Experimental and numerical investigation on the distribution characteristics of wind pressure coefficient of airflow around enclosed and open-window buildings

In the present paper, the distribution characteristics of the wind pressure coefficient of the air flow around enclosed and open-window buildings were studied by using wind tunnel model tests and numerical analyses. A typical high-rise building model was designed and wind tunnel tests were performed for the airflow around the building for an enclosed and an open-window condition. The experimental findings were complemented by the numerical analysis. This study shows that the opening windows of a building has little influence on the wind pressure coefficients in the area around the window of adjacent area from window edge; the wind pressure coefficient increases slightly after opening the windows of the buildings. Opening the windows in the rooms adjacent to this window decreases the ventilation efficiency of the room although the influence is small. The time-average value of the wind pressure coefficient can effectively represent the magnitude of the instantaneous wind pressure coefficient. The wind pressure coefficient is independent of the wind velocity of inflow. Furthermore, this study also proposed the distribution characteristics of wind pressure coefficients with different incident angles of wind.     

Large eddy simulation of wind effects on a long-span complex roof structure

This paper presents a combined study of numerical simulations and wind tunnel tests for the determinations of wind effects on a long-span complex roof of the Shenzhen New Railway Station Building. The main objective of this study is to present an effective approach for the estimations of wind effects on a complex roof by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. A new inflow turbulence generator called the discretizing and synthesizing random flow generation (DSRFG) approach was applied to simulate inflow boundary conditions of a turbulent flow field. A new one-equation dynamic subgrid scale (SGS) model was adopted for the large eddy simulations (LES) of wind effects on the station building. The wind-induced pressures on the roof and turbulent flow fields around the station building were thus calculated based upon the DSRFG approach and the new SGS model integrated with the FLUENT software. In parallel with the numerical investigation, simultaneous pressure measurements on the entire station building were made in a boundary layer wind tunnel to determine the mean, fluctuating, and peak pressure coefficient distributions. The numerically predicted results were found to be consistent with the wind tunnel test data. The comparative study demonstrated that the recommended inflow turbulence generation technique and the new SGS model as well as the associated numerical treatments are useful tools for structural engineers to assess wind effects on long-span complex roofs and irregularly shaped buildings at the design stage.     

沿海城市住宅小区风环境研究

随着城市的飞速发展,住宅小区风环境问题日益突出。沿海地区受海陆风影响明显,全年风速一般较大,其住宅小区的风环境研究需特别考虑。本文通过IECM CFD10.0建立数值风洞,采用SSTK-ω湍流物理模型求解住宅小区内风速的方法来研究某沿海城市住宅小区的群体建筑风环境。研究表明,数值方法能准确模拟小区风流场,建筑布局和来流方向对小区风环境影响明显,可结合城市风玫瑰图合理规划建筑布局。采用数值方法,可以对己建小区提出措施改进不良风环境,还可以指导、优化未建小区的规划与设计,以营造健康舒适的居住区微气候环境。     

An evaluation exercise of a wind pressure distribution model

The wind pressure distribution (WPD) around a building is an important parameter for multi-zone airflow simulation. The input is usually in the form of pressure coefficients (C_p). The values of C_p are traditionally derived based on wind tunnel studies. However, since it is not possible to always conduct wind tunnel tests to obtain the C_p values, alternative approaches have been suggested. One approach involves the use of statistical regression analysis of data obtained from wind tunnel studies. In this paper, C_p values of a shophouse building under investigation are generated using wind tunnel, a WPD model, which is based on the regression analysis of wind tunnel data as well as based on wall averaged values from published data. Using the C_p values obtained from the wind tunnel as the reference, the accuracy of the C_p values generated by the WPD model and the wall averaged values are analysed and discussed. The effects of such accuracy on the computed air flow rates and age of air for the building using a multi-zone network airflow model are also considered.     

大型储煤仓结构的群体风荷载研究

分别采用风洞测试及CFD数值模拟手段对某大型储煤仓群体风效应进行了研究,基于刚性模型测压试验,分别测试了储煤仓表面的外部风压,进而对群体圆壳结构表面的平均体型系数分布、风压均方根分布等进行分析,给出了可直接用于主体结构设计的抗风设计参数。基于CFD数值模拟,计算得到关键风向角下煤仓周围流场分布情况,并通过比较煤仓表面的平均体型系数分布对模拟结果进行验证。     

香港地区高层住宅单体建筑风压系数的研究

调查了香港住宅建筑的布局形式，使用LES模型对常见布局建筑的外流场进行了数值模拟，得到了建筑外表面风压系数的分布。给出了增强自然通风的设计建议。     

Natural ventilation in buildings: measurement in a wind tunnel and numerical simulation with large-eddy simulation

Natural ventilation in buildings can create a comfortable and healthy indoor environment, and can save energy compared to mechanical ventilation systems. In building design the prediction of ventilation can be difficult; cases of wind-driven single-sided ventilation, where the effects of turbulence dominate, are particularly problematic to simulate. In order to investigate the mechanism of natural ventilation driven by wind force, large-eddy simulation (LES) is used. In the meanwhile, detailed airflow fields, such as mean and fluctuating velocity and pressure distribution inside and around building-like models were measured by wind tunnel tests and compared to LES results for model validation. Three ventilation cases, single-sided ventilation with an opening in windward wall, single-sided ventilation with an opening in leeward wall, and cross ventilation, are studied. In the wind tunnel, a laser Doppler anemometry was used to provide accurate and detailed velocity data. In LES calculations, two subgrid-scale (SS) models, a Smagorinsky SS model and a filtered dynamic SS model, were used. The numerical results from LES are in good agreement with the experimental data, in particular with the predicted airflow patterns and velocities around and within, and the surface pressures over, the models. This is considered to establish confidence in the application of the LES methods to the calculation of ventilation in buildings, in particular for single-sided ventilation cases.     

上海久事大厦风流场和风压分布数值模拟

用数值模拟方法预测了上海久事大厦周围的风流场 ,并将建筑物表面平均风压的数值模拟与风洞试验结果进行了比较研究 ,两者结果吻合。同时进行了上海久事大厦周围高层建筑干扰影响的研究 ,并给出了湍流物理模型的建议。研究表明 ,先进的数值模拟和仿真技术应用于实际高层建筑风工程是可行的     

Wind-induced ventilation performances and airflow characteristics in an areaway-attached basement with a single-sided opening

In the present study, we performed both wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations on a scale model with the focus on wind-driven natural ventilation in an areaway-attached basement with a single-sided opening. In the experiments, the mean value of the effective ventilation rate, purging flow rate (PFR) was measured for nine wind incidence angels based on the homogeneous emission rate method. The experimental results were used to validate two numerical approaches: Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) modeling and large-eddy simulation (LES). The influences of inflow turbulent fluctuations for LES modeling were also examined. The comparisons between the experiment and the numerical simulation indicate that LES can provide more accurate results than RANS and the inflow turbulent fluctuations should be taken into account for LES modeling. Based on LES with the inflow turbulent fluctuations, the mean airflow patterns within and around the areaway-attached basement were further studied for different wind incidence angles to investigate the influence of wind direction on ventilation performance in the areaway space. Furthermore, the relationships between the effective ventilation rate and the kinetic energy in the basement space were analyzed for three wind directions: 0°, 90° and 180°. A close correlation was found between the mean values, whereas the corresponding time variations showed large discrepancies. Finally, we compared the effective ventilation rate obtained using the homogeneous emission rate method and the airflow rates through the opening using two integration procedures. The effective ventilation rates were found lower than the airflow rates through the opening.     

山地风场特性及其对输电线路风偏响应的影响

山地风场的复杂性和显著的三维特性是困扰山区输电线路抗风设计的关键问题。该研究采用CFD数值模拟与风洞试验相结合的方法研究典型单山脉地形和双山脉峡谷型地形的三维平均风场和脉动风场特征。由于风洞试验测点数及试验风速的限制，输电线路沿线各点的三维平均风场基于CFD数值模拟得到。由风洞试验获取山脉地形的湍流度、湍流积分尺度、沿线路方向的衰减系数等脉动风场参数，在此基础上采用POD法重构生成输电线路沿线各点的三维脉动风速时程，并分析比较跨越峡谷、山脊的输电线路沿线风场特征。建立连续三跨输电线路有限元模型，采用时域法研究山地风场特性对输电线路风偏响应的影响。研究结果表明：山顶、峡谷处风速显著增大，且气流爬坡将导致局部位置产生上升气流；由于近地风场加速效应的影响，沿山脊布置的输电线路全档风偏响应增幅较大，跨峡谷输电线路其爬坡段风偏响应增幅较大；上升气流主要使导线竖向风偏位移增大；山地地貌下考虑脉动风速的影响，绝缘子串风偏角风振系数宜取1.2~1.3。该研究为完善山区输电线路的抗风偏设计提供借鉴。     

风致内外压下圆弧形落地大跨屋盖结构风荷载特性

对某墙面开洞的圆弧形落地大跨钢屋盖机场航站楼风荷载特性进行了风洞试验研究;基于计算流体力学软件FIUENT 6.3,采用RNG ?κ-ε?湍流模型对墙面开洞屋盖结构的内外表面平均风压系数分布、分区净体型系数、风速矢量以及风场流迹线等风荷载特性进行了系统研究,并将数值模拟结果与风洞试验结果进行比较分析。结果表明:数值模拟的净体型系数和平均风压系数分布规律与试验结果吻合良好;墙面洞口全开的情况下,由于迎风洞口与背风洞口处压力差的作用,屋盖内表面风压均表现为风吸力,风压分布亦受到洞口的影响;墙面洞口对屋盖上表面平均风压系数分布影响较小;屋盖迎风挑檐区域受到风荷载下顶上吸的叠加作用,最大净体型系数达-2.83。     

平面T形低矮房屋风荷载特性风洞试验与数值分析

对复杂体型的平面T形低矮双坡屋面房屋的风荷载特性进行了风洞试验研究,得到了屋面风压系数以及各屋面体型系数的变化规律;采用计算流体力学软件FLUENT建立了数值风洞模型,在数值分析结果与风洞试验结果吻合良好的基础上,对影响屋面平均风压系数及体型系数的风攻角、屋面坡角、檐口高度、房屋几何尺寸和屋面形式等参数进行了详细分析。结果表明:屋面坡角和风攻角对屋面风压系数的影响显著;在不同风攻角作用下,迎风屋面屋檐及屋脊附近形成较高负压;当屋面处于背风区域时,风压系数分布较均匀;四坡屋面坡角为30°时屋脊背风区域易形成较大负压,局部更易遭受破坏。     

建筑物风荷载体型系数的数值模拟

基于数值风洞方法具有成本低、速度快、结果采集更为全面等显著优点,运用 FLUENT 软件,对封闭式双坡屋面房屋的风荷载体型系数进行了数值模拟,并与现行<建筑结构荷载规范>进行对比,为合理使用建筑数值风洞方法提供参考.     

Measurements and numerical modeling of flow field and pollutant dispersion in areaway space

In residential building design, areaway can act as an open subsurface space to help improve the living environment in adjacent basement by natural ventilation. To study this particular ventilation phenomenon mainly driven by wind force, the first part of this paper presents an investigation of flow field and pollution dispersion inside areaway space based on a wind tunnel experiment. In the experiment, the measurement of mean velocity, turbulence and concentration as well as the flow visualization were carried out for a rectangular cavity-like areaway model with the width to height (w/h) ratio ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 and the influence of above-ground building has also been investigated. The experimental results reveal quite different airflow patterns characterized with unsteady vortex movement inside the areaway model, which indicates that the w/h ratio and the above-ground building are important factors for ventilating the areaway space. Furthermore, for the purpose of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model validation, the experimental results of flow fields were compared with the simulation results. The areaway model of w/h = 1 was used for this study and the simulations were performed using large-eddy simulation (LES) and standard k-ε turbulence model. The numerical results show a good agreement with the experimental results when using LES with inflow turbulence. The further investigations with regard to the characteristics of flow field and pollutant removal as well as ventilation performance were also performed by LES.     

双塔型高层建筑风压分布的数值模拟

双塔型高层建筑周围存在着较为复杂的绕流风场,其表面风压的分布是结构和覆面设计的依据。结合一双塔联体型高层建筑的周围风场和表面风压的研究,以Reynolds时均数值模拟的方法,采用k-εRNG湍流模型,对其风场和风压进行了数值模拟。模拟的风压结果与边界层风洞试验的测试结果进行了比较,两者之间吻合较好,表明通过数值模拟可较准确迅速地获得该类体型建筑表面风压分布的规律和特征。     

台风 “鲇鱼”作用下厦门沿海某超高层建筑风压特性的风洞试验与现场实测对比研究

为研究超高层建筑表面的风压特性,基于对厦门沿海某超高层建筑表面风压开展的现场实测和风洞模型试验,探讨了台风“鲇鱼”作用下超高层建筑表面的风压特性及其分布规律。研究结果表明：通过风洞试验和现场实测所揭示出的超高层建筑表面风压特性（平均风压系数、峰值风压系数）及其随风向角的变化规律基本一致;平均风压系数的现场实测与风洞试验结果在迎风面吻合较好,而背风面现场实测值明显较风洞试验结果小;峰值风压系数的现场实测与风洞试验结果除个别测点外相差较大。     

建筑高度对周围风场环境影响的数值模拟

建筑风环境作为建筑节能设计的一个重要方面,其对于区域气候与局部微气候的影响都不容忽视。本文应用基于RNG k-ε模型的CFD软件数值模拟研究不同的建筑高度差对建筑周围风场环境的影响,揭示有利于风流动的建筑因素,为进一步的住区建筑规划提供思路。模拟结果显示,在来流风速一定双体建筑高度差不同时,建筑间谷区风速与形成涡旋的中心位置和大小均不同。     

复杂型体悬挑屋盖风荷载风洞试验与数值模拟

基于Fluent 6.1软件平台,将Realizablek-ε模型与非平衡壁面函数搭配使用,对位于海岛强台风地区的某海洋文化中心屋盖风压分布进行了计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟,同时也对该建筑进行了风洞试验。模拟结果与风洞试验数据的对比显示数值模拟可较准确地反映实际风压。风洞试验和数值模拟均显示悬挑屋盖受到了很大的吸力,对屋盖结构极为不利,对此问题采取在屋盖悬挑部分开洞的减压措施,以改善屋盖悬挑部分的受风特性。对开洞后的建筑进行了CFD建模与计算,结果表明在屋面前缘开洞可有效降低屋盖悬挑部分的最大风压和所受的竖向升力,大大改善屋盖结构的受力状态。     

The UWO contribution to the NIST aerodynamic database for wind loads on low buildings: Part 3. Internal pressures

Wind tunnel tests of generic low buildings have been conducted at the University of Western Ontario for contribution to the National Institute on Standards and Technology (NIST) aerodynamic database. Part 1 provided the archiving format and basic aerodynamic data. In Part 2, the data of external pressures were compared with existing wind load provisions for low buildings. This paper, Part 3, deals with an investigation of wind-induced internal pressures of low-rise buildings with realistic dominant opening and leakage scenarios. Data from one building model with four different opening sizes were compared with numerical simulations. The existing theory, using the unsteady orifice discharge equation, works well for the building models used in this study, given the external pressures near the openings, irrespective of shifts of wind direction and upstream terrain. Numerical simulations can capture the temporal variations of the internal pressure fluctuations, as well as mean values.The internal pressure fluctuations for the building with leakage (nominally sealed building) are attenuated as they pass through the openings, while mean values are consistent with spatially averaged external pressures. Internal pressure resonance occurs for the dominant opening (3.3% open ratio) with building leakage. Effects of oblique wind angles on internal pressure dynamics are not significant, at least for the openings in the centre of wall, as is the case herein. Peak internal pressures occur for a wind direction normal to the wall with a dominant opening. Measured internal pressure coefficients are compared with current wind load provisions. Some peak values were found to exceed the recommended design values for the dominant windward wall opening cases.     

Numerical simulation of the wind field around different building arrangements

A numerical model with the RNG κ−ε turbulence closure model and a pressure correction algorithm of SIMPLEC is used to examine three different building configuration effects on wind flow. Comparisons of computational results with experimental data have been carried out for the vertical velocity profiles at some measurement points. For the experimental study, the building arrangements were presented by 1:150 scale models and tested in a low-speed wind tunnel. It was found that the wind environment for two improved arrangements with lower interval-to-height ratio is better than that for the reference layout with higher aspect ratio in terms of the natural ventilation. The interference effect is more obvious for two improved arrangements than the reference one. The numerical results also show that changing wind direction from perpendicular to the building facades to a 45°-incidence angle has significant effect on the flow field for different configurations.