Spotlight mode SAR stereo technique for height computation

This paper examines the feasibility of extracting three-dimensional (3-D) or topographic information in spotlight mode stereo synthetic aperture radar (SAR). A display of a SAR (intensity) image has two axes: range and cross-range. Elevated scatterers appear closer in range; this phenomenon is called radar image layover. How the height of each scatterer can be computed from the difference in its layover between two images is investigated. This is analogous to computing height from disparity distance (triangulation) in optical stereo. The same procedure can be applied on pixel by pixel basis for terrain elevation mapping. A general expression is derived for the accuracy of the height estimate as a function of the range resolution and the angular difference between the image planes. Accuracy increases as the angle between the image planes increases, but the bright scatterers in one image tend to fade in the other image. This limited angular persistence of radar scatterers is also discussed. Trajectories for data collection are examined that provide near-optimal height estimates while eliminating the scatterer persistency problem.     

Moving target feature extraction for airborne high-range resolutionphased-array radar

We study the feature extraction of moving targets in the presence of temporally and spatially correlated ground clutter for airborne high-range resolution (HRR) phased-array radar. To avoid the range migration problems that occur in HRR radar data, we first divide the HRR range profiles into low-range resolution (LRR) segments. Since each LRR segment contains a sequence of HRR range bins, no information is lost due to the division, and hence, no loss of resolution occurs. We show how to use a vector auto-regressive (VAR) filtering technique to suppress the ground clutter, Then, a parameter estimation algorithm is proposed for target feature extraction. From the VAR-filtered data, the target Doppler frequency and the spatial signature vectors are first estimated by using a maximum likelihood (ML) method. The target phase history and direction-of-arrival (DOA) (or the array steering vector for an unknown array manifold) are then estimated from the spatial signature vectors by minimizing a weighted least squares (WLS) cost function. The target radar cross section (RCS)-related complex amplitude and range-related frequency of each target scatterer are then extracted from the estimated target phase history by using RELAX, which is a relaxation-based high-resolution feature extraction algorithm. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm     

Ocean-wave imaging by synthetic-aperture radar: results from theSIR-B experiment in the N.E. Atlantic

Waveheight spectra were extracted from synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images close to a number of wave-measuring buoys, and the results of radar and in situ measurements were compared as a test of wave-imaging theory. SAR and buoy spectra of waves traveling close to the radar range direction were in good quantitative agreement, with any discrepancies probably attributable to the processing technique. However, SAR estimates of the amplitude of azimuth-traveling waves were very much lower than buoy-derived values. This cannot be accounted for by appealing to nonlinear imaging by the velocity-bunching mechanism, or by velocity smearing, calculating the scene coherence time from the available buoy data. Rather, the scene coherent time must be reduced by a factor of about two, to within the range 0.022-0.027 s. This result highlights a lack of knowledge of scatterer motions and lifetimes on the sea surface     

二维匹配滤波实现多角度SAR成像

 多角度SAR图像能够更全面描述目标不同角度下的特征信息,对目标识别具有重要意义.实现多角度SAR成像需要解决两个问题,一是在多角度测量模式下,传统成像算法的远场条件不能满足,成像散焦严重;二是空间采样不连续使得基于傅里叶变换的成像算法产生很高的旁瓣.本文利用二维匹配滤波函数的聚焦功能实现多角度SAR成像.通过调整成像参考点位置构造二维匹配函数,然后将测量数据用匹配函数进行滤波.与传统SAR成像算法相比,本文提出的多角度SAR成像算法突破了空间采样必须均匀和连续的束缚,更具有普适性.实验结果表明本文算法不仅能够实现多角度SAR成像,提高成像分辨率,而且多角度SAR图像能够描述目标散射特征的空间变化.     

一种利用目标雷达高分辨距离像幅度起伏特性的特征提取新方法

为了松弛高分辨距离像(HRRP)的方位敏感性,传统的雷达HRRP目标识别方法大都采用目标在一定方位角域内的平均像作为方位模板.实际上,距离像的幅度起伏特性也包含了一定的目标特征信息.本文基于散射点模型理论,提出了一种利用距离像幅度起伏特性的特征提取新方法.新方法提取的加权距离像特征反映了各个距离单元内目标散射点的分布情况,可以更好地描述目标散射特性.基于外场实测数据的识别实验结果表明,新的特征提取方法可以大幅度地提高识别性能.     

MIMO雷达三维干涉诊断成像方法

2维合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)和逆合成孔径雷达(Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar, ISAR)成像是目标散射机理高分辨率分析和散射诊断测量的重要手段,现有被广泛采用的技术主要包括转台ISAR和导轨SAR成像技术。相比于传统的2维成像,3维成像可以提供目标局部散射中心在空间的3维位置和散射强度信息。因此,探索新的、可工程化实现与应用的目标3维成像技术是一项极具吸引力的工作。该文提出一种基于多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output, MIMO)阵列技术的3维干涉成像方法。首先,设计并试验了一种具有高孔径利用率和通过虚拟孔径实现干涉成像功能的MIMO阵列;其次,分析了MIMO阵列合成的两组虚拟孔径所成两幅2维雷达像的干涉相位与目标散射中心高度之间的关系,发展了MIMO雷达3维干涉成像算法;最后,通过数值仿真和原理样机实验验证了所提方法在目标散射机理分析和诊断测量应用中的可行性和有效性。      

低频UWB SAR的冲击响应函数

提取系统的冲击响应函数(impulse response function,IRF)是测量雷达系统性能指标的前提,IRF来自理想点目标的雷达图像。对于低频超宽带合成孔径雷达(ultra wide band synthetic aperture radar,UWB SAR),参考点目标的电磁散射特性是频率和方位角的函数,不满足理想点目标的散射特性要求。本文从IRF的定义出发,结合低频UWBSAR系统处理模型,利用二维数字聚焦方法消除杂波的影响,同时利用低频电磁散射数值建模的方法计算参考点目标的电磁散射特性,最后给出了计算系统IRF的方法。     

一种弹载SAR相位域调制欺骗干扰方法

从相位域假目标调制的角度提出了一种针对弹载合成孔径雷达的欺骗干扰信号产生方法。首先,干扰机根据侦察系统提供的弹载合成孔径雷达平台参数,将假目标模板按散射单元划分距离向单元,计算距离向单元内各散射单元对应的多普勒频率、多普勒频率的和函数、相位及幅度信息;其次,对截获的弹载合成孔径雷达信号按距离单元进行相位延时调整、假目标相位调制;然后,利用假目标模板获取的多普勒信号幅度信息进行雷达散射截面重建;最后,对各距离单元干扰信号求和后转发。仿真结果表明:由该方法产生的干扰信号能够形成期望的假目标,是一种有效的干扰方法。     

A new look at spotlight mode synthetic aperture radar astomography: imaging 3-D targets

A new 3D tomographic formulation of spotlight mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is developed. This extends the pioneering work of Munson et al. (1983), who first formally described SAR in terms of tomography but who made the simplifying assumption that the target scene was 2D. The present authors treat the more general and practical case in which the radar target reflectivities comprise a 3D function. The main goal is to demonstrate that the demodulated radar return data from a spotlight mode collection represent a certain set of samples of the 3D Fourier transform of the target reflectivity function and to do so using a tomographic paradigm instead of traditional range-Doppler analysis. They also show that the tomographic approach is useful in interpreting the reconstructed 2D SAR image corresponding to a 3D scene. Specifically, the well-known SAR phenomenon of layover is easily explained in terms of tomographic projections and is shown to be analogous to the projection effect in conventional optical imaging.     

基于部件级三维参数化电磁模型的SAR目标物理可解释识别方法

该文通过部件级三维参数化电磁模型(3D-PEPM)描述了复杂目标的电磁散射现象,并基于此模型提出了一种新的合成孔径雷达(SAR)目标识别方法。该方法首先根据雷达参数将3D-PEPM中各个散射体的散射响应投影到二维图像平面,预测每个散射体的位置和形状,然后根据3D-PEPM提供的先验信息评估3D-PEPM与SAR数据之间的相似程度,最后利用一种视角调整方法对整个过程进行优化,产生3D-PEPM和SAR数据之间的最终匹配分数,并根据该匹配分数完成识别决策。这种识别方法明确标识了SAR数据和3D-PEPM散射体之间的对应关系,具有清晰的物理可解释性,能够有效处理各种扩展条件下的SAR目标识别问题,仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性。      

SAR processing of ground-penetrating radar data for buried UXOdetection: results from a surface-based system

Battelle and The Ohio State University ElectroScience Laboratory have built and demonstrated a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system for locating buried unexploded ordnance (UXO), the system is ground based and towed by an autonomously controlled vehicle as part of the subsurface ordnance characterization system (SOCS). This paper presents the results of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing of the radar data acquired at Tyndall Air Force Base, FL, and Jefferson Proving Ground (JPG), IN     

Calibration of linearly polarized polarimetric SAR data subject to Faraday rotation

A model for linearly polarized fully polarimetric backscatter measurements is used, incorporating the effects of system noise, channel amplitude, phase imbalance, crosstalk, and Faraday rotation. A step-by-step procedure is outlined for correction (or calibration) of fully polarimetric data subject to Faraday rotation, to recover the true scattering matrix. The procedure identifies steps for crosstalk removal and correction of channel imbalances that are robust in the presence of Faraday rotation. The final steps in the procedure involve a novel strategy for estimation and correction of Faraday rotation. Three approaches to estimate the (one-way) Faraday rotation angle /spl Omega/ directly from linear (quad-) polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter data obtained by a spaceborne SAR system are described. Each approach can initially be applied to the signature of any scatterer within the scene. Sensitivity analyses are presented that show that at least one of the measures can be used to estimate /spl Omega/ to within /spl plusmn/3/spl deg/ to 5/spl deg/, with reasonable levels of residual crosstalk, noise floor, channel amplitude, and phase imbalance. Ambiguities may be present in the estimates of /spl Omega/ of /spl plusmn/n/spl pi//2 - the impact of this is discussed, and several approaches are suggested to deal with this possibility. The approach described in this paper is relevant for future L-band spaceborne SARs and removes one key obstacle to the deployment of even longer wavelength SARs (e.g., an ultrahigh frequency or P-band SAR) in Earth orbit.     

SAR imaging of volume scatterers

The first renormalization scattering method is used to obtain an expression for the synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) complex image amplitude of a volume scatterer with an undulating boundary surface. This expression is then used to derive further expressions for correlations of such an image when the boundary is either deterministic or random     

基于二维随机投影特征典型相关分析融合的SAR ATR方法

合成孔径雷达（Synthetic aperture radar,SAR）自动目标识别（Automatic target recognition,ATR）是现代战场情报侦察、精确打击的重要支撑技术。为提升SAR ATR整体性能,提出基于二维投影特征多重集典型相关分析（Multiset canonical correlations analysis,MCCA）的方法。首先,采用若干二维随机投影矩阵对SAR图像进行特征提取,获得多层次特征描述。考虑到这些结果之间的相关性和可能存在的冗余及干扰,进一步通过MCCA对它们进行融合处理,获取单一特征矢量。基于稀疏表示分类器（Sparse representation-based classification,SRC）对融合特征矢量进行处理,判决目标类别。实验基于MSTAR数据集开展,对方法性能进行检验确认,结果能够验证其有效性。     

一种基于自适应核字典学习的SAR目标识别方法

提出一种基于自适应核字典学习的合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar，SAR）目标识别方法.该方法首先将SAR图像的特征信息通过核函数映射到高维度的核空间中并进行字典学习；然后根据更新后的字典动态计算稀疏度；最后依据最小重构误差准则实现SAR目标识别.在公开数据集MSTAR上的仿真实验结果表明，该方法提取到的特征信息可分度高，对SAR目标的识别具有较好的性能.     

频控阵MIMO雷达中基于稀疏迭代的多维信息联合估计方法

传统MIMO雷达为了获得准确的距离信息不仅需要引入转移矩阵,而且需要积累更多的快拍数。针对该问题,该文提出了基于稀疏迭代的频控阵MIMO雷达多维信息（距离、角度和幅度）估计方法,该方法利用频控阵MIMO的发射导向矢量不仅与目标的方位角有关,同时也与目标的距离有关这一特性,通过优化加权lq范数（0 q 1）的目标函数,采用稀疏迭代优化获取目标的距离、角度和幅度信息。该方法仅需单次快拍,并在每次迭代中求解到了目标的多维信息,故不需借助优化工具获得目标信息。仿真显示,相比DAS,IAA和IAA-R,该方法在有效减少快拍数和处理数据的同时,获得了高分辨率的目标距离、角度和幅度估计性能。      

Modeling and Migration of 2-D Georadar Data: A Stationary Phase Approach

This paper presents the basic kinematic and dynamic imaging and migration equations for zero-offset two-dimensional georadar profiling. The kinematic equations are derived from simple considerations of spatial impulse responses and a generating function. The dynamic equations follow from a multidimensional stationary phase approximation to the infinite spectral integrals. They show how the radar signal (amplitude and phase) depends on the shape and curvature of the reflector. The imaging equations are evaluated for the special cases of a point scatterer, a continuous reflector, and a terminating reflector. A general formula is developed by which to migrate an arbitrary shaped event of variable amplitude on the georadar section.     

二维压缩感知多投影矩阵特征融合的SAR目标识别方法

针对合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）目标识别问题,提出联合多层次二维压缩感知投影特征的方法。采用二维压缩感知投影作为基础特征提取算法,具有不依赖训练样本、效率高等显著优势。构建多个二维压缩感知投影矩阵提取原始SAR图像的多层次特征。不同投影矩阵获得的特征具有差异性,从不同方面描述SAR图像的灰度分布特性;同时,这些特征源自相同的输入图像,因此也具有一定的内在关联性。采用联合稀疏表示对提取的多个特征矢量进行表征分析,在内在关联性约束下考察不同特征的独立鉴别能力,从而提升每一类特征的稀疏表示精度。最终,根据求解的稀疏表示系数,分别在各个训练类别上对测试样本的多类特征进行重构,获得重构误差。根据最小误差的准则,判定测试样本所属目标类别。通过综合运用多层次二维压缩感知特征提取和联合稀疏表示分类,提高SAR目标识别的整体性能。利用MSTAR数据集中的多类目标SAR图像对方法进行测试验证,结果反映其在标准操作条件（standard operating condition,SOC）和扩展操作条件（extended operating condition,EOC）均可保持可靠的识别性能。     

A Three-Dimensional Formulation for Synthetic Aperture Radar Images of Ocean Waves in Orbital Motions

An analytic model of the ocean surface SAR images with a three-dimensional framework is developed following the formalism presented by Swift and Wilson (1979); a trochoidal swell propagates through a uniform field of Bragg-type distributed scatterers. Two- dimensional SAR images are calculated for the interpretation and prediction of actual SAR images of the ocean surface as a function of ocean wave amplitude, wave frequency, propagation direction, and radar frequency, off-nadir angle of the antenna, and spatial resolutions.     

利用点目标进行SAR辐射定标的方法研究

SAR辐射定标是一项关联图像像素值和地物后向散射系数的重要工作。由于角反射器具有稳定、大的散射截面积和在较宽的角度范围内散射截面积变化较小,因而成为重要的点目标定标器。研究利用已知散射截面积的三面体角反射器来计算不同地物的后向散射系数、系统定标常数和系统总的传递函数的方法,并通过大量实测SAR数据进行了定标实验。理论分析和实验结果表明,利用点目标进行SAR辐射定标具有简单、实用、精度较高的优点。