磷酸法玉米秸秆基活性炭的制备及其表征

以成型、烘焙处理后的玉米秸秆为原料,磷酸作为活化剂制备了玉米秸秆基活性炭,并对活性炭样品进行表征。同时以碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值和焦糖脱色率为指标测定其吸附性能,并对制备条件进行优化。实验结果表明：玉米秸秆制备活性炭的最佳工艺条件为浸渍比即m(55%H₃PO₄)∶m(玉米秸秆)为4∶1、活化温度400 ℃、活化时间100 min,此条件下活性炭的得率为47.78%,制得的活性炭具有良好的吸附性能,碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值及焦糖脱色率分别达到864 mg/g、210 mg/g和100%。活性炭比表面积可达1 105 m²/g,总孔容积为0.745 cm³/g,微孔孔容为0.287 cm³/g,中孔孔容为0.354 cm³/g,孔径分布集中于5 nm以内,约占73.56%,平均孔径为2.697 nm。FT-IR分析显示：在活化过程中磷酸与玉米秸秆发生交联作用,生成的活性炭损失了玉米秸秆的部分官能团。     

TEPA负载复合氧化活性炭吸附烟气中的CO2性能

以商业煤基活性炭为原料,经低浓度氧气焙烧、H₂O₂氧化改性,并以四乙烯五胺（TEPA）浸渍,得到胺负载复合氧化活性炭,用于模拟烟道气[(15%(体积)CO₂+85%(体积)N₂）+10%(体积)H₂O]中CO₂吸附。低浓度氧气焙烧后,活性炭的最大比表面积和孔体积分别为1421.82 m²/g、0.83 cm³/g。经复合氧化改性后,活性炭的介孔体积增大,表面含氧官能团增加,使得TEPA负载复合氧化活性炭的CO₂吸附性能提高。焙烧时间为4 h,H₂O₂氧化、负载40%TEPA的样品COAC-4-40TEPA,在60℃时CO₂饱和吸附量最高为2.45 mmol/g,是TEPA负载未改性活性炭AC-40TEPA的2.02倍。经过十次吸附循环后,COAC-4-40TEPA的 CO₂饱和吸附量可维持在92.24%,而TEPA的浸出量仅有0.67%。失活模型研究表明,COAC-4-40TEPA的初始吸附速率常数是AC-40TEPA的1.64倍,且失活速率常数低于AC-40TEPA。     

煤-生物质基活性炭成孔机制及其吸附乙酸乙酯的性能

以CO₂为活化气氛,通过一步快速热解活化法从黑山煤粉与生物质混合物中制取活性炭。讨论了不同质量比率、活化温度和CO₂浓度对活性炭比表面积的影响。通过N₂吸附（BET）、扫描电镜（SEM）、拉曼光谱（Raman）和红外光谱（FTIR）对活性炭的性能进行了表征。确定了制备活性炭的最佳条件为活化温度900℃、质量比1、CO₂体积分数30%、活化时间120min时,活性炭的比表面积和孔容最大,分别为901m²/g和0.39cm³/g。最后,用乙酸乙酯吸附量验证了其吸附性能,最大累积吸附量为766.51mg/g。     

不同烟气组分对粉状活性焦吸附汞的影响机理

在模拟燃煤热烟气为热源和介质条件下，以准东褐煤为原料，通过一维沉降炉进行炭化活化（一步法）制备粉状活性焦，考察了活性焦对Hg⁰的吸附能力，探索了SO₂、H₂O、O₂、CO₂、H₂O+O₂、SO₂+O₂及H₂O+SO₂+O₂气氛对活性焦吸附Hg⁰的影响机理。结果表明：一步法获得的活性焦对Hg⁰具有较高的吸附性能。N₂气氛作对比，H₂O、H₂O+O₂、CO₂和SO₂气氛下抑制活性焦对Hg⁰的吸附；O₂、SO₂+O₂和H₂O+SO₂+O₂促进活性焦对Hg⁰的吸附。通过Hg 4f的XPS分析证明了不同气氛组成对活性焦吸附Hg⁰的抑制和促进机理。H₂O覆盖在活性焦活性位上和堵塞孔隙而抑制活性焦对Hg⁰的吸附；SO₂与Hg⁰在活性焦上发生竞争吸附而抑制对Hg⁰的吸附；CO₂ 吸附在活性焦微孔上而抑制对Hg⁰的吸附；O₂气氛下主要形成了HgO, SO₂+O₂气氛下Hg⁰被氧化成HgSO₃，进一步氧化成HgSO₄； H₂O+SO₂+O₂气氛下，Hg⁰被氧化成HgO和HgSO₄。     

一种新的颗粒炭材料的制备及其高效分离甲烷氮气性能

主要围绕从低品位煤层气中回收分离低浓度的CH₄这一重要需求,探索以生物质为碳源研制具有优良CH₄/N₂分离性能的颗粒炭吸附剂。选择大米碎粒作为碳源,通过碳化制备颗粒状炭前体,然后应用CO₂进行活化,制备出大米基颗粒炭材料（GRCM）,研究其吸附分离CH₄/N₂的性能。所制得的颗粒炭材料具有较窄微孔分布,其中样品GRCM-900的BET比表面积为938.529 m²/g。FT-IR分析结果显示大米基颗粒炭表面含有羟基及羰基等含氧官能团。其CH₄吸附容量和CH₄/N₂吸附选择性分别高达1.32 mmol / g和5.68（在298 K和100 kPa条件下）,优于大多数已报道的粉末状炭材料和MOF材料。分子模拟揭示了甲烷和氮气在GRCM炭材料狭缝孔道中的吸附构型和差异。固定床实验证实,应用GRCM炭材料可以在常温条件下有效地分离CH₄/N₂混合物,所制得的颗粒GRCM在从低品位煤层气中回收CH₄方面有很好的应用前景。     

Synthesis and permeation properties of ion-exchanged ETS-4 tubular membranes

Zeolite membranes, which were composed of ETS-4 with Na cations, were prepared on porous -alumina tubes by hydrothermal synthesis. The membranes, which were formed under optimized conditions, sharply rejected molecules with sizes larger than 0.4 nm. For mixtures of N₂–CO₂, N₂–O₂, N₂–Ar and N₂–CH₄ systems, N₂ permeated faster than the coexisting gas. The N₂/O₂ separation factor for an equimolar mixture was in the range of 2.3–3.5, and the N₂ permeance was in the range of (0.55–2.8)×10⁻⁸ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹ at permeation temperatures of 283–333 K. Moisture had some effect on the permeation properties for N₂–O₂ mixtures. The separation factor for the N₂/CH₄ system was larger than that of the N₂/O₂ system. When the membrane was ion exchanged with either Li⁺ or Sr²⁺, the separation factors for N₂/O₂ and N₂/CH₄ systems increased, while the permeances decreased.     

Preparation and adsorption performances of mesopore-enriched bamboo activated carbon

Activated carbon with high specific surface area and considerable mesopores was prepared from bamboo scraps by phosphoric acid activation. The effect of activation conditions was studied. Under the conditions of impregnating bamboo with 80% H₃PO₄ at 80°C for 9 days and activation at 500°C for 4 h, the prepared activated carbon had the highest mesopore volume of 0.67 cm³/g, a specific surface area of 1567 m²/g, and the mesopore ratio reached 47.18%. The study on adsorption isotherms of CH₄, CO₂, N₂ and O₂ on the activated carbon were carried out at 298 K. The considerable difference in the adsorption capacity between CO₂ and the other gases was observed, which would be of interest for the adsorptive separation/purification of gaseous CO₂ from its mixtures, especially from mixtures with N₂ and/or O₂. __________ Translated from Journal of Functional Materials, 2008, 39(3): 420–423 [译自: 功能材料]     

Tuning porosity of coal-derived activated carbons for CO2 adsorption

A simple method was developed to tune the porosity of coal-derived activated carbons, which provided a model adsorbent system to investigate the volumetric CO₂ adsorption performance. Specifically, the method involved the variation of the activation temperature in a K₂CO₃ induced chemical activation process which could yield activated carbons with defined microporous (< 2 nm, including ultra-microporous < 1 nm) and meso-micro-porous structures. CO₂ adsorption isotherms revealed that the microporous activated carbon has the highest measured CO₂ adsorption capacity (6.0 mmol∙g^–1 at 0 °C and 4.1 mmol∙g^–1 at 25 °C), whilst ultra-microporous activated carbon with a high packing density exhibited the highest normalized capacity with respect to packing volume (1.8 mmol∙cm⁻³ at 0 °C and 1.3 mmol∙cm^–3 at 25 °C), which is significant. Both experimental correlation analysis and molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated that (i) volumetric CO₂ adsorption capacity is directly proportional to the ultra-micropore volume, and (ii) an increase in micropore sizes is beneficial to improve the volumetric capacity, but may lead a low CO₂ adsorption density and thus low pore space utilization efficiency. The adsorption experiments on the activated carbons established the criterion for designing CO₂ adsorbents with high volumetric adsorption capacity.     

烟气组分对汞吸附影响的程序升温脱附

目前燃煤烟气活性炭脱汞技术已经很成熟,但机理方面的相关研究甚少或不全面,为了探讨汞与活性炭在燃煤烟气中的反应路径,本文在固定床上对商业活性炭（FAC）和1% NH₄Br改性活性炭（NBAC）进行了汞吸附实验,分别考察了O₂、SO₂、CO₂、NO及其混合烟气组分对吸附剂汞吸附的影响,然后利用程序升温脱附（temperature programmed desorption,TPD）技术分析了烟气组分对汞吸附的影响机理。固定床测试结果表明溴化铵改性可显著增加活性炭汞吸附性能,O₂、CO₂及NO可促进NBAC对汞的吸附,其中NO最好,而SO₂抑制NBAC对汞的吸附。TPD结果表明,溴素改性促进NBAC表面负载的溴与Hg⁰结合生成HgBr₂,O₂存在促进了Hg⁰的氧化生成HgO,NO存在显著增加了Hg₂（NO₃）₂的生成。SO₂与Hg⁰对活性炭表面的官能团存在竞争吸附的关系,生成C-S,与Hg⁰反应生成HgS。CO₂对NBAC吸附Hg⁰的反应机理影响不大。     

CO/N2/CO2在MOF-74(Ni)上吸附相平衡和选择性

主要研究了MOF-74(Ni)材料对CO/N₂/CO₂的吸附分离性能。应用水热法合成制备MOF-74(Ni),分别采用全自动表面积吸附仪、P-XRD、扫描电子显微镜对材料的孔隙结构和晶体形貌进行了表征,应用静态吸附法测定了CO、N₂和CO₂在MOF-74(Ni)上的吸附等温线,应用DSLF方程模拟了3种气体MOF-74(Ni)上的吸附等温线,依据IAST理论模型计算了MOF-74(Ni)对CO/N₂二元混合物和CO/CO₂二元混合物的吸附选择性。研究结果表明:在0.1 MPa和常温条件下,MOF-74(Ni)材料对CO吸附容量高达6.15 mmol·g^-1,而相同条件下N₂的吸附量只有0.86 mmol·g^-1。MOF-74(Ni)在低压下(0～40 kPa)对CO的吸附量明显高于其对CO₂的吸附量。应用IAST模型估算MOF-74(Ni)对二元混合物吸附选择性的结果表明:MOF-74(Ni)对CO/N₂混合物的吸附选择性在1000以上;MOF-74(Ni)对CO/CO₂的吸附选择性在4～9范围,在所研究的二元气体混合物吸附体系中,MOF-74(Ni)都能优先吸附CO。     

一维直孔道MOFs对CH4/N2和CO2/CH4的分离

非常规天然气未来可以作为常规天然气的有效补充,其中低浓度煤层气和生物质燃气分别需要脱除大量的N₂ 和CO₂以达到富集和纯化CH₄的目的。本研究针对CH₄/N₂这一对较难分离的气体组合,选取了具有一维菱形孔道的MOFs材料Cu(INA)₂作为吸附剂,将合成的样品做了XRD和TG表征,测试了纯气体CO₂、CH₄和N₂的吸附曲线,利用巨正则系综蒙特卡罗(GCMC)分子模拟和理想吸附溶液理论(IAST)计算了气体的吸附热和该材料对于CH₄/N₂和CO₂/CH₄的吸附选择性系数;3 MPa压力下制备的颗粒样品填装吸附分离装置,进行了混合气体CH₄/N₂ (50%/50%)和CO₂/CH₄ (50%/50%)的穿透试验,分离的结果显示,Cu(INA)₂不仅高选择性地吸附CH₄/N₂混合物中的CH₄(S_CH4/N2=10),而且对CH₄/N₂的分离效果优于CO₂/CH₄。     

NH4Cl改性活性炭脱除气态Hg0的特性分析

制备了原始活性炭与NH₄Cl改性活性炭,对其进行了物化特性表征,在固定床汞吸附实验台上考察了N₂气氛下颗粒粒径、NH₄Cl溶液浓度、SO₂、CO₂等因素对活性炭脱除Hg⁰性能的影响。研究结果表明：NH₄Cl浸渍改性没有造成活性炭孔隙结构的明显变化,但使得Cl元素成功担载到活性炭表面;随着颗粒粒径增大,活性炭吸附Hg⁰的外部传质速率、内部扩散速率均降低,较小的颗粒粒径有利于活性炭脱汞;由NH₄Cl改性在活性炭表面所产生的卤素官能团（AC-Cl）能够有效地氧化烟气中的Hg⁰,增强了活性炭对于Hg⁰的氧化吸附作用;SO₂能有限地促进原始活性炭的脱汞性能,对NH₄Cl改性活性炭脱汞性能则表现出先促进后抑制并主要体现抑制作用的现象,并且抑制作用随SO₂浓度的增大而增加;CO₂由于能在活性炭表面极化,且能与氨基官能团反应生成有利于吸附汞的羰基,促进了活性炭的脱汞性能。     

活性炭的微结构与超级电容器性能的构效关系

以生物质柞木为原料,采用不同活化法制备具有不同结构特征的柞木基活性炭,利用N₂吸附、FT-IR、XPS、XRD、Raman光谱等表征手段对活性炭的微结构特性进行解析,探究活化方式对活性炭微结构性能的影响;微结构与超级电容器性能的构效关系。研究表明： KOH和H₃PO₄-KOH法制备的活性炭微孔发达,炭结构表面缺陷位与杂原子丰富,在低电流密度下表现出更高的比电容;H₃PO₄-KOH法制备的活性炭具备更宽的微介孔分布与孔道连通性,使其具有更好的电容保持率;CO₂、H₃PO₄和H₃PO₄-CO₂法制备的活性炭介孔发达,微孔体积小,孔道连通性差,炭结构相对完整,裸露于炭结构表面的缺陷与杂原子相对较少,尽管电容保持率较高,但比电容较低。因此,高性能的超级电容器活性炭电极应具有发达的微孔结构、较宽的微介孔分布、通畅的微介孔连通结构,同时含有更多的裸露于炭结构表面的结构缺陷与杂原子基团,从而提高超级电容器的能量密度。     

High-performance SSZ-13 membranes prepared using ball-milled nanosized seeds for carbon dioxide and nitrogen separations from methane

SSZ-13 membranes with high separation performances were prepared using ball-milled nanosized seeds by once hydrothermal synthesis. Separation performances of SSZ-13 membranes in CO_2/CH_4 and N_2/CH_4 mixtures were enhanced after synthesis modification. Single-gas permeances of CO_2, N_2 and CH_4 and ideal selectivities were recorded through SSZ-13 membranes. The effects of temperature, pressure, feed flow rate and humidity on separation performance of the membranes were discussed. Three membranes prepared after synthesis modifications had an average CO_2 permeance of 1.16 × 10~(-6) mol·(m~2· s·Pa)~(-1)(equal to 3554 GPU) with an average CO_2/CH_4 selectivity of 213 in a 50 vol%/50 vol% CO_2/CH_4 mixture. It suggests that membrane synthesis has a good reproducible. The membrane also displayed a N_2 permeance of 1.07 × 10~(-7) mol·(m~2·s·Pa)~(-1)(equal to 320 GPU) with a N_2/CH_4 selectivity of 13 for a 50 vol%/50 vol% N_2/CH_4 mixture. SSZ-13 membrane displayed stable and good separation performance in the wet CO_2/CH_4 mixture for a long test period over 100 h at 348 K. The current SSZ-13 membranes show great potentials for the simultaneous removals of CO_2 and N_2 in natural gas purification as a facile process suitable for industrial application.     

Low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH based on MnO-CeO/ACFN

MnO_x-CeO_x/ACFN were prepared by the impregnation method and used as catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH₃ at 80°C–150°C. The catalyst was characterized by N₂-BET, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The fraction of the mesopore and the oxygen functional groups on the surface of activated carbon fiber (ACF) increased after the treatment with nitric acid, which was favorable to improve the catalytic activities of MnO_x-CeO_x/ACFN. The experimental results show that the conversion of NO is nearly 100% in the range 100°C–150°C under the optimal preparation conditions of MnO_x-CeO_x/ACFN. In addition, the effects of a series of performance parameters, including initial NH₃ concentration, NO concentration and O₂ concentration, on the conversion of NO were studied.     

Mass spectra of negative ions in air-like gas mixtures at atmospheric pressure

We have obtained mass spectra of negative ions produced by rays in artificial air at atmospheric pressure (N₂: 80%, O₂: 20%, H₂O: 20–1500 ppm, CO₂: 0.2–300 ppm, NO, NO₂ 0.02 ppm). We observed two main categories: hydrates built on simple ions (O₂⁻, O₃⁻, OH⁻, CO₃⁻, CO₄⁻, HCO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻), hydrates built on complex ions (NO_x⁻, HNO_γ, HCO₃⁻HNO_x, x = 2,3; Y = 2, 3). For high values of hygrometry, CO₂ content and ageing time (5 msec) we observe the disappearance of O₂⁻, O₃⁻, OH⁻ hydrates whereas the major part of the spectrum consists of complex ions.     

Intensification of low-grade methane enrichment in nitrogen mixture by CH4/CO2 displacement

To solve the problem of CO₂ uncompleted desorption in the process of CO₂ displacement enhancing the adsorption separation of CH₄/N₂, a small amount of product gas CH₄ was used as purge gas to improve the CO₂ desorption. CH₄/CO₂ mixture gas obtained from desorption step was recycled as the displacement gas to enhance the enrichment of low-grade methane in nitrogen mixture. In this work, the research conducted the experiments for CH₄/N₂ separation using CH₄/CO₂ displacement intensification adsorption and the laboratory-made coconut shell activated carbon as sorbent. The mathematical models were built in gPROMS and the accuracy of models was verified by comparison of simulations and CH₄/N₂/CO₂ breakthrough experiments. The performance of enrichment of low-grade methane with displacement intensification using different displacer was compared. The result showed that the process with CH₄/CO₂ displacement had higher purity product than CO₂ displacement. The CH₄/ CO₂ mixed gas replacement enhanced vacuum pressure swing adsorption cycle experiment was carried out, which can jointly enrich 14% CH₄/ N₂ and 53% CH₄/CO₂ to 98.8%, and at the same time obtain a recovery rate of 77.8%.     

Efficient CO2 adsorption and mechanism on nitrogen-doped porous carbons

In this work, nitrogen-doped porous carbons (NACs) were fabricated as an adsorbent by urea modification and KOH activation. The CO₂ adsorption mechanism for the NACs was then explored. The NACs are found to present a large specific surface area (1920.72– 3078.99 m²·g⁻¹) and high micropore percentage (61.60%–76.23%). Under a pressure of 1 bar, sample NAC-650-650 shows the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity up to 5.96 and 3.92 mmol·g⁻¹ at 0 and 25 °C, respectively. In addition, the CO₂/N₂ selectivity of NAC-650-650 is 79.93, much higher than the value of 49.77 obtained for the nonnitrogen-doped carbon AC-650-650. The CO₂ adsorption capacity of the NAC-650-650 sample maintains over 97% after ten cycles. Analysis of the results show that the CO₂ capacity of the NACs has a linear correlation (R² = 0.9633) with the cumulative pore volume for a pore size less than 1.02 nm. The presence of nitrogen and oxygen enhances the CO₂/N₂ selectivity, and pyrrole-N and hydroxy groups contribute more to the CO₂ adsorption. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectra analysis indicates that CO₂ is adsorbed onto the NACs as a gas. Furthermore, the physical adsorption mechanism is confirmed by adsorption kinetic models and the isosteric heat, and it is found to be controlled by CO₂ diffusion. The CO₂ adsorption kinetics for NACs at room temperature and in pure CO₂ is in accordance with the pseudo-first-order model and Avramís fractional-order kinetic model.     

CH4/CO2混合气置换强化含氮低品质甲烷的浓缩

针对CO₂置换吸附分离CH₄/N₂过程中CO₂再生困难的问题,采用少量产品气CH₄真空吹扫以提高CO₂的解吸效果,并以解吸得到的CH₄/CO₂混合气为置换步骤的置换气,通过置换来强化含氮低品质甲烷的浓缩过程。以自制椰壳活性炭为吸附剂,对CH₄/CO₂混合气置换强化吸附回收含氮低品质甲烷工艺过程进行了实验与模拟研究。在gPROMS软件中建立并求解固定床吸附分离模型方程,预测了CH₄、N₂ 和CO₂在自制椰壳活性炭上的竞争吸附穿透曲线,通过预测结果和实验的对比,验证了数学模型方程的准确性。对比了不同置换气强化吸附分离低品质甲烷的效果,结果表明CH₄/CO₂混合气置换强化相对于CO₂置换强化可获得更高纯度产品。进行了CH₄/CO₂混合气置换强化真空变压吸附循环实验,可以将14%的CH₄/N₂和53%的CH₄/CO₂联合富集到98.8%,同时获得77.8%的回收率。     

Inhibition effect of carbon dioxide on the oxidation of hydrogen over a platinum foil catalyst

This paper investigates the catalytic ignition of the H₂/O₂/CO₂ mixture on platinum in a stagnation flow at atmospheric pressure experimentally and numerically. We measure the ignition temperatures of the gas mixtures flowing towards resistively heated platinum with various composition ratios and various diluent gases of N₂, Ar and CO₂. Compared with N₂ or Ar, the CO₂ dilution shows higher ignition temperature by about 50 K, even at the same composition ratio. The ignition temperature increase is proportional to the dilution ratio. Through the numerical simulation, it is illustrated that higher ignition temperature is caused by the adsorption of CO₂ and following dissociation on platinum surface, which was to date considered negligible in catalytic combustion.