混合工质浓度变化对节流制冷机性能影响的敏感性分析

多元非共沸混合工质应用于深冷节流制冷机中,显著提高了制冷系统效率,得到了广泛应用.但是有多种因素会促使多元混合工质循环浓度变化,即最终循环混合物浓度与初始配制浓度不同,从而造成系统性能也发生变化.就混合物各组元浓度变化特性对制冷系统性能造成的影响进行敏感性分析.结果表明,不同组元在制冷系统中作用不同,存在关键组分,其浓度变化对制冷机性能影响显著.分析结果将有助于提高实际制冷系统性能,并加深对深冷多元混合工质工作机理的认识.     

非共沸混合工质自复叠热泵相积存实验研究

混合工质循环浓度是影响自复叠热泵循环性能的主要因素之一,而相积存导致工质循环浓度偏离充灌浓度,造成热泵性能变化.实验结果表明热泵中存在明显的相积存,最大可达充灌总量的50%以上;加热水温度对相积存的影响很大,每升高10℃,积存量减少10%～21%;工质充灌浓度一定时,积存量随充灌量的增大而增加,工质充灌量增加10%,其积存比例增加1%左右.相积存导致工质循环浓度高于充灌浓度1.6%～37%,由于工质积存量随加热水温度的升高不断降低,循环工质浓度受相积存的影响也不断减小而逐渐接近充灌浓度.     

高精度超声波流量计温度压力补偿方法的探讨

高精度超声波流量计使用时因温度和压力引起的管道应变不仅要考虑管道截面积的变化还要考虑声道长度的变化对其造成的影响。本文针对飞行时差法超声波流量计流量测量时温度压力的补偿计算进行了系统分析,给出了在保证测量精度情况下的简化实用的实时补偿计算方法。     

垂直布里奇曼法CdZnTe晶体生长过程的数值分析

模拟计算了半导体材料CdZnTe布里奇曼法单晶体生长过程，分析了熔体的过热温度、坩埚侧面强化换热以及坩埚加速旋转(ACRT)等因素对结晶界面的形态和晶体组分偏析的影响。结果表明：当熔体的过热温度减小时，熔体中自然对流的强度显著降低，固液界面的凹陷深度有所增加，晶体的轴向等浓度区显著加长，而晶体组分的径向偏析明显增大，坩埚的侧面强化换热增加了自然对流强度，也增大了固液界面的凹陷，但是对溶质成分的偏析影响较小，坩埚加速旋转引起的强迫对流强度远大于自然对流，显著增大了固液界面的凹陷，使熔体中的溶质分布成为均一的浓度场，显著减小了晶体组分的径向偏析，增加了晶体组分的轴向偏析。     

火电机组冷却塔改造节能量量化探析

量化分析了冷却水温度变化对凝汽器端差的影响，提出核算冷却塔节能改造节能量，改造前需测定不同负荷下凝汽器传热系数等特性参数，改造后需用冷却水温度对传热系数修正，计算出凝汽端差的相对变化量。冷却水温度相对变化量与凝汽端差的相对变化量的差即为机组排汽温度的降低值，也即对机组经济运行的贡献。     

晶界偏析以及界面相和纳米晶材料力学性能的调控

介绍晶界偏析理论并总结了三种经典平衡偏析理论模型，简述晶界偏析工程理论和晶界偏析对材料力学性能的影响、讨论晶界偏析与界面相的关系并详细阐述了“界面相”。根据原子尺度界面结构特征将界面相分为六类，介绍了由晶界热力学决定的界面相转变。界面相转变后在晶界处形成新结构，而新界面结构根据其不同性质既可能提高材料性能，也可能产生不利的影响。晶界处的Ⅵ型界面相(如非晶晶间膜)抑制裂纹形核和降低晶界损伤，而削弱晶界处原子键强度的Ⅱ型界面相和Ⅲ型界面相(如Ni合金晶界处成分为Bi的双原子层界面相)产生晶界脆化。同时，纳米晶金属材料的强度高但是热稳定性和塑性较差，一直是研究的热点。界面相使晶界能显著降低和钉扎晶界而优于晶界偏析，因此界面相能显著提高纳米晶金属材料的热稳定性。而非晶晶间膜(Ⅵ型界面相)作为位错的形核点和吸收体，可提高纳米材料的延展性。同时，非晶晶间膜能提高晶界抗剪切能力，抑制纳米晶金属材料的晶粒滑动和旋转，从而进一步提高纳米晶金属材料的强塑性。最后，总结了晶界偏析和界面相对材料性能的调控并展望了以后的发展。     

低高宽比矩形微通道中流动沸腾的压降特性

以甲醇为工质,在不同进口温度、质量流率、热流密度和倾角下,对低高宽比矩形微通道中流动沸腾压降特性进行了研究,并分别采用均相模型和分相模型对通道压降进行了计算。通过对比实验结果与计算结果发现,均相模型中两相平均粘度的计算应当采用Dukler公式,用其他计算式时误差较大;利用Lockhart-Martinelli关系式进行的分相模型计算发现,现有C值计算公式,如Chisholm,Leeand Lee,Mishima及Quand Mudawar等,都不能用于预测该实验中低高宽比微通道的两相压降。实验发现当通道中含气率相对较高时,汽液两相间相互作用随x升高而减小,需采用一随质量流率减小而减小的C值计算式。通过实验提出了基于Mishima公式的C值计算式,用该公式得到的计算值与实验结果符合较好,平均相对误差仅为16．9％。     

深冷处理对高碳高合金工具钢SDC99回火过程碳配分的影响

采用内耗和三维原子探针结合硬度测试研究了深冷处理对高碳高合金工具钢SDC99不同回火温度下组织和碳偏聚情况的影响。结果表明:深冷处理显著提高工具钢SDC99的硬度,深冷处理试样较淬火试样硬度提高2HRC,深冷处理并200℃回火试样比常规热处理试样硬度提高1.5HRC;深冷处理后碳原子与位错的相互作用增强,内耗的Snoek-Kê-K?ster(SKK)峰强度提高,位错密度增加;深冷处理后碳原子的偏聚程度加剧,淬火、深冷、淬火并200℃回火、深冷并200℃回火试样中富碳相的碳浓度峰值分别为2%、8%、8%和15%(原子分数)。     

利用Rietveld方法Y_2O_3稳定ZrO_2的定量相分析

利用多相混合物中某相的重量与它在Rietveld结构修正中求得的标度因子之间的关系，可以进行多相混合物的定量分析[1].本工作利用Rietveld修正和X射线步长扫描衍射数据对不同浓度Y2O3掺杂的ZrO2试样进行了相含量的定量分析，给出了各相含量的定量数据，同时还证实了由研磨引起四方相向单斜相转变的规律.     

表面偏析浓度非连续变化现象的定量解释

本文利用修正的Darken模型,对合金体系表面偏析浓度随温度和体浓度非连续变化现象给予了定量的解释,并对Cu(111)Ag合金中,表面偏析浓度随银体浓度变化的实验数据进行了拟合,获得了相应的表面偏析参数。     

Phase transition and domain variation contributions to piezoelectric properties of alkaline niobate based lead-free systems

The intrinsic correlation and mechanism between electrical properties and phase transitions in alkaline niobate based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were explored by taking typical (Na_0.52K_0.48−x )(Nb_0.95−x Ta_0.05)O₃-xLiSbO₃ compositions as a case study. The diffuseness of the phase transition leads to two-phase coexistence promoting piezoelectric activity and simultaneously induces remarkable temperature sensitivity, based on the variation of orthorhombic and tetragonal domains. The polymorphism, not a morphotropism of the phase boundary was considered as a structural root for these kinds of compositions. The refinement of compositions within two-phase coexistence zone compromises two opposite effects, although the composition range is narrow, suggesting the property sensitivity to the composition and a processing solution to the property optimization as well.     

扩展傅里叶衍射理论在相移掩模中的应用

针对现代光刻中,超大教值孔径的情况下,通过简单的傅里叶衍射理论模拟掩模的传递函数的方法不够精确,必须得考虑倾斜照明带来的阴影效应.因此本文针对交替式相移掩模,提出了一种考虑阴影效应的近似模型.重新定义了阴影比率的公式.该方法是傅里叶衍射理论的扩展,是一种依赖于入射角的函数.分别给出了交替式相移掩模空间域和空间频率域的传递函数的表达式.并对提出的近似模型的衍射效率以及干涉场光强分布进行了仿真.结果表明,衍射效率和干涉场的强度分布是随着入射角的改变而改变的,不同线宽的衍射效率也不同.并且衍射效率是关于零度入射角对称分布.     

Phase relations in the VxW1−xO2 system (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.75)

The phase relations in the V_xW_1?xO₂ system were studied by vacuum seal technique at 900°C. A new phase was found around composition of x=0.5. It has a slightly distorted rutile-type structure with doubling of the $\text{a}$ and $\text{c}$ parameters of rutile. Phase transition from this phase to rutile-type phase was examined by DTA. Transition temperature increased with decreasing x-value. Enthalpy change for the transition and the variation of monoclinic angle of the phase seemed to have maximum values at composition of x=0.5.     

FEM Modeling of Crack Propagation in a Model Multiphase Alloy

In this paper, several widely applied fracture criteria were first numerically examined and the crack-tip-region Jntegral criterion was confirmed to be more applicable to predict fracture angle in an elastic-plastic multiphase material. Then, the crack propagation in an idealized an elastic-plastic finite element method. The variation dendritic two-phase AI-7%Si alloy was modeled using of crack growth driving force with crack extension was also demonstrated. It is found that the crack path is significantly influenced by the presence of α-phase near the crack tip, and the crack growth driving force varies drastically from place to place. Lastly, the simulated fracture path in the two-phase model alloy was compared with the experimentally observed fracture path.     

The calculation of liquid-vapor phase equilibrium in H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> two-component system

The dependences of total pressure and equilibrium composition of vapors on temperature and mole fraction of hydroperoxide in solution are calculated for a water-hydroperoxide two-component two-phase system. It is assumed that the relaxation to concentration equilibrium in gas at the surface of solution is attained quite rapidly compared to the half-life of hydroperoxide. Three independent approximate methods are used to calculate the total pressure. The ideal gas approximation for the gas phase is not used in two of these methods. Approximation formulas are suggested, which explicitly express the dependence of pressure and composition of gas on relative concentration of hydroperoxide in solution and on temperature. The accuracy of the methods and the range of their validity are discussed.     

斜入射光束时电光和旋光晶体的相移

提出了电光和旋光晶体中相移的精确计算方法。计算了电光和旋光效应中,当外界电场方向和传播方向任意时晶体的折射率。用作者建立的斜入射时晶体的相移公式研究了相移随入射角和方位角的改变。如果选择适当的方位角,相移对准直的灵敏度将有所改进。     

Thermal Response of a Two-Phase Near-Critical Fluid in Low Gravity: Strong Gas Overheating as Due to a Particular Phase Distribution

An experimental study of the thermal response to a stepwise rise of the wall temperature of two-phase near-critical SF₆ in low gravity for an initial temperature ranging from 0.1 to 10.1 K from the critical temperature is described. The change in the vapor temperature with time considerably exceeds the change in the wall temperature (overheating by up to 23% of the wall temperature rise). This strong vapor overheating phenomenon results from the inhomogeneous adiabatic heating process occurring in the two-phase near-critical fluid while the vapor bubble is thermally isolated from the thermostated walls by the liquid. One-dimensional numerical simulations of heat transfer in near-critical two-phase ³He confirm this explanation. The influence of heat and mass transfer between gas and liquid occurring at short time scales on the thermal behavior is analyzed. A model for adiabatic heat transfer, which neglects phase change but accounts for the difference between the thermophysical properties of the vapor and those of the liquid, is presented. A new characteristic time scale of adiabatic heat transfer is derived, which is found to be larger than that in a one-phase liquid and vapor.     

Microstructure development in the directionally solidified Al–4.0 wt% Cu alloy system

The effect of convection on microstructure formation is examined experimentally and theoretically for the vertically upwards-directional solidification of Al–4.0 wt% Cu alloys. In this alloy system, the rejected solute is heavier than the solvent so that fluid flow occurs due to the presence of radial gradients in temperature and composition. A numerical model is presented which shows that convection effects cause the composition to vary along the interface such that the composition increases from the center to the periphery of the sample. This composition variation causes the macroscopic interface to become convex, and give rise to a systematic variation in microstructure along the interface. Critical experiments have been carried out to examine planar to cellular (and cellular to dendritic) transition in a given sample due to the increase in concentration along the interface, and the experimental results are analyzed through the measurements of interface composition and thermal gradient. In addition, the variation in local primary spacing with interface composition is also characterized and compared with the results of the numerical model. It is shown that microstructure transitions and microstructural scales can be correlated quantitatively with the theoretical results based on interface composition and on temperature and solute gradients at the interface.     

聚偏氟乙烯超疏水分离膜的制备

采用溶液涂覆-浸没相分离法对聚偏氟乙烯膜(PVDF)进行表面复合改性,制备了超疏水分离膜。初步考察了涂覆液中PVDF固含量和涂覆条件(浸泡时间、预蒸发时间、凝固浴组成和凝固浴温度)对复合膜疏水性能的影响。实验结果表明,当涂覆液中PVDF含量为1.88%(质量分数)时,膜丝有最大接触角136°;复合膜的接触角随浸泡时间的延长呈现先增大后减小的趋势,当浸泡时间为40s时,接触角最大,达到133°;在较短时间内(0～5s),预蒸发时间对复合膜的接触角影响不大;复合膜的接触角随着凝固浴中DMAc含量的增加而逐渐减小,随着凝固浴温度的增大而增大,当凝固浴温度为65℃时,膜表面的接触角增至153°。     

Microstructure development in the directionally solidified Al–4.0 wt% Cu alloy system

The effect of convection on microstructure formation is examined experimentally and theoretically for the vertically upwards-directional solidification of Al–4.0 wt% Cu alloys. In this alloy system, the rejected solute is heavier than the solvent so that fluid flow occurs due to the presence of radial gradients in temperature and composition. A numerical model is presented which shows that convection effects cause the composition to vary along the interface such that the composition increases from the center to the periphery of the sample. This composition variation causes the macroscopic interface to become convex, and give rise to a systematic variation in microstructure along the interface. Critical experiments have been carried out to examine planar to cellular (and cellular to dendritic) transition in a given sample due to the increase in concentration along the interface, and the experimental results are analyzed through the measurements of interface composition and thermal gradient. In addition, the variation in local primary spacing with interface composition is also characterized and compared with the results of the numerical model. It is shown that microstructure transitions and microstructural scales can be correlated quantitatively with the theoretical results based on interface composition and on temperature and solute gradients at the interface.