基于敏感度分析的机床关键性几何误差源识别方法

零部件几何误差耦合而成的机床空间误差是影响其加工精度的主要原因,如何确定各零部件几何误差对加工精度的影响程度从而经济合理地分配机床零部件的几何精度是目前机床设计所面临的一个难题。基于多体系统理论,在敏感度分析的基础上提出一种识别关键性几何误差源参数的新方法。以一台四轴精密卧式加工中心为例,基于多体系统理论构建加工中心的精度模型,并利用矩阵微分法建立四轴数控机床误差敏感度分析的数学模型,通过计算与分析误差敏感度系数,最终识别出影响机床加工精度的关键性几何误差。计算和试验分析表明,该方法可以有效地识别出对机床综合空间误差影响较大的主要零部件几何误差因素,从而为合理经济地提高机床的精度提供重要的理论依据。     

机床进给轴几何误差测试与分离技术

首先分析了目前常用的机床几何误差测试方法的缺点。在此基础上,研究了一种几何误差测试及误差分离方法。建立了铣削加工中心的测试空间,给出了9项定位误差测试的方法。建立了机床误差元素的分离模型,各轴的角度误差通过该轴的两项定位误差数据得到,直线度误差通过颠摆和偏摆误差计算得到。在某铣削加工中心上进行了定位误差测试,通过误差元素的分离模型得到了15项误差元素。该误差测试及分离方法实现了机床几何误差的快速测试。     

[误差建模及精度保证方法]几何误差贡献值影响下五轴数控机床运动轴误差灵敏度分析方法

针对现有误差元素灵敏度分析与后续误差补偿关联性不强的问题，建立运动轴几何误差贡献值模型并提出运动轴几何误差灵敏度分析方法，以获得本身几何误差对机床精度有很大影响的关键运动轴。结合指数积理论和坐标系微分运动理论建立基于误差敏感矩阵的运动轴几何误差贡献值模型，各运动轴几何误差贡献值相加得到机床综合误差模型；计算各运动轴误差权重分量和误差综合权重实现运动轴误差灵敏度分析，选择误差综合权重平均值最大的运动轴为机床关键运动轴，并对关键运动轴的误差补偿方法进行分析讨论。最后，在北京精雕集团的五轴加工中心上进行仿真实验验证。研究结果表明：所建立模型和所提出分析方法是有效的，且只补偿关键运动轴的几何误差贡献值能有效地提高五轴机床加工精度。     

基于几何误差灵敏度的卧式数控镗床运动精度分析

提出了一种基于几何误差灵敏度的卧式数控镗床运动精度分析方法。针对典型卧式镗床进行几何误差溯源分析,确定影响机床X,Y,Z轴运动精度的21项几何误差,基于多体系统运动学理论,考虑机床各典型体间误差耦合作用机制,建立机床的空间误差模型。借助激光干涉仪对某大型卧式数控镗床进行几何误差检测试验,将检测结果输入九线法几何误差辨识模型,分离该机床的21项几何误差,并对各几何误差进行多项式拟合,据此分析该机床的空间误差场的分布特征,并针对各几何误差项进行灵敏度分析。结果表明:X,Y轴关键误差因素为位移误差,Z轴关键误差因素为直线度误差。通过对各关键因素进行精度补偿,实现该机床空间误差场分布的优化分析。对比分析表明,补偿后的空间误差场在各线性轴分布趋于均匀,最大误差从0.056 4 mm减小为0.027 8 mm,机床的空间运动精度得到明显提高。该分析方法可为此类型机床运动精度分析及空间误差补偿提供理论依据。     

数控机床两种几何误差建模方法有效性试验研究

数控机床在制造行业中有着广泛的应用,数控机床精度对保证被加工零件质量起着关键作用,对机床平动轴几何误差进行补偿是进一步提升数控机床加工精度能力的重要手段。几何误差建模是几何误差补偿的基础,通常采用18项或21项几何误差建模方法,基于这两种建模方法,进行误差检测、辨识与补偿。但这两种建模方法对误差补偿的不同影响还没有系统的验证研究,根据验证结果指导采用更适宜的几何建模方法,对于改善误差补偿效果有着至关重要的意义。通过已经建立的数控机床的两种几何误差建模方法建模,开展了基于这两种误差模型的数控机床平动轴几何误差检测、辨识和补偿的仿真和试验研究,并对这两种误差补偿的有效性进行了系统性的分析比较。试验研究发现,18项几何误差建模方法能够精简地描述三轴数控机床的全几何误差项,21项几何误差建模方法则存在3项冗余角度误差项,造成精度预测模型的准确性降低。当通过建立精度预测模型进行机床空间误差补偿,试验研究发现采用18项几何误差建模方法的误差补偿效果优于采用21项几何误差建模方法的误差补偿效果,即18项几何误差建模方法更适用于三轴数控机床几何误差的软件补偿方法。该研究结论对于进一步提升数控机床加工精度的能力具有理论和实际的指导意义。     

基于平面光栅的机床几何误差测量与辨识

几何误差是影响数控机床准静态精度的重要因素,针对几何误差测量、辨识问题,提出基于平面光栅的面—线机床空间几何误差辨识方法。依据多体系统理论和齐次坐标变换方法建立了三轴数控机床21项几何误差元素与3项误差向量之间的映射关系;规划了3个相互垂直的平面内的测量路径和辨识方案,通过单轴运动和两轴联动的形式可连续测量每个平面内的5条直线,进而依次确定垂直度、俯仰和偏摆误差、定位及直线度误差、滚转误差,减少了多次安装过程中安装误差累积对测量结果的影响;通过基于面—线法的21项几何误差测量和辨识实验,并与基于激光干涉仪测量辨识结果对比显示,平面光栅测量结果与激光干涉测量结果的空间误差向量最大偏差为2.4μm,平均偏差为0.77μm,验证了该方法对辨识机床精度是准确、有效的。     

基于圆和非圆复合轨迹的三轴数控装备几何运动误差检测新方法

针对三轴数控装备,综合考量现有方法的特点,提出一种基于圆和非圆(直线、折线)复合轨迹的几何运动误差检测新方法。根据多体系统理论,运用齐次坐标变换方法建立误差模型,通过检测三个坐标平面内直线(折线)运动轨迹精度得到包括位置误差、直线度、垂直度在内的12项直线性误差,再通过三个坐标平面内检测圆运动轨迹精度,依次辨识得到9项角偏误差,从而实现三轴机床全部21项几何运动误差的检测。根据该方法,分析在不同测量顺序下各坐标平面内角偏误差的解算情况,据此总结出8种可行的角偏误差辨识方案。基于平面光栅的检测试验在2 h内便可完成,试验结果证明该方法的可行性和高效性。     

几何误差贡献值影响下五轴数控机床运动轴误差灵敏度分析方法

针对现有误差元素灵敏度分析与后续误差补偿关联性不强的问题,建立运动轴几何误差贡献值模型并提出运动轴几何误差灵敏度分析方法,以获得本身几何误差对机床精度有很大影响的关键运动轴。结合指数积理论和坐标系微分运动理论建立基于误差敏感矩阵的运动轴几何误差贡献值模型,各运动轴几何误差贡献值相加得到机床综合误差模型;计算各运动轴误差权重分量和误差综合权重实现运动轴误差灵敏度分析,选择误差综合权重平均值最大的运动轴为机床关键运动轴,并对关键运动轴的误差补偿方法进行分析讨论。最后,在北京精雕集团的五轴加工中心上进行仿真实验验证。研究结果表明:所建立模型和所提出分析方法是有效的,且只补偿关键运动轴的几何误差贡献值能有效地提高五轴机床加工精度。     

外圆旋风铣削加工直线度误差分析

外圆旋风铣床是一种用于批量铣削细长轴类零件外圆表面的机床。通过分析外圆旋风铣床的运动原理及其组成结构,结合轴线弯曲的表达方式,从几何结构角度建立直线度误差模型进行求解,得出铣削前后细长轴类零件直线度误差的校正范围。     

大型双柱立车误差建模及分析

针对某工厂大型双柱立车,采用多体系统运动学理论描述其结构关系,以齐次坐标变换法推导误差综合运动学数学模型,同时给出了机床误差总体矢量图.该数学模型可包含机床各运动轴的几何误差、热误差以及切削力导致的多项误差元素.利用误差综合模型,并通过对各项误差元素求偏导数,分析和比较了误差元素对加工误差的影响程度和作用方式.模型的建立和误差元素分析为机床实施误差补偿以提高加工精度,以及设计合理测量系统以实时监测机床工作状态,提供了理论依据.     

Kinematic errors identification of three-axis machine tools based on machined work pieces

Evaluating machine tool performance under machining conditions is generally used as the final test in machine tool industry. The seventh part of ISO-10791 describes a machining test using the accuracy of a finished work piece to determine the accuracy of three-axis machine tools. However the kinematic errors cannot be distinguished from each other by means of these test pieces. In this paper a new method to identify the kinematic errors of three-axis machine tool is proposed. A set of test pieces are designed where the kinematic errors of a machine tool can be measured separately along X, Y and Z directions. A volumetric error model is also presented based on the measured errors. This method is initially evaluated in virtual environment and then with some test pieces designed for this purpose. The results are compared with the laser interferometry measurements. It is shown that the measured positioning and straightness errors are consistent with the laser interferometry results. Angular errors measured by the test pieces are also complied with the laser interferometry results as long as the angular error magnitudes are large enough.     

立式加工中心空间几何误差辨识解析及定位误差补偿研究

为大幅提升立式加工中心加工精度,满足当代数控机床对高精度的需求,针对立式加工中心3个运动轴,深入分析了其轴向运动空间几何误差,提出了可有效辨识运动轴轴向运动空间6项几何误差的辨识方法.建立了空间6项几何误差辨识模型,并针对关联轴联动垂直度误差进行了有效分析,建立了垂直度误差辨识解析模型.同时,针对3个独立运动轴轴向定位...     

Influence of position-dependent geometric errors of rotary axes on a machining test of cone frustum by five-axis machine tools

A machining test of cone frustum, described in NAS (National Aerospace Standard) 979, is widely accepted by machine tool builders to evaluate the machining performance of five-axis machine tools. This paper discusses the influence of various error motions of rotary axes on a five-axis machine tool on the machining geometric accuracy of cone frustum machined by this test. Position-independent geometric errors, or location errors, associated with rotary axes, such as the squareness error of a rotary axis and a linear axis, can be seen as the most fundamental errors in five-axis kinematics. More complex errors, such as the deformation caused by the gravity, the pure radial error motion of a rotary axis, the angular positioning error of a rotary axis, can be modeled as position-dependent geometric errors of a rotary axis. This paper first describes a kinematic model of a five-axis machine tool under position-independent and position-dependent geometric errors associated with rotary axes. The influence of each error on machining geometric accuracy of a cone frustum is simulated by using this model. From these simulations, we show that some critical errors associated with a rotary axis impose no or negligibly small effect on the machining error. An experimental case study is presented to demonstrate the application of R-test to measure the enlargement of a periodic radial error motion of C-axis with B-axis rotation, which is shown by present numerical simulations to be among potentially critical error factors for cone frustum machining test.     

Pre-deformation for assembly performance of machine centers

The current research of machine center accuracy in workspace mainly focuses on the poor geometric error subjected to thermal and gravity load while in operation, however, there are little researches focusing on the effect of machine center elastic deformations on workspace volume. Therefore, a method called pre-deformation for assembly performance is presented. This method is technically based on the characteristics of machine tool assembly and collaborative computer-aided engineering （CAE） analysis. The research goal is to enhance assembly performance, including straightness, positioning, and angular errors, to realize the precision of the machine tool design. A vertical machine center is taken as an example to illustrate the proposed method. The concept of travel error is defined to obtain the law of the guide surface. The machine center assembly performance is analyzed under cold condition and thermal balance condition to establish the function of pre-deformation. Then, the guide surface in normal direction is processed with the pre-deformation function, and the machine tool assembly performance is measured using a laser interferometer. The measuring results show that the straightness deviation of the Z component in the Y-direction is 158.9% of the allowable value primarily because of the gravity of the spindle head, and the straightness of the X and Y components is minimal. When the machine tool is processed in pre-deformation, the straightness of the Z axis moving component is reduced to 91.2%. This research proposes a pre-deformation machine center assembly method which has sufficient capacity to improving assembly accuracy of machine centers.     

数控机床几何误差与热误差综合建模及其实时补偿

为提高数控机床的精度,提出一种数控机床的几何与热的复合误差综合建模方法。通过分析机床在不同温度状态下的误差数据,得到机床误差分布规律;根据几何误差和热误差的不同特性进行误差分离,采用多项式拟合与线性拟合方法建立机床几何误差与热误差的综合数学模型;利用数控(Computer numerical control,CNC)系统的外部机床坐标系偏置功能,应用自行研发的综合误差实时补偿系统进行误差在线实时补偿。该误差补偿方法综合考虑机床几何误差及其在机床不同温度下的变化,全面分析整个温升过程直至热稳态的误差及其变化规律。经检测认证表明,应用该误差补偿方法及其实时补偿系统可使机床在常温下的定位误差由44.1μm降低到3.6μm,补偿91.8%;温升之后的定位误差由26.0μm降低到5.1μm,补偿80.4%,大幅度提高机床的精度。     

机械制造业数控机床几何误差自动控制

为了降低数控机床几何误差,提升加工精度,提出机械制造业数控机床几何误差自动控制方法。通过激光跟踪仪辨识机械制造业数控机床的几何误差,采用快速定位补偿算法与圆弧插补补偿算法相结合的方法补偿数控机床几何误差。利用计算机辅助制造软件生成刀位文件,依据刀位文件生成数控机床加工程序,通过补偿控制器生成数控机床各轴运动的控制指令,数控机床伺服系统接收控制指令后,自动控制数控机床各轴运动,以达到数控机床几何误差自动控制的目的。实验结果表明,采用该方法自动控制数控机床几何误差后,方向与角度的几何误差分别低于0.03 mm与0.1°,实际应用效果较好。     

数控成形砂轮磨齿机床几何误差分析与函数补偿法

以QCYK7332A数控成形砂轮磨齿机为例,对机床误差进行了分析。应用多体系统理论以及齐次坐标变换建立了几何误差模型,得到了此模型下砂轮尖的6个自由度误差表达式,并在此基础上以机床B轴为例,说明了运动轴误差转化到磨具上,从而引起所加工齿轮的齿距、齿形、压力角等误差。为了减小误差,提出了函数补偿法,并以测量机床的X轴角度误差为例,说明机床误差预测以及实时误差补偿的过程,为提高数控成形砂轮磨齿机精度、减小机床的几何误差提供了理论依据。     

机床关键几何误差辨识方法研究

在给出机床关键几何误差和影响因子定义的基础上,提出了识别机床关键几何误差的新方法。以一台精密卧式加工中心为例,利用多体系统理论建立了机床几何误差与综合误差的映射关系模型,通过计算和比较影响因子,最终识别出16项影响机床精度的关键几何误差。示例表明：该方法可以有效地识别出对机床综合空间误差影响较大的几何误差因素,从而为合理经济地进行精度设计和控制提供重要的理论依据。     

Research on the Error Averaging Effect in A Rolling Guide Pair

By studying the e ects of geometric precision on kinematic accuracy, an error mapping model has been established, based on the hypothesis that a motion pair and its installation surface are rigid. However, when using this assumption,there is a significant error induced in high-precision computer numerical control(CNC) machine tools as compared with reality. One of the most important reasons for this error is failing to consider the error averaging e ect of motion pair elements. Therefore, this work examines a high-precision horizontal machining center as its research object, and analyzes the error averaging mechanism of a rolling guide pair under a deformation of the rolling elements. The carriage bearing forces caused by guideway straightness errors are obtained by constructing a geometric error model of a single carriage. The relationship between guideway straightness errors and carriage bearing forces is described by a transfer function in the spatial frequency domain, and its characteristics are analyzed. It quantifies the so-called error averaging e ect of the rolling guide system and, on this basis, a static model for four carriages is established to reflect the error averaging e ect of the rolling guide pair on the position and orientation errors of the motion pair. In addition, it is found that the wavelengths and phase di erences of guideway errors a ect this error averaging mechanism, but the amplitude and preload have little influence thereon. The experiment result shows that the kinematic straightness errors in the x-and y-directions were approximately 1/3 to 1/2 of the guideway straightness errors in the corresponding directions. The results can be used to guide the precision design and assembly of machine tools.