辽河油田稠油及老化油物性分析

对辽河油田稠油及老化油进行物性分析,为研究老化油和稠油的处理工艺技术打下基础。结果表明,按密度分类法可知,辽河油田稠油为中质原油,而老化油为重质原油。实沸点蒸馏结果表明,辽河油田稠油和老化油初馏点相当,稠油和老化油的汽油馏分（小于200℃）收率分剐为7．70％,2．70％;柴油馏分（200～350℃）收率分别为19．81％,10．45％;蜡油馏分（350-425℃）收率分别为12．27％,10．19％;渣油馏分（大于425℃）收率分别为6．82％,13．94％。稠油各馏分收率高于老化油各馏分收率,稠油总收率为46．60％（到464℃）而老化油总收率为37．28％（到500℃）。     

HPLC-GC-AED法研究柴油中硫化物组成及分布

采用HPLC-GC-AED法研究科威特常三线柴油中硫化物组成及分布。用HPLC对油样进行预分离,切割出5个馏分并回收,再采用GC-AED技术检测各组分中的硫化物,确定其结构类型及分布。结果表明,科威特常三线柴油中硫化物的类型为不同碳数取代基的苯并噻吩类和二苯并噻吩类;烷基取代苯并噻吩类中,各硫化物含量随取代基碳数增多呈递增分布,而烷基二苯并噻吩类中,取代基碳数较少的硫化物C3DBT、C2DBT、C1DBT中硫的含量较高。含硫化合物主要分布在L1～L3馏分,其中L2中硫的含量最高,占总硫的44.4%。最难以加氢脱除的含硫化合物4-MDBT主要分布在L2馏分中,而4,6-DMDBT主要分布在L3馏分中。     

催化汽油和液化气混炼芳构化反应的研究

为降低汽油烯烃含量,充分利用炼厂中过剩的液化气,采用小型固定流化床对山东催化汽油和液化气进行芳构化实验研究.利用正交实验考察了反应温度、空速、剂油比和催化剂不同配比对芳构化产物分布的影响,并详细地分析了产物组成.实验结果表明,在最优条件下,山东催化全馏分汽油与液化气的轻油收率分别为92.2%和41.5%(质量分数),轻油中芳烃体积分数为40.6%和48.6%,烯烃体积分数为12.8%和28.8%,干气+焦炭为1.8%和4.0%(质量分数);催化汽油和液化气混炼(同时进料)时,其轻油收率和轻油中芳烃的含量低于汽油单独进料,先进汽油后进液化气的芳构化效果优于汽油和液化气混炼和先进液化气后进汽油,说明液化气的加入不利于汽油芳构化.     

重质油中饱和烃组成的气相色谱分析

将炼油厂的催化油浆、重催油浆、催化重焦蜡和加氢尾油进行族组成分离，取其中的饱和烃进行气相色谱分析研究．研究结果表明；这4种油的饱和烃中大部分是正构烷烃；催化油浆、催化重焦蜡和加氢尾油中正构烷烃分布较宽，主要含C16～C34，重催油浆中正构烷烃分布较窄，主要含C17-C30；在实验操作条件下，随着正构烷烃碳原子数增加，以C24为参比的相对校正因子从0．81增至1．30．     

橘仁油的理化性质及成分分析

以市售橘仁为原料提取橘仁油．对橘仁油的理化性质和成分进行了分析，结果表明橘仁油主要由7种脂肪酸组成，其中棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸含量分别为25．1％、25．4％、38．1％；通过测定橘仁油Sn-2位脂肪酸组成，确定了橘仁油脂肪酸的分布、使用GC／MS对橘仁油的不皂化物成分进行了分析，检测出10种主要物质，其中7-烯豆甾醇含量最高，占总量的78．8％．橘仁油中总磷脂含量为2．15％．VE含量甚微．     

泡桐直接液化固体及液相产物的红外光谱分析

利用傅立叶变换红外光谱对泡桐以铁粉为催化剂在280~360℃去离子水中直接液化产物进行了分析,通过比较原料与残渣的红外基团差异,考察了反应温度对生物质泡桐直接液化进程及重油和轻油成分的影响.研究表明,以铁粉作为催化剂,反应温度对液化过程具有明显的影响,泡桐中的半纤维素和纤维素在320℃时反应完全;木质素从280℃开始降解,在考察的反应温度范围内,固体残渣中还包含有芳香环结构;最终液化产物重油的官能团受反应温度的影响不大;重油和轻油是复杂的混合物,含有烃、醛、酮、羧酸、酚和酯等各类化合物.     

不同工艺下油浆富饱和烃FCC反应对比研究

对油浆采用不同加工工艺,得到3种油品。利用FBB装置,对这3种油品采用两种加工路线。结果表明,在各自目标产物收率最大的情况下,抽余油1反应条件最苛刻,其次轻油浆,最后为抽余油2,目标产物收率分别为69．35％、73．85％和79．76％;在相同操作条件下,抽余油2裂化产品分布最好,其次是轻油浆,抽余油1最差;重油掺炼抽余油2可以较好地改善产品分布,提高目标产物收率2．47％,降低干气和焦炭收率分别为0．25％和1．61％;掺炼轻油浆对FCC产品分布影响不大;掺炼抽余油1使得产品分布变差。     

尾油循环条件下悬浮床加氢产物氮分布的研究

以克拉玛依炼油厂常压渣油为原料,在高压釜中进行悬浮床加氢反应。反应时间为1h,反应温度为440℃,催化剂质量分数为1 000μg/g,尾油循环量分别为0,15.0%,20.0%和25.0%,对反应后产物进行常减压蒸馏,切割馏分为IBP～180℃(汽油),180～360℃(柴油),360～500℃(蜡油)及大于500℃(尾油)。得到的各馏分用非水电位滴定法测定碱性氮含量,用化学发光定氮法测定总氮含量。研究表明:增大尾油循环量使进料中总氮和碱性氮增加,而增加的这部分碱性氮和总氮在反应过程中主要富集到尾油中。产物中的碱性氮和总氮主要集中在蜡油和尾油中,只有10%左右分布到汽油和柴油中,悬浮床加氢汽油和柴油中的碱性氮占馏分氮的质量分数较高,为50%～70%,蜡油、尾油中约为30%。     

油、粮、饲兼用型优良作物油莎豆成份分析研究

对油莎豆的组成成分进行了详细的分析研究。结果表明：油莎豆的地下块茎（果实）含碳水化合物达４５．４％，粗脂肪含量为２２．９％，粗蛋白含量为６．１％，可直接食用或制油。其油脂的脂肪酸组成与橄榄油、茶油相似，是良好的食用烹调油。取油后的饼粕可提取多糖或食用和饲用，因此是一种极有开发价值的粮油作物     

乙烯裂解燃料油组成及焦化行为研究

对乙烯裂解燃料油进行了基本性质和四组分分析, 并采用n - d - M 法进行了结构组成分析, 结果表明, 乙烯裂解燃料油中芳烃、 胶质和沥青质含量较高。同时, 在焦化中试装置上, 考察了常压、 5 0 0℃条件下乙烯裂解燃 料油的焦化产物分布, 以及在混合进料中掺炼比对产物分布和性质的影响。结果表明, 随着乙烯裂解燃料油掺炼比 的增加, 液体产物中汽油和蜡油馏分收率减少, 而柴油馏分和焦炭收率增加。与工业生产装置相比, 在乙烯裂解燃 料油掺炼比为2 0%时, 所得汽油馏分密度变化不大, 硫含量和实际胶质含量略有增加; 中间馏分( 2 0 0~3 5 0℃) 的初 馏点与干点变化不大, 但密度有所增大, 实际胶质含量下降; 石油焦中的挥发分和灰分含量增加, 水分和硫含量明显 下降。说明掺炼2 0%乙烯裂解燃料油, 对焦化所得产物的性质影响不大。     

超细煤粉粒度对煤质分析特性的影响

对不同粒度的超细煤粉进行了粒度粉细和煤质分析测定,研究了超细煤粉的煤质分析特性随粒度的变化规律。对超细煤粉的工业分析表明,水分含量基本不随煤粉粒度的变化而变化;随着煤粉颗粒粒度的减小,灰分含量增大,挥发分含量减小。对超细煤粉的元素分析表明,由于煤粉偏析,随着煤粉颗粒粒度的减小,C,H 和 N 含量降低,O 和 S 含量增大。     

Application of coal mine roof rating in Chinese coal mines

The coal mine roof rating(CMRR) is a measure of roof quality or structure competency for bedded roof types typically of underground coal mines. The CMRR has been used widely in the US, South Africa,Canada and Australia. In order to investigate the application of the CMRR system in Chinese coal mines,two coal mines in China located in Panjiang Coal Field in Guizhou Province were investigated. Field data were collected which is required to calculate the CMRR value based on underground exposure. The CMRR values of 11 locations in two coal mines were calculated. The investigations demonstrated that the chance of mine roof failure is very low if the CMRR value is more than 50, given adequate support is installed in mine. It was found that the CMRR guideline are useful to preliminarily investigate stability in Panjiang Coal Field mines.     

Rockburst mechanism in soft coal seam within deep coal mines

A number of rockburst accidents occurring in soft coal seams have shown that the rockburst mechanism involved in soft coal seams is significantly different from that involved in hard coal seams. Therefore, the method used to evaluate rockburst in hard coal seams is not applicable to soft coal seams. This paper established an energy integral model for the rockburst-inducing area and a friction work calculation model for the plastic area. If the remaining energy after the coal seam is broken in the rockburstinducing area is greater than the friction work required for the coal to burst out, then a rockburst accident will occur. Mechanisms of ‘‘quaking without bursting" and ‘‘quaking and bursting" are clarified for soft coal seams and corresponding control measures are proposed as the optimization of roadway layouts and use of ‘‘three strong systems"(strong de-stressing, strong supporting, and strong monitoring).     

Developing coal burst propensity index method for Australian coal mines

Coal burst is the violent failure of overstressed coal, and it is often accompanied by sound, coal ejection and seismic events. It is subsequently recognized as a serious safety risk of Australia after double fatalities coal burst happened at Austar Coal Mine. Considering the increasing trend of coal burst severity and frequency with mining depth, it is an urgent task to develop the coal burst risk assessment methods for Australia underground coal mines. Coal burst propensity index method is a widely used method of burst risk evaluation of coal as it is summed up from the coal burst research and practice of many countries.This paper presents the experimental and theoretical research of coal burst propensity index method for coal burst risk assessment in Australia. The definition of four indexes including elastic strain energy index(W_(ET)), bursting energy index(K_E), dynamic failure time(DT) and uniaxial compression strength(RC)is introduced in the first part. Then, the standard laboratory test process and test parameter of coal burst propensity index is presented. DT test is conducted with 0.3 mm/min displacement control loading rate while other test is with 0.5 mm/min. Besides, modified data processing and risk classification method of test are proposed. Differentiate analysis of stress-strain curve is adopted in the data processing of DT and KEindex. A four level risk classification form of burst risk is recommended for Australian underground coal mines. Finally, two likely improvement methods of W_(ET) test, including volumetric strain indicator method and theoretical calculation method, are discussed.     

改善平沟煤矿16~#煤层润湿性的研究

煤层注水现已成为矿井预防重大事故的综合性安全技术措施.煤层注水是以解决采煤工作面煤尘问题而发展起来的,后来又逐渐应用于预防冲击地压,提高瓦斯抽放效等方面.煤体注水的好处很多,但是不同煤质会对注水造成不同的影响.针对平沟16#煤润湿性差的现象进行了研究,并提出了添加尼诺尔、十二烷基苯磺酸钠和2种表面活性剂改善其煤体的润湿性,以提高煤体注水的效果.     

灵武煤制水煤浆中试实验研究

本实验探讨了在大剂量条件下,添加剂加入量、种类、球料比、研磨时间、配置浓度对灵武煤制水煤浆成浆性的影响.结果表明,理想的制浆工艺条件是添加剂干基添加量0.3%,球料比8∶1～10∶1,研磨时间30 min,研磨转速22 r/min,配浆浓度69%.     

不同煤体结构煤的f值分布特征

以淮南煤田C13-1煤层不同煤体结构类型煤的118个坚固性系数(f值)测定资料为基础,分析了不同煤体结构煤的f值分布特征和统计规律,说明了煤体破坏与f值的相互关系,并提出将f值作为硬煤和构造软煤的分类指标.     

Review of coal and gas outburst in Australian underground coal mines

Outburst of coal and gas represents a significant risk to the health and safety of mine personnel working in development and longwall production face areas. There have been over 878 outburst events recorded in twenty-two Australian underground coal mines. Most outburst incidents have been associated with abnormal geological conditions.Details of Australian outburst incidents and mining experience in conditions where gas content was above current threshold levels are presented and discussed. Mining experience suggests that for gas content below 9.0 m³/t, mining in carbon dioxide (CO₂) rich seam gas conditions does not pose a greater risk of outburst than mining in CH₄ rich seam gas conditions. Mining experience also suggests that where no abnormal geological structures are present that mining in areas with gas content greater than the current accepted threshold levels can be undertaken with no discernible increase in outburst risk. The current approach to determining gas content threshold limits in Australian mines has been effective in preventing injury from outburst, however operational experience suggests the current method is overly conservative and in some cases the threshold limits are low to the point that they provide no significant reduction in outburst risk. Other factors that affect outburst risk, such as gas pressure, coal toughness and stress and geological structures are presently not incorporated into outburst threshold limits adopted in Australian mines. These factors and the development of an outburst risk index applicable to Australian underground coal mining conditions are the subject of ongoing research.     

采空区剩余变形对运煤隧道稳定性数值模拟

运煤隧道经过采空区受到剩余变形而产生附加应力的影响,而附加应力的大小又与剩余变形的量值有关.通过理论分析与计算,得出了采空区产生的剩余变形量,并把剩余变形量按边界条件加载到三维数值模型上,按照隧道稳定验算的弹性梁理论,计算隧道的稳定性;得出了在剩余变形作用下,运煤隧道经过采空区稳定的结论.