基于SDH可变速率适配交叉虚级联方法研究

提出一种基于交叉虚级联(Cross Virtual Concatenation)的100Mb/s以太网接入SDH网络的实现方案,设计利用2个VC-12和2个VC-3级联的收发速率适配单元,通过时序仿真,分析了时延对局域网数据传输的影响,验证了使用不同质虚容器级联方案实现数据复用的可行性。     

下一代SDH传送网的关键技术

介绍支持数据业务的下一代同步数字体系(SDH)所用关键技术(通用成帧规程(GFP)、虚级联(VC)和链路容量调整方案(LCAS))的主要技术特点,比较了使用VC技术前后的带宽利用率;重点阐述LCAS帧结构各字节的含义及其表示方法,介绍LCAS的实现方式和链路容量调整的详细过程;最后分析LCAS技术在自动交换光网络(A-SON)中的作用及商用实例。LCAS与VC、GFP结合,能使新一代SDH网络更好地支持二层交换业务,全面适应数据业务的需求,在现有传输网上实现ASON的某些功能,逐渐过渡到智能光网络。     

2.5G MSTP组网中的以太网业务保护

分析了以太网的环网保护、LCAS带宽调整和虚级联的传输延时.提出了SDH环网中MSP和UPSR保护同时存在交叉使用解决了单一保护的缺点,并在组网测试中验证得出其倒换和恢复效率上优于MSP保护和UPSR保护.     

VCAT-LCAS in a clamshell

Virtual concatenation (VCAT) is a standardized layer 1 inverse multiplexing technique that can be applied to the optical transport network (OTN), synchronous optical network (SONET), synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), and plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH) component signals. By inverse multiplexing, it combines multiple links at a particular layer into aggregate links to achieve a commensurate increase in available bandwidth on the aggregate link. While any inverse multiplexing scheme is about "more bandwidth", the VCAT/LCAS is a general technique that can enable a fairly broad range of network features such as (1) right sizing bandwidth for data applications, (2) bandwidth extraction from a mesh network, (3), bandwidth on demand and IP traffic engineering, and (4) provides new forms of protection-restoration and graceful degradation. In this paper, the authors have given a quick overview of VCAT/LCAS technology and just a few examples of its applications.     

Cross-virtual concatenation for Ethernet-over-SONET/SDH networks

Ethernet-over-SONET/SDH (EoS) is a popular approach for interconnecting geographically distant Ethernet segments using a SONET/SDH transport infrastructure. It typically uses virtual concatenation (VC) for dynamic bandwidth management. The aggregate SONET/SDH bandwidth for a given EoS connection is obtained by “concatenating” a number of equal-capacity virtual channels. Together, these virtual channels form a virtually concatenated group (VCG). In this article, we introduce a new concatenation technique, referred to as cross-virtual concatenation (CVC), which involves the concatenation of virtual channels of heterogeneous capacities. We show that CVC can be implemented through a simple upgrade at the end node, thus utilizing the existing legacy SDH infrastructure. By employing CVC for EoS systems, we show that the SDH bandwidth can be harvested more efficiently than in conventional VC. We consider two problems associated with routing CVC connections: the connection establishment problem and the connection upgrade problem. The goal of the first problem is to compute a set of paths between two EoS end systems such that a total bandwidth demand and a constraint on the differential delay between the paths are satisfied. Among all feasible sets, the one that consumes the least amount of network bandwidth is selected. For this problem, we develop an integer linear program (ILP) and an efficient algorithm based on the sliding-window approach. For the connection upgrade problem, the goal is to augment an existing set of paths so as to increase the aggregate bandwidth, while continue to meet the differential-delay constraint. We model this problem as a flow-maximization problem with a constraint on the delay of the virtual channels with positive flow. We then consider the problem of path selection under imprecise network state information. Simulations are conducted to demonstrate the advantages of employing CVC and to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms.

Ethernet-over-SONET(EoS) over WDM in Optical Wide-Area Networks (WANs): Benefits and Challenges

Ethernet has been playing an increasingly important role in wide area networks (WANs), from both a service perspective and a transport-technology perspective. Unlike its dominant presence in local area networks (LANs), Ethernet in WANs has been increasing its popularity in three different directions, i.e., Ethernet-based layer-2 virtual private network (L2VPN) over layer-3 network, Ethernet over SONET (EoS), and Ethernet directly over WDM channels or optical fibers. In this paper, we investigate the benefits and challenges of using next-generation SONET/SDH techniques—namely SONET/SDH virtual concatenation (VCAT) and link-capacity adjustment scheme (LCAS)—to support Ethernet-based data services in intelligent optical WDM wide area networks. In particular, we evaluate the network performance improvement after employing VCAT. In order to fully utilize VCATs inverse-multiplexing capability, several simple and effective heuristic algorithms are proposed and evaluated.*Part of the work was accomplished while Keyao Zhu was a Ph.D. student in the Networks Research Lab. at University of California, Davis, under the supervision of Professor Biswanath Mukherjee. Summarized versions of this paper were presented at the IEEE/OSA Optical Fiber Communication Conferences OFC03 and OFC04 in Atlanta, GA, in March 2003 and in Los Angeles, CA, in March 2004, respectively.Corresponding author     

Reliable Multipath Provisioning for High-Capacity Backbone Mesh Networks

We investigate reliable multipath provisioning of traffic in high-capacity backbone mesh networks, e.g., next-generation SONET/SDH networks supporting virtual concatenation (VCAT). VCAT enables a connection to be inversely multiplexed on to multiple paths, a feature that may lead to significantly improved performance over conventional single-path provisioning. Other mesh networks such as those employing optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) can also benefit from this multipath provisioning approach. We propose effective multipath bandwidth as the metric to provision a connection while satisfying its reliability requirements (measured in terms of availability). We demonstrate that effective multipath bandwidth provides more flexibility and lower blocking probability without the cost and the complexity associated with traditional protection schemes developed for optical WDM and MPLS networks. We also investigate the practical problem of provisioning effective multipath bandwidth with cost constraints. We analyze the tractability of the problem and present a heuristic which results in significantly reduced number of blocked connections due to cost constraints.     

虚级联信号的链路容量调整机制LCAS及其在新一代SDH智能带宽响应中的应用

通用成帧规程GFP、VC虚级联和链路容量调整机制LCAS是有效实现Data over SDH(DoS)的新型协议。基于此运营商可以实现网络带宽的动态分配响应。通过分析LCAS的特点、结构和功能实现方式,指出其作为一种源-宿之间无损伤的改变虚级联组容量大小的握手信令协议,其服务可以建立在集中或分布式控制基础上。特别分析了结合基于GMPLS/ASTN的智能化控制平面,LCAS将进一步拓展BoD应用。     

Creating an intelligent optical network worldwide interoperability demonstration

The Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) conducted a world interoperability demonstration in conjunction with SUPERCOMM held in Chicago June 22-24, 2004. The demonstration was executed on a global stage with seven carriers across three continents internetworking through an intelligent control plane in a multivendor environment of 15 vendor participants. OIF's demonstration successfully included dynamic end-to-end connection management between client devices and transport network elements in a multidomain, multinode environment. The global connectivity included network elements (NEs) that incorporated the OIF optical user-to-network interface (UNI) and external network-to-network interfaces (E-NNI) among various vendors. Furthermore, carriers were able to test the new Ethernet over synchronous optical network/synchronous digital hierarchy (SONET/SDH) capabilities utilizing the generic framing procedure (GFP-F), virtual concatenation (VCAT), and the link capacity adjustment scheme (LCAS), based on International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) recommendations. This article described the technical approach and execution of this demonstration.     

SDH以太共享环在城域网的应用

随着因特网和数据业务的爆炸性增长，城域网的主要业务正在从话音向数据转移。然而过去的城域传送网是为话音业务设计的，所以采用的是TDMM网络(SDH、SONET)。本首先介绍了基于SDH网络传送数据业务的几种新技术，如：POS、GFP、LCAS、RPR、共享以太环等，以及可以实现业务隔离、保证安全的VLAN、VLAN嵌套技术，然后对各种城域网数据传输技术进行了比较，最后分新了薪一代的MSTP设各府该具有的几个特点。     

On the resource efficiency of virtual concatenation in SDH/SONET mesh transport networks bearing protected scheduled connections

Virtual concatenation (VCAT) is a Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)/Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) network functionality recently standardized by the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). VCAT provides the flexibility required to efficiently allocate network resources to Ethernet, Fiber Channel (FC), Enterprise System Connection (ESCON), and other important data traffic signals. In this article, we assess the resources' gain provided by VCAT with respect to contiguous concatenation (CCAT) in SDH/SONET mesh transport networks bearing protected scheduled connection demands (SCDs). As explained later, an SCD is a connection demand for which the set-up and tear-down dates are known in advance. We define mathematical models to quantify the add/drop and transmission resources required to instantiate a set of protected SCDs in VCAT- and CCAT-capable networks. Quantification of transmission resources requires a routing and slot assignment (RSA) problem to be solved. We formulate the RSA problem in VCAT- and CCAT-capable networks as two different combinatorial optimization problems: RSA in VCAT-capable networks (RSAv) and RSA in CCAT-capable networks (RSAc), respectively. Protection of the SCDs is considered in the formulations using a shared backup path protection (SBPP) technique. We propose a simulated annealing (SA)-based meta-heuristic algorithm to compute approximate solutions to these problems (i.e., solutions whose cost approximates the cost of the optimal ones). The gain in transmission resources and the cost structure of add/drop resources making VCAT-capable networks more economical are analyzed for different traffic scenarios.     

Generic framing procedure (GFP): the catalyst for efficient dataover transport

We discuss the generic framing procedure (GFP) in the context of emerging nontraditional data over transport applications. Coupled with complementary efforts to define virtual concatenation, automatic link capacity adjustment schemes, and distributed control planes for transport networks, we contend that GFP serves as the catalyst for efficient and standard data over transport service offerings     

软件无线电应用趋势展望——网络设计：用于软件无线电系统的虚级联模块设计、性能分析及实现

软件无线电（Software Radio）是通信系统中极具发展前途的技术。随着高速数字信号处理器的发展以及大规模可编程门阵（FPGA）的普及,软件无线电把诸多与具体信号类型紧密相关的处理任务软件化,从而使通信中的硬件设备更为通用。但是待传输的数据或已被接收的数据都需要通过局域网或其他类型的骨干网络与数据中心交换数据。多协议传输平台（MSTP）是一种融合数据业务与实时业务在SDH网络中传输的规范,是目前流行宽带数据接入形式,它为软件无线电提供了多种灵活的接入形式。作为MSTP,其关键技术之一是虚级联。与传统的连续级联相比,虚级联减小了带宽分配的颗粒度,使SDH传输管理更为灵活,提高了整体网络的资源利用率。本文介绍我们在MSTP芯片中VC-12虚级联模块的设计和理论分析过程。经过软件仿真和FPGA验证,这部分电路设计正确合理,可以稳定工作在预定工作速率。应用该设计的MSTP芯片目前已经完成加工,并被成功应用于MSTP网络设备中。相信我们的工作对软件无线电技术的未来发展有着积极的作用。     

多业务传送平台中数据承载新技术

城域网内分组业务占用的带宽资源已远远超过了传统的语音业务.多业务传送平台(MSTP)作为一种新的城域网解决方案可以解决对分组业务支撑能力不足的问题.文章分析了被应用在新一代多业务传送平台中的新的协议和标准:通用成帧规程(GFP)、虚级联(VC)和链路容量调整规程(LCAS),认为将GFP、VC和LCAS技术与可靠的SDH平台结合,使传统的SDH可以较为完美地承载数据业务,为SDH带来新的发展机遇,也使MSTP成为城域网最佳解决方案之一.     

链路容量调整方案的控制原理分析

介绍了OTN／SDH传输网中虚级联信号的链路容量调整方案LCAS协议以及虚级联成员源端和宿端状态机的控制原理。     

SDH虚级联信号的链路容量调整机制LCAS及其标准的新发展

通用成帧规程GFP、VC虚级联和链路容量调整机制LCAS是有效实现Data over SDH (DoS)的新型协议。本分析了LCAS的特点和结构，及相关标准的最新一些进展。     

基于FPGA实现千兆以太网业务在SDH上的传输

为了实现千兆以太网业务在SDH网络上的传输（EOS）,可以利用FPGA将以太网MAC数据帧在SDH数据帧中进行封装和映射处理。介绍了GFP封装协议以及虚级联技术,给出了FPGA内部的模块化设计方法。利用FPGA的强大功能和内部的丰富资源,简化了电路设计的复杂性。千兆以太网在SDH中的传输增强了SDH设备的业务传输能力。     

Survivable virtual concatenation for data over SONET/SDH in optical transport networks

Next-generation SONET/SDH technologies-namely, generic framing procedure, virtual concatenation, and link-capacity-adjustment scheme-enable network operators to provide integrated data and voice services over their legacy SONET/SDH infrastructure to generate new revenue. An important open research problem on data over SONET/SDH (DoS) is survivability: SONET automatic protection switching is too resource inefficient for data services, and the protection mechanisms of data networks are too slow for mission-critical applications. We propose two approaches for provisioning survivable DoS connections. Our approaches exploit the tradeoff between resource overbuild and fault-recovery time while utilizing the inverse-multiplexing capability of virtual concatenation to increase backup sharing. Our results show that one approach achieves low resource overbuild and much faster fault recovery than that of data networks, and the other approach achieves fast fault recovery comparable to SONET 50-ms protection (for typical U.S. backbone networks) while still achieving modest backup sharing. We further investigate the tradeoff between network blocking performance and network control and management complexity resulting from the number of paths M a connection can be inversely multiplexed onto: larger M leads to more freedom in routing and better network performance but increases network control and management complexity. Our results indicate that the network blocking performance for small values of M (e.g., M=2 for some representative backbone network topologies) is almost as good as the case in which M is infinity.     

Time signal distribution in communication networks based onsynchronous digital hierarchy

A new method that uses round-trip paths to accurately measure transmission delay for submicrosecond time synchronization in synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) networks is proposed. Since the proposed system uses virtual container-3 (VC-3) signal as the time reference signals, existing SDH equipment can be used without any changes. The feature of this method is that it separately measures the initial round-trip path delay and subsequent variations in round-trip path delay. The initial uncertain delay due to the administrative unit-3 (AU-3) pointer operations in SDH equipment is determined by controlling the reference clock of the equipment. The characteristics of the equipment delay caused by the pointer operations are also described. In an experiment with actual SDH equipment, the error in initial delay determination was suppressed to 30 ns. The delay variation measurement of the round-trip path is not affected by the pointer operation in the proposed method. The precision of delay variation measurement can be better than 10 ns     

带宽按需分配业务及其实现

带宽按需分配（BOD）是最能体现自动交换光网络（ASON）特点和优势的一种业务。通过BOD。服务提供者按照用户需求提供可以使用的带宽。实现BOD业务过程中，使用通用成帧协议（GFP）实现数据帧到SDH虚容器的有效映射，同时使用虚级联（VC）和链路容量调整方案（LCAS）来进行带宽的动态绑定和调整，实现带宽无损调整；此外还可以设置自动触发带宽调整条件，通过ASON的智能化和自动化能力采完成带宽的自动调整，从而便网络能够提供快速、实现响应的BOD业务，满足用户动态、实时调整带宽的要求。