GEOCHEMISTRY OF LITHUANIAN OILS AND SOURCE ROCKS: A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT

A series of oils and potential petroleum source-rock samples has been analysed from exploration wells on-and offshore Lithuania. Despite the limited amount of data, the results indicate the possible existence of partly-exhausted source rocks within the Cambrian succession. Furthermore, possible source rocks are present within the Ordovician succession, and excellent source rocks occur within the Silurian in several wells. The source rocks are all present within a few hundred metres of stratigraphic succession, and the thermal maturity roughly follows the actual depth of burial, despite the fact that most of the subsidence and maturation took place in the latest Palaeozoic. The most important reservoir rocks are Middle Cambrian sandstones, but petroleum accumulations also occur in Ordovician limestones and Silurian reefal carbonates. Petroleum accumulations in Lithuania probably result from the pooling of oil derived from several sources, with the Lower Silurian (Llandoverian) shales being the most important single contributor.     

OIL CHARGE HISTORY OF BITUMENS OF DIFFERING MATURITIES IN EXHUMED PALAEOZOIC RESERVOIR ROCKS AT TIANJINGSHAN,NW SICHUAN BASIN,SOUTHERN CHINA

Low‐maturity soft bitumen (or biodegraded heavy oil) and higher maturity solid bitumen are present in Palaeozoic siliciclastics at Tianjingshan in the NW Sichuan Basin, southern China. The origin of these bitumens of variable maturities was investigated. Samples of low‐maturity bitumen from Lower Devonian sandstones and high‐ and low‐maturity bitumen from Upper Cambrian siltstones were analysed to investigate their organic geochemistry and stable isotope compositions. Lower Cambrian and Upper Permian black shales were also investigated to assess their source rock potential, and the burial and maturation history of potential source rocks was modelled using PetroMod. Liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fluid inclusions in the Devonian sandstones were analysed. Results suggest that both the soft and solid bitumens are derived from crude oil generated by Lower Cambrian organic‐rich black shales. Reservoir rocks at Tianjingshan have experienced two separate oil charge events – in the early‐middle Triassic and early‐middle Jurassic, respectively. The first oil charge was generated by Lower Cambrian black shales in a kitchen area located in the hanging wall of the Tianjingshan fault. The later oil charge was also derived from Lower Cambrian black shales, but the kitchen area was located in the footwall of the fault. Movement on the Tianjingshan fault resulted in progressive burial of the Lower Devonian sandstone reservoir rocks until the end of the middle Triassic, and the “early” charged oil was thermally degraded into high‐maturity solid bitumen. The later‐charged oil was altered into soft bitumen of lower maturiy by biodegradation during uplift of the reservoir after the Jurassic.     

川东北地区埋藏史及热史分析——以普光2井为例

基于前人研究资料,运用热成熟度指数法(TTI),以普光2井为例,恢复了川东北地区地热史和地层埋藏史,探讨了研究区烃源岩的热演化和生排烃过程。研究认为:各烃源层的成熟度演化主要定型于白垩纪末期,下寒武统烃源岩生烃期局限在晚二叠世—晚三叠世;上奥陶统至下志留统烃源岩的快速生烃期为中三叠世—晚三叠世和中侏罗世;二叠系烃源岩的快速生烃期为晚三叠世和中侏罗世。另外,各烃源岩都经历了至少2次生烃高峰期,包括成熟期的生油(液态烃)高峰期及高成熟期的尚未排除的残留液态烃进一步裂解生气高峰期。      

塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷下古生界烃源岩的再认识

综合考虑下古生界烃源岩的纵向分布特征,认为塔里木盆地满加尔凹陷下古生界烃源岩主要发育中、下寒武统,中、下奥陶统和上奥陶统3套烃源岩.中、下奥陶统黑土凹组烃源岩与中、下寒武统烃源岩的沉积相特征和发育特征相似,有机质丰度高、类型好;上奥陶统烃源岩分布局限、类型差.3套烃源岩具有不同的热演化特征.以满加尔凹陷中西部地区为例,中、下寒武统烃源岩在加里东晚期-海西早期进入生油高峰阶段,中、下奥陶统烃源岩在海西晚期进入生油高峰阶段,上奥陶统烃源岩则在燕山晚期-喜马拉雅期进入生油高峰阶段.满加尔凹陷古生界烃源岩的三分法能更准确地反映下古生界烃源岩的实际分布情况,同时构筑了解决油气来源、油气成藏观点冲突的框架,能更准确认识不同地区海相原油的混源特征.     

MODELLING HYDROCARBON GENERATION IN THE PALAEOZOIC AND MESOZOIC SUCCESSIONS IN SE POLAND AND WEST UKRAINE

The Lower Palaeozoic succession in SE Poland and West Ukraine has source rock potential, particularly the Ordovician and Silurian which contain oil‐prone Type II kerogen. The thermal maturity of these units ranges from early to late‐phase oil window (locally up to gas window). Within the Mesozoic succession, source rock potential is highest in the Middle Jurassic which has TOC of up to 26 wt% and a genetic potential of up to 39 mg/g of rock, with organic matter dominated by gas‐prone Type III kerogen. In SE Poland, the organic matter in this unit is generally immature, whereas maturities in West Ukraine are sufficient for hydrocarbon generation to occur. Modelling of hydrocarbon generation suggested that petroleum in Lower Palaeozoic source rocks began to be generated in the Early Carboniferous. Peak generation took place from the late Visean to the early Namurian, and terminated either as a result of source rock depletion or Variscian inversion. Expelled hydrocarbons migrated during post‐Carboniferous and Mesozoic uplift. Middle Jurassic source rocks in SE Poland have only reached the early oil window. Higher thermal maturities in the Ukraine resulted in hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. This took place after Miocene burial and maturation. A number of small hydrocarbon accumulations occur in Mesozoic reservoirs in SE Poland / West Ukraine, and hydrocarbons have migrated from Cambrian and Ordovician source rocks. However, the prospectivity of the study area is reduced as a result of phases of uplift and intense erosion which allowed hydrocarbons to escape from structural traps.     

吐鲁番坳陷含油气系统

吐哈盆地已发现的油气藏几乎都分布在吐鲁番坳陷。该坳陷有两套主要烃源岩,有３ 种类型原油和３种类型天然气。油气源对比证实,台北型原油和煤型气来自中、下侏罗统煤系烃源岩,伊拉湖型原油和油型气来自二叠系和三叠系的湖相泥岩,火焰山型原油和过渡型气为混合来源,分布于两套烃源岩叠置区域。据此,吐鲁番坳陷存在两个含油气系统：Ｊ１ ＋ ２ － Ｊ２（ ！） 和Ｔ＋ Ｐ（ ！） 。Ｊ１ ＋ ２ －Ｊ２（ ！） 含油气系统是主要含油气系统,有效烃源岩为中、下侏罗统水西沟群以流水沼泽相为主的煤系泥岩和煤岩,主要分布在北部凹陷带,其上覆岩层厚逾３０００ｍ ;主要储集层为中侏罗统扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲砂体,三间房组、西山窑组和七克台组发育５ 套含油气层系。该含油气系统的区域性盖层为中侏罗统七克台组和上侏罗统齐古组泥岩（ 厚７００ ～１０００ｍ） ;煤系烃源岩有两个大规模生、排烃期（ 前期为晚侏罗世末期,后期为第三纪末期） ,以连接烃源层和储集层的断裂为运移通道;第一个关键时刻是晚侏罗世末期（ 中燕山运动期） ,已具一定规模的古构造捕获前期生成、运移的油气成藏,第二个关键时刻是第三纪末期（ 喜山运动期）,古构造加强并定型,继续捕获后期生成、运移的油气,新形成的     

鄂尔多斯盆地及其邻区关键构造变革期次及其特征

鄂尔多斯盆地为典型的克拉通内盆地,油、气、煤、盐、铀等矿产资源丰富。研究构造运动的期次、序列与性质将为揭示克拉通盆地的成因与演化过程奠定基础,同时也将为探讨多种能源、矿产资源赋存的内在机制提供依据。基于近年来的高精度区域反射地震剖面和深井资料,结合周缘地质露头分析,通过厘定鄂尔多斯盆地的关键构造变革时期,建立了盆地演化的时-空框架。研究表明,鄂尔多斯盆地由下至上发育10个区域不整合面,分别为长城系、蓟县系、震旦系、寒武系、奥陶系、石炭系、三叠系、侏罗系、白垩系和第四系底界不整合面;盆地发育中元古界、寒武系-奥陶系、上石炭统-三叠系、侏罗系、下白垩统和新生界6个构造-地层层序。鄂尔多斯盆地的形成与演化受控于周缘板块构造作用,经历了中元古代早-中期大陆裂解、寒武纪-中奥陶世被动大陆边缘、晚奥陶世主动大陆边缘形成与碰撞造山、晚石炭世-二叠纪末期周缘裂解、中生代早期大型陆内坳陷、中生代中-晚期陆内前陆盆地和新生代周缘断陷等演化过程。鄂尔多斯盆地岩石圈深部的构造作用相对活跃,盆地内部发育中奥陶世、中-晚三叠世、早白垩世与晚中新世4期中酸性、中基性火山活动,其中,早白垩世晚期的火山活动强烈。结合周缘板块构造事件、盆内岩浆活动和盆地沉降-隆升过程分析,鄂尔多斯盆地经历了新元古代、晚奥陶世、中-晚三叠世、晚侏罗世-早白垩世、新生代5个关键构造变革期,这些构造变革期控制了盆地的构造演化和地质结构,对鄂尔多斯盆地的油气分布产生了深远影响。     

塔北地区含油气系统

依据塔北地区烃源岩及勘探状况,可划分出寒武+奥陶系、三叠+侏罗系及石炭+二叠系 3套源岩含油气系统,其中,前两套为已知含油气系统,后者为推测含油气系统。现存的寒武+奥陶系含油系统并非其原貌,而是由于构造作用改造后保存下来的残余系统,该系统为塔北地区最重要的含油领域,早期(C-P)亚系统可能是一个统一的含油气系统,以满加尔坳陷为生烃中心,油气以侧运移为主;晚期(C-K)亚系统具有多个生烃中心,油气以垂向运移为主,形成各自独立的分系统。三叠+侏罗系源岩含油气系统为主要的产气领域,生烃中心在库车坳陷,以不整合面和断裂为主要运移通道,进行侧向和垂向运移。该系统中,晚白垩世-早第三纪形成的潮坪膏盐、膏泥岩为区域盖层,对油气的保存起着重要作用。因此,对寒武+奥陶系源岩含油气系统而言,早期亚系统内保存条件为关键因素,阿克库勒凸起有石炭系覆盖的奥陶系分布区为有利勘探区;晚期亚系统规模较小,各自分散,但可成群分布,且埋藏较浅,易于发现。三叠+侏罗系源岩含油气系统具有生烃晚、改造弱、保存好、聚气效率高的特点,是天然气勘探的重要领域。     

ORDOVICIAN—PERMIAN PALAEOGEOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL EURASIA: DEVELOPMENT OF PALAEOZOIC PETROLEUM-BEARING BASINS

In this paper, we discuss three petroleum-bearing basins of Palaeozoic age in Central Eurasia—the Precaspian, Tarim and Chu-Sarysu Basins. We make use of recently-published palaeogeographic maps of the Central Eurasian region, six of which are presented here (Late Ordovician, Early-Middle Devonian, Late Devonian, Early Carboniferous, Early Permian and Late Permian). The maps illustrate the development through the Palaeozoic of the Palaeoasian and Palaeotethys Oceans; of the East European, Siberian and Tarim cratons; and of the Kazakhstan and other microcontinental blocks.
The Kazakhstan block formed during the Late Ordovician and is a collage of Precambrian and Early Palaeozoic microcontinents and island arcs. It is surrounded by collisional foldbelts (Ob-Zaisan, Ural-Tianshan and Junggar-Balkhash) which formed in the Late Carboniferous — Permian. We believe that the formation of a stable Kazakhstan block is not consistent with the existence of the previously-identified "Kipchak arc" within the Palaeoasian ocean, or (as has previously been proposed) with activity on this arc up to the end of the Palaeozoic.
The oil and gas potential of the Precaspian, Tarim and Chu-Sarysu Basins depends to a large extent on their tectonic stability during the Palaeozoic and subsequent time. The Precaspian Basin has been stable since the Cadomian orogeny (Early Cambrian) and is known to have major hydrocarbon potential. The Tarim Basin (NW China) has somewhat lower potential because the margins of the Tarim continental block have been affected by a series of collisional events; that margin with the Palaeotethys Ocean, for example, was active during the Late Palaeozoic. The Chu-Sarysu Basin on the Kazakhstan block is the least stable of the three and contains only minor gas accumulations.     

MESOZOIC SOURCE ROCKS AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE SEYCHELLES OFFSHORE

Three wells in the Seychelles offshore indicate the existence of four potential source-rock intervals within the Mesozoic succession. Two of these originated during the rift phase that eventually cleaved Gondwana into Eastern and Western blocks — namely, Middle Triassic lacustrine mudstones, and Early/Middle Jurassic deltaic-lagoonal mudstones. The other two source-rock intervals were deposited on passive marine shelves during continental drift phases — namely, Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous mudstones and siltstones during the East-West Gondwana drift, and Maastrichtian to Paleocene mudstones during the later Seychelles-India drift.
These source rocks are dominated by terrestrial organic matter. Although TOCs are generally good (greater than 1.0%) and range to excellent (7.82%), potential hydrocarbon yields are generally only poor to fair (less than 6 kg HC/tonne of rock). One good potential yield of 10 kg/tonne has been measured. Maturity data (R₀ and T_max) indicate that, in the wells, the youngest source rock is immature, while the oldest lies in the gas "window". The Jurassic/Cretaceous source rocks, on the other hand, lie within the oil "window".
Analyses of numerous beach-stranded tarballs that are believed to be of indigenous origin reveal, in addition to a source dominated by terrestrial organic matter, the presence of a source rock dominated by marine algal organic matter. Such a source rock may have developed during a Middle Jurassic phase of shallow-marine carbonate deposition, which shows some affinity to source-rock quality, and is characterized by an oolitic marker limestone in each well. This oolitic limestone is also a component fades of the carbonate succession that contains the prolific oil-prone source-rock fades of the Middle East.     

下扬子区中—新生代变格构造运动

下扬子区在中、晚三叠世—早、中侏罗世,晚侏罗世—早白垩世和晚白垩世―第三纪时期,发生了以特提斯洋与太平洋板块联合作用所导致的3期变格构造运动。一方面极大地使下扬子区古生代盆地发生了基底拆离式递进变形改造;另一方面又在下扬子区形成了上三叠统―中、下侏罗统的前渊盆地,以及由大型断裂带的平移走滑构造所形成的上侏罗统—下白垩统火山碎屑岩拉分盆地,呈“多米诺式”排列的上白垩统—第三系半地堑盆地则是岩石圈伸展拆离构造所形成的拉张盆地。3期变格运动促使了油气的形成与再分配聚集。      

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PETROLEUM POTENTIAL OF NIGER

The Republic of Niger can be divided into two sedimentary and tectonic provinces: a Palaeozoic platform-type province in the north and west, and a series of Mesozoic grabens in the east.
Thick Palaeozoic successions are present in the NW (in the Tamesna-Talak area of the Iullemeden Basin), and the NE (in the Djado Basin). The petroleum potential of these areas is not yet proven. By analogy with the Algerian Illizi Basin and the Libyan Murzuk Basin, Silurian source rocks together with Ordovician, Devonian and Carboniferous sandstone reservoir units may occur here.
In East Niger, a complex rift system, whose sedimentary fill ranges in age from Late Jurassic to Early Tertiary, has proven petroleum potential. Reservoir rocks are mainly Cretaceous to Eocene sandstones, sourced by Cretaceous marine shales and Oligocene lacustrine shales.
This paper reviews the petroleum geology of Niger, and assesses potential exploration targets. Commercial developments can shortly be expected following the construction of an export pipeline from Chad to Cameroon, and the resumption of drilling activity in the Agadem and Djado Basins.     

河套弧形构造体系及其形成和演化机制

在内蒙古中西部,黄河河套地区,分布着一系列围绕鄂尔多斯地块西北角弯转的弧形构造带。它们不仅形态相似,自成一体,而且有相同的成因联系,所以总称之为河套弧形构造体系,其展布范围和地质背景。     

库车坳陷南缘地层超覆圈闭特征及含油气前景

侏罗系和下白垩统下段在库车坳陷南缘由北向南尖灭,形成一系列地层超覆圈闭。侏罗系圈闭以侏罗系下段滨浅湖砂体为储层,中上段滨浅湖沼泽相泥质岩为盖层。下白垩统下段滨浅湖砂体为储层,中上段浅-半深湖泥质岩为盖层,具有良好的储盖组合。圈闭底板为前震旦系和震旦-下奥陶统,其底板的封堵性直接影响圈闭的有效性。研究认为3种情况下底板可以形成较好的封堵:(1)底板为前震旦系;(2)底板为震旦-奥陶系碳酸盐岩,当圈闭前端底板岩溶不发育,可成为有效封堵面,形成有效圈闭;(3)底板为震旦-奥陶系岩溶发育的碳酸盐岩,但地层圈闭储层与底板岩溶储集体连为一体,圈闭前端震旦-奥陶系与前震旦系呈断层接触,上覆下白垩统中上段盖层,构成复合圈闭。库车坳陷具有丰富的油气资源,南缘地处坳陷内三叠系-侏罗系烃源岩油气运移指向区,油源、运移聚集和圈闭条件都比较优越。因此库车坳陷南缘地层超覆圈闭具有良好的含油气前景。      

塔里木盆地西南坳陷烃源岩评价

根据烃源岩有机质丰度并结合地质分析方法,提出了油源丰度指数的概念并以此对塔里木盆地西南坳陷的烃源岩进行了评价.认为中新统、上白垩统—下第三系为较差—非烃源岩,中、下侏罗统暗色泥岩、石炭系—下二叠统和寒武—奥陶系暗色碳酸盐岩为较好—好的烃源岩,古生界的泥质岩基本为非烃源岩.     

塔北草湖凹陷的油气勘探方向

草湖凹陷属塔北下古生界满加尔坳陷北延部分,主力生油岩为腐泥型的寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩。寒武系主生油期为加里东中期-海西晚期,奥陶系为海西期-燕山期。这两套生油岩曾生成并排出过大量油气,主运移期分别为晚古代晚期-早侏罗世和早中新世-第四纪,主要沿寒武-奥陶系由南向西、北、东侧向运移。凹陷北部及东部晚海西期强烈抬升,剥蚀作用长达40 Ma,不仅将二叠系剥蚀殆尽,而且已生成的油气沿断裂全部逸散,这是近年来十余口钻井全部落空的原因,但是在草湖凹陷与阿克库勒凸起之间的斜坡上的石炭系和三叠系圈闭形成早,后期破坏小,油气逸散少,成藏条件好,应是下一步勘探布井的有利场所。     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND FUTURE HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE IRISH SEA

The East Irish Sea Basin is hydrocarbon prolific with ten gasfields, two oilfields and another eight gas or oil discoveries. Production is from a widespread Triassic fluvioaeolian reservoir (the Ormskirk Sandstone) which is sealed by salt-prone mudstones. Three episodes of hydrocarbon generation occurred from a rich, Namurian-age source rock during deep burial in the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian, in the Early Jurassic and in the Late Cretaceous. All of the discoveries are in structural traps which are controlled to some degree by N-S trending normal faults probably active in the Late Jurassic. Consequently, the third (Cretaceous) phase of hydrocarbon generation is the most important. Another phase of uplift and erosion occurred in the Early Tertiary leading to the almost complete removal of Cretaceous and Jurassic strata. This event led to significant primary and tertiary migration as a result of overpressuring in the source rock and gas expansion within the reservoir. Although similar good quality Triassic reservoir occurs in other basins in the Irish Sea, rift-related uplift and erosion in the Middle Permian caused the widespread removal of potential Carboniferous source rocks in these areas, severely limiting the chance of hydrocarbon charge.     

STRATIGRAPHY AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF THE CROATIAN PART OF THE ADRIATIC BASIN

Coastal parts of Croatia are dominated by the SW‐verging Dinaric foldbelt, to the west and SW of which is the Adriatic Basin (the stable foreland). In both areas, the stratigraphic column is dominated by a thick carbonate succession ranging from Carboniferous to Miocene. Four megasequences have been identified: (i) a pre‐platform succession ranging in age from Late Carboniferous (Middle Pennsylvanian: Moscovian) to Early Jurassic (Early Toarcian; Bru?ane and Ba?ke Ostarije Formations); (ii) an Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous platform megasequence (Mali Alan Formation); (iii) a Paleogene to Neogene post‐platform megasequence (Ra?a Formation); and (iv) a Neogene to Quaternary (Pliocene to Holocene) megasequence (Istra and Ivana Formations). A number of organic‐rich intervals with source rock potential have been identified on‐ and offshore Croatia: Middle and Upper Carboniferous, Upper Permian, Lower and Middle Triassic, Lower and Upper Jurassic, Lower and Upper Cretaceous, Eocene, and Pliocene – Pleistocene. Traps and potential plays have been identified from seismic data in the Dinaric belt and adjacent foreland. Evaporites of Permian, Triassic and Neogene (Messinian) ages form potential regional seals, and carbonates with secondary porosity form potential reservoirs. Oil and gas shows in wells in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Basin have been recorded but no oil accumulations of commercial value have yet been discovered. In the northern Adriatic offshore Croatia, Pliocene hemi‐pelagic marlstones and shales include source rocks which produce commercial volumes of biogenic gas. The gas is reservoired in unconsolidated sands of the Pleistocene Ivana Formation.     

塔里木盆地塔中地区奥陶系油气成藏主控因素及勘探选区

通过对塔中地区钻遇奥陶系的60余口探井油气成藏及失利原因的综合分析,提出该区奥陶系油气成藏的主控因素为:①中、上奥陶统(相当于黑土凹组—萨尔干组的层位)主力烃源岩控制了塔中地区的油气分布,其主要分布于塔中凸起北部斜坡区;②4套碳酸盐岩储层(志留纪—泥盆纪古潜山岩溶储层、中奥陶世晚期—晚奥陶世早期古潜山岩溶储层、上奥陶统良里塔格组棚缘礁滩体埋藏溶蚀储层及下奥陶统内幕白云岩储层)的分布及其非均质性对成岩—岩性圈闭油气藏的形成起到了至关重要的作用;③二叠纪—早三叠世是塔中地区现今工业性油藏的主要成藏期;④圈闭及其封盖—保存条件决定了油气藏的规模。针对塔中地区奥陶系油气勘探选区及勘探步骤,提出具体的勘探工作可分3个层次进行:①近期主攻塔中I号断裂带南侧良里塔格组棚缘礁滩体成岩圈闭特大型岩性油气藏,兼探中央断垒带东段(塔中401—塔中9井区)下奥陶统古潜山岩溶储层油气藏;②对塔中10号构造带及其与中央断垒带之间的中奥陶世晚期—晚奥陶世早期形成的下奥陶统鹰山组中上部古潜山岩溶储层油气藏及塔中1—塔中7—塔中48井区下奥陶统古潜山岩溶储层油气藏进行勘探;③在存在沟通油源断裂的前提下,对满加尔凹陷区上奥陶统浊积砂岩—陆棚—三角洲—滨岸潮坪砂岩的构造及岩性圈闭油气藏进行勘探。     

黄骅坳陷孔西潜山下古生界原生油

华北地区经历过晚奥陶世至泥盆纪长达１３０Ｍａ的沉积间断，分布于该地区的稳定而厚度很大的大下古生界碳酸盐岩能否二次生烃，形成下古是自生自储的原生油气藏，是有关华北地区下古生界油气勘探前景的重大问题。