我国果疏商品标准化状况及其建议

果蔬商品标准是对果蔬产品的品质规格等级及包装、贮藏和运输技术所作的统一规定,制定、发布和实施这些标准,是果蔬商品标准化的基本内容。 　　果蔬商品标准化的重要意义是多方面的,从果蔬生产来讲,它是现代化果蔬商品生产的必要条件,是稳定果蔬商品生产基地和组织专业化生产的重要前提,也是提高果蔬商品化生产水平的有效措施;从果蔬商品流通和市场消费来讲,它是进行果蔬商品质量管理、减少损失的重要手段,也是促进果蔬商品营销和商品质量监督的有力措施;从果蔬加工来讲,标准化不仅有利于保持果蔬原料和加工品的质量稳定,而且在减少浪费、节约费用、降低成本方面也产生良好的效果。 　　当今,经济发达国家和一些国际组织为在国际市场竞争中占居优势,十分重视果蔬商品标准化工作,不仅根据各自的情况制定了与国际标准相衔接的配套完善的果蔬商品标准,而且把制定和实施标准列为强化质量管理和减少损失的重要技术措施,贯穿于果蔬生产、流通和市场营销的全过程,以优质的果蔬商品参与国际市场竞争,显示了良好的经济效益。我国随着果蔬产销的大发展,原有的标准已不能完全适应,迫切需要加强果蔬商品标准化工作。     

STANDARDS

正National Standardization Work ConferenceThe 2016 National Standardization Work Conference was held in Beijing on January 22,to review the work in the"12th FiveYear"period(2011-2015)and deploy the work of the next five years.AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping,Vice-Minister of Civil Affairs Dou Yupei,Vice-Minister of Transport Wang Changshun,Vice-Governor of Zhejiang province Zhu Congjiu addressed the meeting.     

OPTIMAL ASEISMIC STRUCTURAL STANDARDS FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF EXISTING BUILDINGS

The problem of defining optimal structural standards for the resistance of buildings to lateral earthquake-induced loads is examined. Reference is made to a minimum global cost criterion, taking into account both building cost of the new buildings and expected future damage to the entire settlement. The variables of the optimum problem are: the seismic coefficient to be assumed for the design of new or strengthened buildings (that will replace the old ones) and the time in which the replacement process is completed. The minimum cost criterion permits the derivation of an optimality relationship between the duration of the replacement process and the standards of seismic resistance for new or strengthened buildings.