燃料稀释对富氧空气_甲烷扩散火焰中氮氧化物生成的影响

本研究的目的是揭示富氧燃烧过程中的氮氧化物生成机理,针对富氧火焰特性探讨NOx抑制机制机理。文中以对向流扩散火焰为对象,利用详细的基元反应动力学模型研究了燃料稀释对富氧空气／甲烷扩散火焰中氮氧化物生成的影响,稀释剂为N2或CO2。结果表明,随着燃料中稀释组分浓度的变化,火焰结构和NO生成的决定机理显著变化;同时发现,随稀释剂CO2浓度增大,NO的排放指数EINO(Emission Index of NO)单调减少,随稀释刺N2稀释时EINO存在最大值。     

CO2稀释对甲烷-高温空气扩散燃烧及NO生成特性影响的化学动力学分析

基于GRI-Mech 3.0详细化学反应机理,利用OPPDIF Code研究了CO2稀释比、预热温度及拉伸率对甲烷-高温空气层流对冲扩散火焰温度、热释放率、组分摩尔分数及NO生成特性的影响.研究结果表明,CO2稀释助燃空气能有效降低火焰中H、O及OH等基团摩尔分数,抑制燃烧过程链传播及链引发反应,从而减缓CH4氧化速率.随着助燃空气中CO2稀释比的增加,火焰最高温度逐渐降低,主氧化区及第二氧化区放热峰值变小,燃烧反应高温区变窄,NO生成指数E显著降低.当稀释比大于20%时,热力型NO随助燃空气温度升高规律并不明显.随着CO2稀释比的增加,快速型NO对NO生成量影响逐渐增强,成为高CO2稀释比下甲烷-高温空气扩散燃烧NO生成的主要路径.     

热辐射对富氧扩散燃烧火焰结构和氮氧化物生成的影响

揭示了富氧燃烧过程中的火焰结构和氮氧化物生成机理,针对富氧火焰特性探讨NOx的抑制机理。本文以对向流扩散火焰为对象,利用基于详细的基元反应动力学模型的燃烧数值解析方法研究了热辐射对富氧空气(氧浓度为60％)／甲烷扩散火焰中火焰结构和氮氧化物生成的影响。结果表明,在速度梯度较大时,辐射对燃烧特性的影响可以忽视,当速度梯度K减小到约20s^-1以下,辐射的影响逐渐明显,需要考虑辐射项;同时发现随着速度梯度的减少,总的NO质量生成速率随着速度梯度的下降逐渐增大,在K≈33．3s^-1时达到峰值后又开始下降,直至熄火。     

CO2和N2稀释对CO混合燃料扩散火焰NO生成排放特性的影响

以CO为主燃料的混合燃料为研究对象,以层流对冲扩散火焰为基础,应用CHENKlN软件的OPPDIF模型,采用包含53种组分、325个基元反应的甲烷燃烧详细反应机理(GRI-Mech 3.0),研究以CO为主燃料混合燃料燃烧特性和NO抑制措施.结果表明:CO2和N2无论是稀释空气侧还是燃料侧都可以显著降低NO的生成,稀释...     

CO_2稀释对合成气扩散火焰中氮氧化物生成排放特性的影响

为揭示合成气燃烧过程中氮氧化物的生成机理和抑制措施,利用详细化学反应机理动力学模型研究了CO2稀释对合成气对冲扩散火焰中氮氧化物生成的影响,结果表明:随着合成气成分的变化及稀释剂CO2的添加,扩散火焰结构及不同NO生成机理对总NOx排放的贡献发生显著变化;低火焰拉伸率下主要表现为热力型NO,但在高火焰拉伸率下,因CH4存在,使总NO生成高于不含CH4的合成气;随CO2稀释剂的添加,NOx的排放指数EI<,NOx>呈单调下降趋势,并且稀释空气的效果优于稀释燃料的效果.     

氧质量分数对高温空气下火焰氮氧化物生成影响

揭示高温空气燃烧过程中的火焰结构和氮氧化物生成机理.以对向流扩散火焰为对象,利用基于详细基元反应动力学模型的燃烧数值解析方法研究了氧质量分数对高温空气(温度为1 300 K)/甲烷扩散火焰火焰结构和氮氧化物生成的影响.结果表明,随着氧质量分数的逐渐减小,火焰结构和NO的生成机理发生显著变化,扩散火焰的NO生成主要由热力...     

增压富氧鼓泡床的NO生成特性

搭建小型增压富氧燃烧鼓泡床试验台,以试验结果为基础结合偏最小二乘法对增压富氧燃煤NO生成特性进行了研究和分析.试验结果表明,压力对NO排放规律的影响与反应气氛中的氧体积分数有关.在增压空气燃烧时,随着系统总压的升高,燃烧过程中NO的生成量有明显降低,但在增压富氧燃烧时,系统总压升高后,燃煤NO生成量反而逐渐增加.分析显示,在加压燃烧过程中,挥发分燃烧速率增加对煤粉热解的促进作用与CO和焦炭对NO的还原作用共同决定了燃煤NO的生成特性.在低氧气体积分数时,系统总压升高后CO和焦炭对NO的还原作用强于燃料氮的氧化作用,导致燃料氮的NO转化率逐渐下降,但是在高氧体积分数时,系统总压升高后,快速燃烧的挥发分使得挥发分氮的释放和转化强于CO和焦炭的还原作用,导致燃料氮的NO转化率逐渐增加.     

ODPP/OESC旋流火焰的试验与模拟研究

利用三维旋流燃烧系统,对稀氧部分预混/富氧补燃(ODPP/OESC)火焰结构和污染物生成特性进行了试验研究,降低稀氧体积分数、提高富氧体积分数,动力火焰呈现轴向拉伸趋势,而扩散火焰长度则逐渐缩短;同时,动力燃烧区和扩散燃烧区温度逐渐降低,NO_x排放量显著下降,CO排放量则有所提高。相同工况下数值模拟结果显示,ODPP/OESC改变了动力燃烧区的NO_x生成机理,是NO_x排放量降低的根本原因。ODPP/OESC基于燃料/氧化剂空间体积分数分布的物理过程控制,有效均衡了动力燃烧区与扩散燃烧区的反应速率,可实现CO与NO_x排放的平衡控制。     

稀释甲烷/氧气扩散过滤燃烧特性的实验研究

为了研究甲烷质量分数变化对扩散过滤燃烧特性的影响,通过实验对稀释甲烷/氧气在填充床中扩散过滤燃烧的火焰特性以及污染物CO的质量浓度进行研究。结果表明:当甲烷质量分数从0.138增加到0.288,小球填充高度从40 mm增加到200 mm时,同时存在浸没燃烧和表面燃烧;随着甲烷质量分数的增加,表面火焰的高度升高,CO的质量浓度降低,最低时约为12 mg/m~3;随着填充床高度的增加,表面火焰的高度降低,CO的质量浓度增加,最大时约为420 mg/m~3。     

N2和CO2稀释对氢气-空气湍流扩散燃烧及NO生成特性的影响

采用18组分47步H2-N2-CO2反应机理模型、可实现k-ε模型及涡流耗散概念(EDC)模型研究了N2和CO2稀释作用对氢气-空气同轴射流湍流扩散燃烧过程的影响.结果 表明:2种稀释剂均能有效降低氢气燃烧温度,降低NO质量分数,且NO峰值质量分数随着火焰峰值温度的升高而上升;与稀释剂N2相比,CO2对降低氢气燃烧温度和NO质量分数的效果较好;2种稀释剂对火焰峰值温度及NO峰值质量分数的影响是非线性的,随着稀释率的增大,稀释剂降低火焰峰值温度的效果明显增强,而抑制NO生成的效果逐渐减弱;当稀释剂为N2、稀释率为0.5或稀释剂为CO2、稀释率为0.3时,能使火焰峰值温度处于中等水平情况下NO峰值质量分数依然较低,有利于实现氢气的高效低污染燃烧.     

不同空气稀释剂对合成气扩散火焰NO_x生成特性的影响

针对合成气燃烧中NOx的生成机理,以结构简单的对冲火焰作为研究对象,利用化学反应动力学模型研究了不同稀释剂对火焰特性、自由基浓度及NOx生成的影响.结果表明:3种稀释剂降低NO排放效果的顺序为:CO2＞H2O＞N2,少量的CO2或H2O稀释空气时能有效地降低NOx排放;稀释剂量的增加对合成气中是否存在CH4时的影响趋势基本一致;合成气中CH4的存在降低了火焰温度和热力型NO生成,促进了快速型NO的生成;火焰拉伸率的提高使火焰温度和NO的生成降低.说明采用CO2和H2O稀释空气能有效抑制NOx的生成.     

A numerical study on the effect of hydrogen/reformate gas addition on flame temperature and NO formation in strained methane/air diffusion flames

This paper investigates the effects of hydrogen/reformate gas addition on flame temperature and NO formation in strained methane/air diffusion flames by numerical simulation. The results reveal that flame temperature changes due to the combined effects of adiabatic temperature, fuel Lewis number and radiation heat loss, when hydrogen/reformate gas is added to the fuel of a methane/air diffusion flame. The effect of Lewis number causes the flame temperature to increase much faster than the corresponding adiabatic equilibrium temperature when hydrogen is added, and results in a qualitatively different variation from the adiabatic equilibrium temperature as reformate gas is added. At some conditions, the addition of hydrogen results in a super-adiabatic flame temperature. The addition of hydrogen/reformate gas causes NO formation to change because of the variations in flame temperature, structure and NO formation mechanism, and the effect becomes more significant with increasing strain rate. The addition of a small amount of hydrogen or reformate gas has little effect on NO formation at low strain rates, and results in an increase in NO formation at moderate or high strain rates. However, the addition of a large amount of hydrogen increases NO formation at all strain rates, except near pure hydrogen condition. Conversely, the addition of a large amount of reformate gas results in a reduction in NO formation.     

甲烷预混多喷嘴阵列燃烧器热声振荡模态实验研究

为研究燃气轮机模型燃烧室的非预混燃烧流场,采用大涡模拟方法分别结合火焰面生成流形模型（FGM）和部分预混稳态火焰面模型（PSFM）对甲烷/空气同轴射流非预混燃烧室开展了数值模拟研究,并与试验结果进行对比。结果表明：FGM所预测的速度分布、混合分数分布、燃烧产物及CO分布与试验结果更符合;两种模型均能捕捉到燃烧室中的火焰抬举现象;燃烧过程中的火焰结构较为复杂,同时存在预混燃烧区域和扩散燃烧区域,扩散燃烧主要分布在化学恰当比等值线附近,预混燃烧区域主要分布在贫油区。     

Thermal recuperative incineration of VOCs: CFD modelling and experimental validation

A numerical 2D model of a thermal recuperative incinerator (TRI) used to oxidise volatile organic compounds (VOCs) diluted in an air flow was developed to simulate the coupled equations for flow, heat transfer, mass transfer and progress of chemical reactions. The model was confronted with experimental values obtained on a highly instrumented half-industrial-scale pilot unit run under the same conditions. The model indicates that the flow inside the reactor is close to the ideal situation of a plug flow reactor. Nevertheless, a non-symmetric flow is retrieved despite the symmetrical arrangement of the combustion chamber. The model confirms that the most constraining phenomenon is the oxidation of CO. The formation of CO results of the combustion of the VOCs, and not from the combustion of the methane fed into the burner. The models demonstrated that the CO destruction reaction is controlled by the micro-mixing efficiency in a large part of the reactor, and not by the chemical kinetics of the reaction. This indicates the need for installing additional turbulence devices in order to enhance the turbulence level in a zone established from this modelling. The model establishes that thermal NO is formed in the flame zone of the burner, and is not due to VOC oxidation. These results together indicate that concentrating VOCs in an air flux prior to its treatment by a TRI will limit CO₂ emissions and NO emissions together.     

Effects of hydrogen peroxide on combustion enhancement of premixed methane/air flames

Hydrogen peroxide is generally considered to be an effective combustion promoter for different fuels. The effects of hydrogen peroxide on the combustion enhancement of premixed methane/air flames are investigated numerically using the PREMIX code of Chemkin collection 3.5 with the GRI-Mech 3.0 chemical kinetic mechanisms and detailed transport properties. To study into the enhancement behavior, hydrogen peroxide is used for two different conditions: (1) as the oxidizer substituent by partial replacement of air and (2) as the oxidizer supplier by using different concentrations of H₂O₂. Results show that the laminar burning velocity and adiabatic flame temperature of methane flame are significantly enhanced with H₂O₂ addition. Besides, the addition of H₂O₂ increases the CH₄ consumption rate and CO production rate, but reduces CO₂ productions. Nevertheless, using a lower volumetric concentration of H₂O₂ as an oxidizer is prone to reduce CO formation. The OH concentration is increased with increasing H₂O₂ addition due to apparent shifting of major reaction pathways. The increase of OH concentration significantly enhances the reaction rate leading to enhanced laminar burning velocity and combustion. As to NO emission, using H₂O₂ as an oxidizer will never produce NO, but NO emission will increase due to enhanced flame temperature when air is partially replaced by H₂O_2.     

Numerical investigation of diluent influence on flame extinction limits and emission characteristic of lean-premixed H2-CO (syngas) flames

In recent years, research efforts have been channeled to explore the use of environmentally-friendly clean fuel in lean-premixed combustion so that it is vital to understand fundamental knowledge of combustion and emissions characteristics for an advanced gas turbine combustor design. The current study investigates the extinction limits and emission formations of dry syngas (50% H₂-50% CO), moist syngas (40% H₂-40% CO-20% H₂O), and impure syngas containing 5% CH₄. A counterflow flame configuration was numerically investigated to understand extinction and emission characteristics at the lean-premixed combustion condition by varying dilution levels (N₂, CO₂ and H₂O) at different pressures and syngas compositions. By increasing dilution and varying syngas composition and maintaining a constant strain rate in the flame, numerical simulation showed among diluents considered: CO₂ diluted flame has the same extinction limit in moist syngas as in dry syngas but a higher extinction temperature; H₂O presence in the fuel mixture decreases the extinction limit of N₂ diluted flame but still increases the flame extinction temperature; impure syngas with CH₄ extends the flame extinction limit but has no effect on flame temperature in CO₂ diluted flame; for diluted moist syngas, extinction limit is increased at higher pressure with the larger extinction temperature; for different compositions of syngas, higher CO concentration leads to higher NO emission. This study enables to provide insight into reaction mechanisms involved in flame extinction and emission through the addition of diluents at ambient and high pressure.