ejector refrigeration system with R123, whose circulation pump is replaced by an injector. The analysis result of the novel system was compared with that of the original one. The effect of operation condition on system energy efficiency, exergy efficiency and exergy loss was analyzed, and the dynamic performance of a designed solar bi‐ejector refrigeration system was also studied. The comparative results indicate that under the same operating condition, the novel system and the original system have equal energy efficiency, exergy efficiency and exergy loss, and the only difference between them is the exergy losses of the generators and the added injector. The other conclusions mainly include: the solar collector has the largest exergy loss rate of over 90% and for the bi‐ejector refrigeration subcycle, the ejector has the largest exergy loss rate of about 5%; the total exergy loss changes inversely proportional to the evaporation temperature and positively proportional to the condensation temperature; when the other parameters are fixed, there exists an optimum generation temperature, at which the overall energy and exergy efficiencies are both the maximum and the total exergy loss is the minimum. The study points out the direction for optimizing the novel solar bi‐ejector refrigeration system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

氢能燃气轮机循环低温能有效利用及热力学分析

为了充分利用液氢的低温Ｙｏｎｇ,在气能燃气轮机循环中附加了一个空气预冷器和氢气透平。该循环的比功,热效率,Ｙｏｎｇ效率均较简单循环燃气轮机有很大提高。本文对液氢－燃气动力循环进行了热力学分析,指出它的优越的动力性能。     

Component exergy analysis of solar powered transcritical CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> rankine cycle system

In this paper,exergy analysis method is developed to assess a Rankine cycle system,by using supercritical CO2 as working fluid and powered by solar energy.The proposed system consists of evacuated solar collectors,throttling valve,high-temperature heat exchanger,low-temperature heat exchanger,and feed pump.The system is designed for utilize evacuated solar collectors to convert solar energy into mechanical energy and hence electricity.In order to investigate and estimate exergy performance of this system,the energy,entropy,exergy balances are developed for the components.The exergy destructions and exergy efficiency values of the system components are also determined.The results indicate that solar collector and high temperature heat exchanger which have low exergy efficiencies contribute the largest share to system irreversibility and should be the optimization design focus to improve system exergy effectiveness.Further,exergy analysis is a useful tool in this regard as it permits the performance of each process to be assessed and losses to be quantified.Exergy analysis results can be used in design,optimization,and improvement efforts.     

Energy,exergy, and sensitivity analyses of underwater compressed air energy storage in an island energy system

An underwater compressed air energy storage (UWCAES) system is integrated into an island energy system. Both energy and exergy analyses are conducted to scrutinize the performance of the UWCAES system. The analyses reveal that a round‐trip efficiency of 58.9% can be achieved. However, these two analyses identify different directions for further improvement. The heat exchangers, expanders, compressors, electric motors, and generators account for the most exergy destruction. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted to investigate the importance of different input parameters on the round‐trip exergy efficiency of the UWCAES system. The results of both local and global analyses show that the round‐trip exergy efficiency is most sensitive to the isentropic efficiency of the expanders and compressors, and the efficiencies of the electric motors and generators. The impacts of the heat exchangers, the self‐discharge rate of the air accumulator, the inner diameter of the pneumatic pipelines, and the insulation thickness of the hot‐oil tank on the round‐trip exergy efficiency are shown to be highly nonlinear.     

Exergy analysis of a hybrid solar hydrogen system with activated carbon storage

A proposed hybrid solar hydrogen system with activated carbon storage for residential power generation is assessed using exergy analysis. Energy and exergy balances are applied to determine exergy flows and efficiencies for individual devices and the overall system. A ‘base case’ analysis considers the proposed system without modification, while a ‘modified case’ extends the base case by considering the possibility of multiple product outputs. It is determined that solar photovoltaic-based sub-systems have the lowest exergy efficiencies (14-18%) and offer the most potential for improvement. A comparison of these two scenarios shows that the additional outputs raise the exergy efficiency of the modified case (11%) relative to the base case (4.0%). An investigation of the energy and exergy efficiencies of separate devices illustrates how energy analyses can be misleading. The hybrid system is expected to have several environmental benefits, which may offset to some degree economic barriers to implementation.     

燃气热泵系统在过渡季节制备生活热水的性能研究

研究了燃气热泵(GHP)系统在过渡季节制备生活热水的性能特性,分析了发动机余热回收对GHP系统性能的影响。在不同环境温度(15～24℃)和进水温度(37.7～47.8℃)下,考察回收与不回收发动机余热模式对生活热水制热量■、耗气功率(P_gas)及一次能源利用率(r_PER)的影响规律。结果表明,随着环境温度的升高,P_gas减小,而■和r_{PE R}呈现递增的趋势;随着进水温度的升高,Pgas增大,而■和r_PER呈现递减的趋势。其中环境温度20～24℃与进水温度37.7～47.8℃为Q_h的不敏感区间,在环境温度为24℃和进水温度为37.7℃条件下,r_PER高达2.004。GHP系统的余热回收量分别占总制热量和发动机总余热的25.00%～30.16%和62.17%～71.56%,系统的余热利用率高。