Joint carrier frequency synchronization and channel estimation for OFDM systems via the EM algorithm

A joint carrier frequency synchronization and channel estimation scheme is proposed for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system. In the proposed scheme, carrier frequency synchronization and channel estimation are performed iteratively via the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm using an OFDM preamble symbol. Moreover, we analytically investigate the effect of frequency offset error on the mean square error (MSE) performance of channel estimator. Simulation results present that the proposed scheme achieves almost ideal performance for both channel and frequency offset estimation.     

Joint Frequency Offset and Channel Estimation for MIMO Systems in the Presence of Timing Error

This paper deals with the problem of joint frequency offset (FO) and channel estimation for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems in the presence of a timing error. Two equivalent signal models with FO and a timing error are given, and then a joint estimation method is derived. The proposed estimation method consists of two steps. Firstly, a maximum likelihood (ML) FO estimator is proposed based on the second signal model. Secondly, based on the FO estimate, we formulate the timing error and channel estimation as a problem of composite hypothesis testing according to the first signal model, and then solve the problem using a composite hypothesis testing approach. Simulation results are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Parameter estimation and equalization techniques for communication channels with multipath and multiple frequency offsets

We consider estimation of frequency offset (FO) and equalization of a wireless communication channel, within a general framework which allows for different frequency offsets for various multipaths. Such a scenario may arise due to different Doppler shifts associated with various multipaths, or in situations where multiple basestations are used to transmit identical information. For this general framework, we propose an approximative maximum-likelihood estimator exploiting the correlation property of the transmitted pilot signal. We further show that the conventional minimum mean-square error equalizer is computationally cumbersome, as the effective channel-convolution matrix changes deterministically between symbols, due to the multiple FOs. Exploiting the structural property of these variations, we propose a computationally efficient recursive algorithm for the equalizer design. Simulation results show that the proposed estimator is statistically efficient, as the mean-square estimation error attains the Crame/spl acute/r-Rao lower bound. Further, we show via extensive simulations that our proposed scheme significantly outperforms equalizers not employing FO estimation.     

Performance analysis of channel estimation for OFDM systems with residual timing offset

The authors present an analysis of the effect of timing offset on channel estimation for comb-type pilot-aided orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Residual timing offset does not negatively affect the channel estimation of the pilot subcarrier, but does corrupt the channel information obtained via interpolation. This paper provides the mean square error (MSE) channel estimation performance when a linear interpolation technique is used in a comb-type pilot-aided OFDM system. Analysis shows that the performance degradation of the channel estimator due to imperfect frame synchronization is dependent on the frequency correlation of the channels and the amount of timing offset     

Performance Evaluation of Timing Estimation Technique Using Extended Cyclic Prefix for Correlation Sequence for OFDM Systems

This paper presents an analysis of symbol timing offset (STO) estimation method for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. The proposed method does not require any preamble and with the use of available cyclic prefix (CP) samples we have proposed an extended CP. The extended CP is used to exploit more number of correlation products in correlation sequence so that a more accurate starting point of any symbol can be estimated. A simplified maximum likelihood estimation process for proposed timing estimation technique is given which enables us much more accurate timing estimate due to decreased error variance. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated in terms of mean square error of timing estimator against different signal to noise ratio values and in terms of error distribution of the estimators with and without the effect of carrier frequency offset in various channel scenarios such as AWGN, HIPERLAN/2A and HIPERLAN/2E. Simulation results shows that proposed method has significantly better performance compared to the CP based method for STO estimation.     

Synchronized per survivor MLSD receiver using a differential Kalmanfilter

A synchronized per survivor processing (PSP) maximum likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) receiver is presented for a fast frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channel and large carrier frequency offset. It is shown that, by incorporating the synchronization parameters (the timing error, carrier frequency and phase offsets) into the channel-impulse response (CIR) and modifying the resulting state-space model by a differential approach, the time-varying carrier frequency offset can be effectively tracked using a simple least mean square (LMS) estimator. New criteria are proposed based on the smoothness of the estimated channel derivatives. New criteria are proposed based on this fact that, for smoothly time-varying CIR and frequency offset, the magnitude of the CIR time derivative compared with the magnitude of CIR should be very small. It is illustrated that the new criteria and the conventional mean square error (MSE) are complementary     

Effects of channel estimation error on array processing based QO-STBC coded OFDM systems

This letter addresses the issues on performance degradation caused by channel estimation error of quasiorthogonal space-time block (QO-STBC) coded OFDM systems employing array processing decoder. The least square (LS) channel estimator is employed to obtain the required channel state information (CSI). Taking mean square error (MSE) as a performance metric, we evaluate the performance of the LS estimator in MIMO-OFDM systems over frequency selective channels, and its impact on symbol error rate (SER) using both analysis and simulations.     

An Efficient Maximum Likelihood Carrier Frequency Offset Estimator for OFDM Using Null Subcarriers and Cyclic Prefix

Accurate estimation of carrier frequency offset (CFO) is an important requirement in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) based wireless communication systems. In this paper, we propose a hybrid procedure to accomplish this task efficiently. One of the key importance of the approach is the judicious combination of two independent estimators so as to reduce the bandwidth overhead and computational complexity over many conventional methods. It employs the cyclic prefix and a few null subcarriers, respectively, for the fractional and integer frequency offset estimations. We also propose a novel null subcarrier allocation scheme based on Fibonacci series. The range of frequency offset that can be estimated by the proposed technique is equal to the full OFDM bandwidth. Furthermore, performance of the proposed CFO estimator is mathematically analyzed by deriving an expression for the bit error probability of the receiver under Rayleigh fading channel and the Cramer-Rao lower bound for the mean square estimation error. For moderate SNRs, our approach is shown to greatly outperform some recently published methods in terms of BER performance, bandwidth overhead and receiver complexity.     

Robust and Improved Channel Estimation Algorithm for MIMO-OFDM Systems

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique has become a promising method for reliable high data-rate wireless transmission system in which the channel is dispersive in both time and frequency domains. Due to multiple cochannel interferences in a MIMO system, the accuracy of channel estimation is a vital factor for proper receiver design in order to realize the full potential performance of the MIMO-OFDM system. A robust and improved channel estimation algorithm is proposed in this paper for MIMO-OFDM systems based on the least squares (LS) algorithm. The proposed algorithm, called improved LS (ILS), employs the noise correlation in order to reduce the variance of the LS estimation error by estimating and suppressing the noise in signal subspace. The performance of the ILS channel estimation algorithm is robust to the number of antennas in transmit and receive sides. The new algorithm attains a significant improvement in performance in comparison with that of the regular LS estimator. Also, with respect to mean square error criterion and without using channel statistics, the ILS algorithm achieves a performance very close to that of the minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator in terms of the parameters used in practical MIMO-OFDM systems. A modification of the ILS algorithm, called modified ILS (MILS), is proposed based on using the second order statistical parameters of channel. Analytically, it is shown that the MILS estimator achieves the exact performance of the MMSE estimator. Due to no specific data sequences being required to perform the estimation, in addition to the training mode, the proposed channel estimation algorithms can also be extended and used in the tracking mode with decision-aided method.     

宽带CDMA中一种新的自适应信道估计方法

在衰落信道中进行相干解调必须知道瞬时的信道参数，但由于信道是时变的，所以信道估计器的频率响应和带宽应该是由衰落信道的统计特性和系统的信干比决定。利用瞬时信道估计的自相关函数，本文提出了信道估计的一种新的自适应算法。在平坦瑞利信道中的计算机仿真表明本方法在3G标准支持的所有多普勒频率范围内都能获得良好的均方误差性能。     

Structure-Based Low Complexity MMSE Channel Estimator for OFDM Wireless Systems

Wireless communication systems utilizing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmissions are capable of delivering high data rates over multipath frequency selective channels. This paper deals with joint estimation/interpolation of wireless channel using pilot symbols transmitted concurrently with the data. We propose a low complexity, spectrally efficient minimum mean square error channel estimator which exploits the correlation structure of channel frequency response for reducing the complexity. Specifically, it is shown that if pilots are inserted appropriately across OFDM subcarriers, the proposed algorithm requires no matrix inversion, thereby significantly relieving the computational burden without deteriorating the performance. Moreover, the knowledge of channel correlation is also not required for the proposed estimator. Simulation results validate that the proposed technique outperforms existing low-complexity variants in terms of mean square error and computational complexity.

     

Time‐Varying Multipath Channel Estimation with Superimposed Training in CP‐OFDM Systems

Based on superimposed training methods, a novel time‐varying multipath channel estimation scheme is proposed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. We first develop a linear least square channel estimator, and meanwhile find the optimal superimposed sequences with respect to the channel estimates’ mean square error. Next, a low‐rank approximated channel estimator is obtained by using the singular value decomposition. As demonstrated in simulations, the proposed scheme achieves not only better performance but also higher bandwidth efficiency than the conventional pilot‐aided approach.     

Analysis of low-complexity windowed DFT-based MMSE channelestimator for OFDM systems

Low-complexity windowed discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based minimum mean square error (MMSE) channel estimators are proposed and analyzed for both the interpolation and noninterpolation cases for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) mobile communications systems. In the proposed method, the frequency domain data windowing is used to reduce the aliasing errors for the interpolation case and get better noise filtering performance for the noninterpolation case. The time domain MMSE weighting is also used to suppress the channel noise for both cases. Moreover, the optimal generalized Hanning window shape is searched to minimize the channel estimation mean square error (MSE). Analysis and simulation results show that the proposed method performance is close to the optimal MMSE estimator and is much better than the direct DFT-based estimator for both cases. Compared with the optimal MMSE estimator, however, the computation load of the proposed method can be significantly reduced because the IDFT/DFT transforms can be implemented with the fast algorithms IFFT/FFT     

基于导频的OFDM信道估计方法及分析

对OFDM系统中基于导频的信道估值器进行了比较分析,分析了DVB-T系统中导频的分布,在DVB-T系统基础上结合最大似然准则和最小均方误差准则,提出了信道估计的方法,并在Reyleigh信道模型下,运用Matlab实现仿真.     

An Improved Sampling Frequency Offset Estimator for OFDM-Based Digital Radio Mondiale Systems

After coarse synchronization in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, there might still be a residual frequency offset (RFO) and a sampling clock frequency offset (SFO), which seriously degrade the performance of the systems. This paper suggests a simple way of estimating the SFO in OFDM-based digital radio mondiale (DRM) system. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed SFO estimator, comparisons are made with other existing estimators in terms of mean square error (MSE) performance, estimation range, and complexity.     

A novel timing estimation method for OFDM systems

We present a novel timing offset estimation method for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. The estimator proposed here is designed to avoid the ambiguity which occurs in Schmidl's (1997) timing offset estimation method. The performance of the proposed scheme is presented in terms of mean and mean-square error (MSE) obtained by simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed estimator has a significantly smaller MSE than the other estimators.     

高阶QAM调制下OFDM的载波与采样频偏联合纠正

采用高阶QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)调制的正交频分复用(OFDM,Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing)系统,相对于低阶调制来说,密集的星座点分布更容易受到载波频偏与采样频偏的影响.本文分析了高阶QAM OFDM系统对频率同步精度的要求,提出了一种载波与采样频偏联合纠正的方法,并分别针对时不变多径信道和块衰落多径Rician信道给出了频偏估计的均方误差解析表达式.均方误差的理论分析与计算机仿真结果吻合;误比特率性能仿真表明,频偏纠正后的误比特率性能与无频偏情况比较,差异小于1dB.     

Low complexity joint estimation of synchronization impairments in sparse channel for MIMO–OFDM system

Low complexity joint estimation of synchronization impairments and channel in a single-user MIMO–OFDM system is presented in this paper. Based on a system model that takes into account the effects of synchronization impairments such as carrier frequency offset, sampling frequency offset, and symbol timing error, and channel, a Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithm for the joint estimation is proposed. To reduce the complexity of ML grid search, the number of received signal samples used for estimation need to be reduced. The conventional channel estimation techniques using Least-Squares (LS) or Maximum a posteriori (MAP) methods fail for the reduced sample under-determined system, which results in poor performance of the joint estimator. The proposed ML algorithm uses Compressed Sensing (CS) based channel estimation method in a sparse fading scenario, where the received samples used for estimation are less than that required for an LS or MAP based estimation. The performance of the estimation method is studied through numerical simulations, and it is observed that CS based joint estimator performs better than LS and MAP based joint estimator.     

Performance of coherent DS-SS/QPSK for mobile communications infast-fading multipath and high-frequency offset

We derive a closed-form bit error rate (BER) solution for equal- and nonequal-strength L-path channels considering imperfect channel estimation. The channel model assumes independent paths with Rayleigh fading statistics in a single-cell downlink environment. By using a simple maximum likelihood (ML) estimator, the effects of the channel estimation error due to Doppler shift, residual carrier frequency offset, interference, and additive white Gaussian noise are analyzed. In addition, we present the tradeoff between the noise compression capability and phase tracking capability of the ML estimator with observation length as a parameter. The results indicate that even with channel estimation, the high carrier frequency offset makes an uncoded BER unacceptably high. Also, we present two kinds of modulation techniques such as EC-QPSK and NC-QPSK. Through analysis, we show the performance comparison between these modulation techniques. Finally, we verify the derived BER by using Monte Carlo computer simulation     

Two Novel Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems by Time-Domain Cluster Discriminant Analysis Based on Parametric Channel Modeling

In this paper, we describe two novel channel estimation technologies for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing mobile communication systems using cluster discriminant analysis for sparse multipath channels. The least-squares estimator has a merit of low complexity and simple structure; however one of its drawbacks is that it does not take into consideration the effect of noise. Conventional DFT-based channel estimator improved its performance by suppressing time domain noise, but it does not completely suppress the noise. In order to overcome this disadvantage, we propose two novel channel estimation algorithms for Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems based on cluster analysis and discriminant analysis. The cluster analysis can be used to cluster residual noise. Discriminant analysis can distinguish the noise and channel taps in time domain. Computer simulation demonstrates the performance of the proposed algorithms in terms of bit error rate and mean square error performance.